r JJ Global Sociology ROBIN COHEN and PAUL KENNEDY
Contents List of Illustrations List of Boxes List of Tables Acknowledgemen ts Abbreviations and Acronyms XVI xviii xx xxi xxiii part one Interpretations ^CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCING GLOBAL SOCIOLOGY The foundations of sociology The changing context of sociology The reversion to national sociology The origins of global sociology Themes of this book Globalization and globalism Modernity and the evolution of world society The world of work Nationhood and the nation state Global inequalities Transnational corporations Uneven development: the victims Failures of global control Asia-Pacific: from miracle to mirage? Population pressures and migration Tourism: social and cultural effects Consuming culture Media and communications Urban life 4 5 6 7 10 10 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 16 vii
viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAFTER4 Explaining social movements Challenges to a gendered world The green movement Communities and belonging Globalization: Utopia or dystopia? THINKING GLOBALLY What is globalization? Changing concepts of space and time Increasing cultural interactions The commonality of problems Interconnections and interdependencies Transnational actors and organizations Synchronization of all dimensions Globalism: a new phenomenon Thinking about ourselves collectively Growth of multicultural and transnational awareness Reflexive social actors and modernity The broadening of identities MODERNITY AND THE EVOLUTION OF WORLD SOCIETY Proto-globalization Capitalist modernity: European foundations The nation state system European Enlightenment thought Marx's analysis of capitalism The growth of rationality Race and colonialism Changes after 1945 and the dominance of the USA Economic growth The Bretton Woods financial system US global economic power and political leadership Keynesian national economic management Mass consumption and changes in lifestyles The spread of English as an international language THE CHANGING WORLD OF WORK Accumulation and reproduction: an overview The Fordist regime of accumulation The rise of mass consumption society An effective mode of regulation at global and national levels 17 17 18 18 18 20 23 24 24 26 28 29 30 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 41 42 44 44 45 47 49 50 53 53 53 54 55 56 57 58 60 61 62 64 65
CONTENTS ix CHAPTER 5 Explaining the decline of the 'golden age' The crisis of Fordism as a production regime A collapsing mode of national and global regulation Japanization and the rise of flexible labour The age of 'flexible' labour and economic insecurity Post-Fordism and business organization Workers in the post-fordist period Homeworking De-industrialization and 'rustbelt' zones The former communist countries Social exclusion and economic marginality NATIONHOOD AND THE NATION STATE Sociology, nation states and the international system Classical sociology and social change Universalism and nationalism Citizenship: entitlements and obligations Political theory and inter-state relations The realist perspective explained The realist perspective assessed Putting 'society' back into national and global politics Society and international relations Historical sociology The feminist re-assessment Does globalization mean the decline of the nation state? Economic autonomy The antipathy to modernity The continuing need for effective nation states 66 66 69 69 71 71 73 73 74 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 89 90 91 93 part two Divisions 97 CHAPTER 6 GLOBAL INEQUALITIES: GENDER, RACE AND CLASS Feminism: confronting gender inequality The engendering of femininity and masculinity The gender hierarchy and female subordination Patriarchal societies and patriarchal relations From private to public forms of patriarchy Race and ethnicity Evaluating biological notions of 'race' Sociological notions of race Ethnicity 99 100 101 101 102 105 106 107 109 110
CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 Class Marxist and neo-marxist notions of class Weberian views of class Applying class models Gender/race/class interactions TNCS: THEIR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ROLES Origins and characteristics of TNCs Characteristics Definition TNCs and the nation state TNCs as globalizing agents International, but not global agents Assessment TNCs, NICs and women workers TNCs: power without responsibility UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT: THE VICTIMS Theories of uneven development World system theory The new international division of labour Globalization and poverty Workers in the de-industrializing countries Peasants and landless labourers The disruption of the rural world Refugees and displaced people Refugees in the period 1914-89 Refugees after the Cold War Internally displaced persons The urban poor FAILURES OF GLOBAL CONTROL Crime watch Property crime and violence Urban nightmares and racial divisions White-collar crime Corporate crime Drugs: demand and supply Explaining famine Food insecurity Natural disasters 111 112 112 113 114 115 117 118 119 121 121 121 124 126 127 130 132 134 135 135 136 137 139 140 141 142 144 144 146 146 150 153 154 154 156 158 160 161 163 163 165
CONTENTS xi CHAPTER 10 Entitlement theory Policy failings ASIA-PACIFIC: FROM MIRACLE TO MIRAGE? The dimensions of East Asia's economic achievement Japan and the tigers China and the dragons Explaining East Asian economic performance Characteristics of the 'developmental state' Origins of the 'developmental state' National policies to produce high-speed growth Flying geese and tandem development in the region Favourable international circumstances Religion, society and cultural traditions Resource endowments The role of the Chinese diaspora The end of the miracle? 165 167 168 171 172 173 176 178 178 179 180 182 183 184 184 186 186 189 part three Experiences 191 CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 12 POPULATION PRESSURES AND MIGRATION The fear of overpopulation The tools of the demographers' trade The world's population: cause for concern? Where do they all go? Urbanization and internal migration The constraints on international migration New dimensions of international migration Growth of refugee migration Immigration shopping Undocumented workers Women migrants Skilled transients Unskilled contract workers TOURISM: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EFFECTS International tourism and globalization The increase in, and distribution of, tourists The sociology of tourism 193 194 196 199 201 202 203 204 204 206 207 208 208 209 212 213 214 216
xii CONTENTS CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 International tourism and 'traditional' cultural identities A case study in the Basque province, Spain The revival of Toraja culture, Indonesia We are all global performers now CONSUMING CULTURE Consumerism and everyday life The meaning of consumerism A critical-pessimistic scenario: consumers as dopes Commodity fetishism Mass consumption Signifying culture Depthlessness Fantasy becomes reality An optimistic scenario: consumers as creative heroes Product differentiation Advertising and its limitations The social sieve Consumption as life enhancing Consumer creativity Towards a homogeneous, Americanized global culture? The experienced consumer The roots of cultural change Diversity within the homogenizing states The survival of local cultures Reverse cultural flows Shaping global culture: the role of the local Indigenization Re-invention and rediscovery Creolization MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS What are 'the media'? The power of the media Telecommunications The computer and the Internet The rise of informational society Informational society: economic effects Informational society: social effects Negative effects of TV viewing The 'dumbing-down' of culture Consumerism 222 223 225 227 228 230 231 232 235 235 235 236 236 236 237 237 237 238 238 238 239 241 241 241 243 243 243 243 244 245 246 248 249 250 252 254 256 256 257 258 259 259
CONTENTS xiii CHAPTER 15 Gender and representation The media, race and social identity URBAN LIFE The colonial city The industrial city and the Chicago School The notion of a global city Migration to global cities Changes in the occupational structure The feminization of employment Regionalization and the global city Race, the city and the US underclass Black Power Black Muslims The current US debate: Auletta's views Wilson's views on the underclass Fainstein's critique of Wilson Mismatch theory 260 261 263 265 266 268 269 274 275 276 278 278 280 280 280 281 282 282 283 part four Dynamics and Challenges 285 CHAPTER 16 EXPLAINING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 287 Defining social movements 288 Recent social movements 289 The switch to identity politics 290 Non-material values and 'counter cultures' 291 The questioning of authority 293 The elevation of grass-roots activity 294 Globalization of social movements: constraints and opportunities 295 Global social movements and INGOs 297 The problems of worldwide economic modernization 298 The shifting ethos - towards global thinking 299 Changes in communication technology 301 The widening repertoire of social movements 302 303
xiv CONTENTS CHAPTER 17 CHALLENGING A GENDERED WORLD Historical challenges Women in the global order: an overview Constraints on women's movements Growth of the worldwide movement The UN framework for networking Second-wave and Southern feminism Women representing themselves: independent communications Unification in the face of common problems Environmental degradation Religious fundamentalism Accelerating economic globalization Neo-liberal ideology and economic policies Protecting homeworkers 305 306 306 307 311 311 313 313 314 314 314 315 316 317 319 CHAPTER 18 TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: THE GREEN MOVEMENT 321 CHAPTER 19 A sociology of nature The changing nature of environmentalism Speaking for humanity: the claims of environmentalism The transboundary nature of many environmental problems The globalization of industrial development Communications technology and the view from space Reasons for scepticism Friends of the green movement? State and UN involvement in environmentalism since 1972 Sustainable development: a manual for green reform? Critique of sustainable development Collaboration with elite institutions: risks and new paths Mobilizing bottom-up support for local and global actions IDENTITIES AND BELONGING The resurgence of localism Marginalizing local identities Modernization theorists Marxists How does localism arise? Legal and political restrictions History of coerced migration Differences in appearance Belief systems 322 323 325 325 327 328 328 330 330 332 332 333 335 338 340 342 343 343 344 344 345 345 346 347
CONTENTS xv Nationalism as a reaction to global change 349 The limits of a multicultural nationhood: the USA 350 Transnationalism: cities and diasporas 351 The cosmopolitan city 352 Diasporas 352 Diasporas and global business 353 Cosmopolitanism: a critic and a fan 354 355 CHAPTER 20 TOWARDS A GLOBAL SOCIETY: UTOPIA OR DYSTOPIA? 358 Four controversies 358 'Economic globalization is nothing new' 359 'A materialist culture will engender uniformity and disempowerment' 361 'A clash of civilizations will lead to cultural conflict and violence' 363 'Globalization will lead to a dystopian future' 366 An optimistic vision of our global future 368 The making of global society 370 and final remarks 371 Glossary 374 References 381 Name index 398 Subject index 402