Internationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought
By the same author THE CONCERT OF EUROPE: A Study in German and British International Theory 1815 1914 SUPER POWERS AND WORLD ORDER (editor) SUPERPOWERS AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MIDDLE POWERS IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS DANISH NEUTRALITY: A Study in the Foreign Policy of a Small State ELLINIKA EIKONOSTASIA
Internationalism and Nationalism in European Political Thought Carsten Holbraad
INTERNATIONALISM AND NATIONALISM IN EUROPEAN POLITICAL THOUGHT Carsten Holbraad, 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-6123-5 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-52643-7 ISBN 978-1-4039-8231-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781403982315 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Holbraad, Carsten Internationalism and nationalism in European political thought/ Carsten Holbraad. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Internationalism. 2. Nationalism. 3. International cooperations. 4. Political science Europe. I. Title. JC362.H488 2003 320.54 094 dc21 2002030835 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: March, 2003 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Anna, Samuel and Alexander
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Contents List of Tables List of Abbreviations Preface viii ix xi Introduction 1 Part I Internationalism Chapter 1 Conservative Internationalism 11 Chapter 2 Liberal Internationalism 39 Chapter 3 Socialist Internationalism 67 Part II Nationalism Chapter 4 Conservative Nationalism 97 Chapter 5 Liberal Nationalism 121 Chapter 6 Socialist Nationalism 139 Conclusion 169 Notes 175 Biographical Glossary 183 Index 189
List of Tables Table 1 Conservative Internationalism 7 Table 2 Liberal Internationalism 8 Table 3 Socialist Internationalism 10 Table 4 Conservative Nationalism 93 Table 5 Liberal Nationalism 94 Table 6 Socialist Nationalism 95
List of Abbreviations BENELUX CDU CIA COMECON/CMEA COMINFORM COMINTERN CPSU DDR EC ECSC EDC EEC EFTA EPC EPU ERE EU FF FYROM GATT HR IBRD IMF NATO NPD NSF OECD OEEC Union of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg Christian Democratic Union Central Intelligence Agency Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Communist Information Agency Communist International Communist Party of the Soviet Union German Democratic Republic (East Germany) European Community European Coal and Steel Community European Defense Community European Economic Community European Free Trade Area European Political Cooperation European Payments Union National Radical Union European Union Fundamental Freedoms Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Human Rights International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Monetary Fund North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Democratic Party National Socialist Front Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization for European Economic Cooperation
x List of Abbreviations PASOK SCANDILUX SDP SPD UK US USSR UN UNESCO WEU WTO WWI WWII Panhellenic Socialist Movement Forum for Social Democrats from the Scandinavian and BENELUX countries Social Democratic Party (Danish) Social Democratic Party (German) United Kingdom United States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Nations United Nations Economic and Social Council Western European Union Warsaw Treaty Organization First World War Second World War
Preface This book was conceived in the late 1980s, when Europe was still divided by the cold war. In both Eastern and Western Europe, international relations could then be seen in terms of an interaction between internationalism and nationalism. In the East, the interaction was essentially between the Soviet version of socialist internationalism and the various nationalist reactions of other members of the projected Socialist Commonwealth. In the West, it was largely between liberal and social democratic forms of internationalism, expressed primarily in the integrationist pursuits of the European Community, and nationalist inclinations, reflected in much of the opposition to such endeavors. The petering out of the cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union put an end to the division of Europe and the bifurcation of ideological debate. While the communist form of socialist internationalism hastily retreated, an invigorated liberal internationalism swept across most of Europe. At the same time, various types of nationalism, for long curbed by the polarizing forces of the cold war, came to the forefront again, in particular among the former communist countries and within the multinational states, especially the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. The conflict between the prevailing internationalism and resurgent nationalism came to a point in the war over Kosovo, in which NATO forces, acting in the name of liberal internationalist principles of human rights for ethnic minorities, fought a nationalist Serbia engaged in the suppression of a local ethnic group. As in the past, the international order of Europe in the future is likely to be conditioned by the interaction between competing trends of internationalism and diverse kinds of nationalism. The aim of this book is to distinguish various forms and types of each; to indicate their origins, trace their development and analyze their interplay; and to present their manifestations and note their influence in European politics, in particular during the second half of the twentieth century.
xii Preface The book was written while I was at the London School of Economics and Political Science, as a Visiting Fellow first at the Center for International Studies and then at the European Institute, and later as an Academic Visitor in the Department of International Relations. I am grateful to the School for the hospitality it offered me when I returned to London after many years in other parts of the world. Of the numerous relevant activities in which I have participated at the LSE, the most stimulating has been a seminar series on International Society after the Cold War, which James Mayall conducted in the Department of International Relations in 1993 5 as part of a Ford Foundation project about post cold war international relations. Of the many members of the Department of International Relations who have taken an interest in my work, I would like to mention especially Margot Light and Christopher Coker, who read particular draft chapters and made critical comments. The book has also benefited greatly from constructive criticism and helpful suggestions by Jack Spence and Brian Porter as well as by Peter Wilson, editor of the Palgrave Series on the History of International Thought, and David Long, member of the advisory board of the series, all of whom read the final draft. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge my debt to the Nuffield Foundation, which under its small-grants scheme financed several useful visits to various European countries at the early stages of my research. An earlier version of the first chapter of the book appeared under the title Peace and War in Conservative Internationalist Thought in C. Bell (ed.), Nation, Region and Context: Studies in Peace and War in Honour of Professor T. B. Millar, Strategic and Defence Studies Center, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, 1995. London C. H. November 2001