SUB Hamburg B/106687 I N T R O D U C T I O N TO GLOBAL POLITICS Steven L. Lamy University of Southern California John Baylis Swansea University Steve Smith University of Exeter Patricia Owens Queen Mary, University of London New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2O11
Brief Contents Preface xi About the Authors xviii Maps of the World xxi PART I: FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Global Politics 2 CHAPTER 2: The History of Global Politics 24 PART II: THEORIES OF WORLD POLITICS CHAPTER 3: Realism and Liberalism 62 CHAPTER 4: Alternative Approaches 92 PART III: GLOBAL ACTORS CHAPTER 5: States and Foreign Policy 116 CHAPTER 6: Global and Regional Governance 158 CHAPTER?: Transnational Actors 194 PART IV: GLOBAL ISSUES: SECURITY CHAPTER 8: International Security and Military Power 222 CHAPTER 9: Terrorism and Globalization 258 CHAPTER 10: Human Rights and Human Security 282 PART V: GLOBAL ISSUES: POLITICAL ECONOMY CHAPTER 11: International Political Economy in an Age of Globalization 316 CHAPTER 12: Global Trade and Finance 340 CHAPTER 13: Poverty, Development, and Hunger 368 CHAPTER 14: Environmental Issues 396 Thematic Maps 425 Glossary 437 References 451 Credits 459 Index 461
Contents Preface xi About the Authors xviii Maps of the World xxi PART I: FOUNDATIONS CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Global Politics 2 John Baylis, Anthony McGrew, Patricia Owens, Steve Smith, and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 4 International Relations and Global Politics? Global Actors? Global Issues 9 Theories of Global Politics 10 International Relations Theories and Globalization 12 How We Study Global Politics 14 The Origins of Globalization 16 Dimensions of Globalization 1? Conclusion 21 FEATURE Case Study: Global Production and the ipod 14 CHAPTER 2: The History of Global Politics 24 David Armstrong, Michael Cox, Len Scott, and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 26 The End of the Thirty Years' War 26 Revolutionary Wars 2? World Wars: Modern and Total 29 Legacies and Consequences of European Colonialism 33 Cold War 36 Onset of the Cold War 3? Conflict, Confrontation, and Compromise 38 The Rise and Fall of Detente 40 From Detente to A Second Cold War 41 From the Cold War to the War on Terror 44 Globalization: Challenging the International Order? 45 From Superpower to Hy perpower US Primacy 4? Europe in the New World System 48 Russia: From Yeltsin to Putin 51 East Asia: Primed for Rivalry? 52 The War on Terror: From 9/11 to Iraq 55 Conclusion 58 Global Perspective: Perception, Continuity, and Change after January 20,2009 49 Case Study: The Iraq War and Its Origins 5? PART II: THEORIES OF WORLD POLITICS CHAPTER 3: Realism and Liberalism 62 Tim Dunne, Brian C. Schmidt, and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 64 What Is Realism? 64 The Essential Realism 65 Statism 66 Survival 66 Self-Help 6? One Realism, or Many? 69 Classical Realism?0 Structural, or Neorealism?2 Contemporary Realist Challenges to Structural Realism?4 What Is Liberalism??5 Defining Liberalism 7? The Essential Liberalism?9 Neoliberalism 84 Liberalism in Practice: Globalization 85
CONTENTS VII Conclusion 89 Global Perspective: Russia and Realism 70 Case Study: The Melian Dialogue Realism and the Preparation for War 73 THE LONDON SUMMIT 2OO9 STABILITY! GROWTH IOBS CHAPTER 4: Alternative Approaches 92 Stephen Hobden, Patricia Owens, Steve Smith, Richard Wyn Jones, and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 94 The Essential Marxism 95 World-System Theory 100 The Key Features of Wallerstein's World-System Theory 101 Constructivism 102 Feminist Theory 10? Conclusion 112 Global Perspective: What Makes a Theory "Alternative?" 99 Case Study: The Power of Ideas: Politics and Neoliberalism 103 PART III: GLOBAL ACTORS CHAPTER 5: States and Foreign Policy 116 Steven L. Lamy Introduction 118 States and Nationalism 118 What Is Foreign Policy? 123 What Do We Expect From Foreign Policy? 126 Foreign Policy Strategies and Tools 12? Sticks, or Military Tools 128 Carrots: Foreign Assistance 130 Sermons: Diplomatic Messaging and the Use of the Media 132 Soft and Hard Power in Foreign Policy 133 Explaining Foreign Policy 135 Levels of Analysis 136 Individual, or the Human Dimension 136 Domestic Sources, or National Attributes 13? Systemic Factors 13? Global Factors 138 The Foreign Policy Process 139 Four Phases of Foreign Policy Making 139 Phase One: Initiation or Articulation Phase 139 Phase Two: The Formulation of Foreign Policy 141 Phase Three: Foreign Policy Implementation 142 Phase Four: Foreign Policy Evaluation 142 Foreign Policy Styles and Traditions 144 Great Powers, Middle Powers, and Small States 144 Great-Power Foreign Policy 145 Middle-Power Foreign Policy 146 Small-State Foreign Policy 14? The Evolution of US Foreign Policy 148 Hamiltonian 150 Jeffersonian 150 Wilsonian 150 Jacksonian 151 Rise of the Neoconservatives 151 Pragmatic Internationalism: Obama's Foreign Policy 153 Conclusion 154 Case Study: Refugees 124 Global Perspective: Central America: A Perpetual Pursuit of Union? 143 Theory in Practice: The Impact of Globalization on Different Kinds of States 149 CHAPTER 6: Global and Regional Governance 158 Devon Curtis, Christian Reus-Smit, Paul Taylor, and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 160 Introduction to International Law 162 International Order and Institutions 162 Criticisms of International Law 164 From International to Supranational Law? 165 The United Nations 16? A Brief History of the United Nations and Its Principal Organs 168
viii CONTENTS The Security Council l?0 The General Assembly l?0 The Secretariat 1?2 The Economic and Social Council 1?2 The Trusteeship Council 1?4 The International Court of Justice 1?4 Maintenance of International Peace and Security 1?4 Increased Attention to Conditions Within States 1?6 Intervention Within States 1?9 Economic and Social Questions 181 The Reform Process of the United Nations 184 Country Level 184 Headquarters Level 185 Other Intergovernmental Organizations 186 The International Criminal Court 186 Regional Organizations 186 The Process of European Integration 18? Conclusion 190 Theory in Practice: Why Some Realists Have Concerns About the UN 177 Case Study: The 2003 Intervention in Iraq 182 Global Perspective: The UN and Environmental Protection 183 CHAPTER?: Transnational Actors 194 Peter Willetts and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 196 Problems with the State-centric Approach 198 Ambiguity Between Different Meanings of a "State" 199 The Lack of Similarity Between Countries 199 State Systems and International Systems 200 The Difference Between State and Nation 200 Transnational Companies as Political Actors 201 Financial Flows and Loss of Sovereignty 201 Triangulation of Trade and Loss of Sovereignty 204 Regulatory Arbitrage and Loss of Sovereignty 204 Extraterritoriality and Sovereignty 204 From Domestic Deregulation to Global Re-regulation 206 Nonlegitimate Groups and Liberation Movements as Political Actors 206 Transnational Criminals and Their Political Impact 206 Terrorists, Guerrillas, and National Liberation Movements 20? The Significance of Criminals, Terrorists, and Guerrillas 208 Nongovernmental Organizations as Political Actors 209 Consultative Status at the UN for NGOs 209 The UN Definition of an Acceptable NGO 210 Globalization and the Expansion of NGOs 210 The Shift of NGOs from the Local to the Global 212 International Organizations as Structures of Global Politics 212 The Power of NGOs 214 Information Politics 215 Symbolic Politics 215 Leverage Politics 216 Accountability Politics 216 The Global Campaign 216 Conclusion 218 Theory in Practice: A Transnational Challenge: The War on Drugs 205 Case Study: The Baby Milk Advocacy Network 211 Global Perspective: NGOs and Protecting the Rights of Children 217 PART IV: GLOBAL ISSUES: SECURITY CHAPTER 8: International Security and Military Power 222 John Baylis, Darryl Howlett, and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 224 What Is "Security"? 224 The Mainstream Approaches to National Security -226 Rea I ist Views on Secu rity 22? Key Structural-Realist Assumptions 22? The Problem of Cheating 228 The Problem of Relative Gains 228 Liberal Institutionalists on Global Security 229 Alternative Views on Global Security 230 Constructivist Theory and War 230 Critical Security Studies: Feminism 231 Changing Character of War 233 The Nature of War 236 The Revolution in Military Affairs 241 Postmodern War 242 Globalization and New Wars 244
CONTENTS IX Nuclear Proliferation and Nonproliferation 245 Proliferation Optimism and Pessimism 246 Nature of Nuclear Weapons 24? Nuclear Weapons Effects 248 Nuclear Defense 248 Theorizing Nuclear Proliferation 249 Nuclear Motivations 250 Nuclear Capabilities and Intentions 251 Post-Cold War Antiproliferation Efforts 253 Conclusion 254 Global Perspective: The Democratic Republic of the Congo 234 Theory in Practice: Re-imaging War 237 Case Study: The Iraq War, 2003-2009 243 CHAPTER 9: Terrorism and Globalization 258 James D. Kiras and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 260 Defining Terrorism 260 Terrorism: From Domestic to Global Phenomena (1968-2001) 263 Terrorism: The Impact of Globalization 265 Cultural Explanations 26? Economic Explanations 268 Religion and "New" Terrorism 269 Globalization, Technology, and Terrorism 2?1 Proselytizing 2?1 Coordination 2?3 Security 2?4 Mobility 2?5 Lethality 2?6 Combating Terrorism 2?6 Conclusion 280 Global Perspective: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Fighting Terrorism in the Former Communist Bloc 266 Theory in Practice: The Realist-Theory Perspective and the War on Terror 272 Case Study: Three Generations of Militant Islamic Terrorists 278 CHAPTER 10: Human Rights and Human Security 282 Amitav Acharya, Alex J. Bellamy, Chris Brown, Nicholas J. Wheeler, and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 284 What Are Human Rights? 284 Human Rights and State Sovereignty 286 What Is Human Security? 288 History of Humanitarian Challenges 289 1948 and the Modern Agenda 289 The 1990s: A Golden Era of Humanitarian Activism? 294 Universalism Challenged 29? Humanitarian Dimensions 300 Political and Economic Rights 301 Conflict, Human Rights, and Human Security 303 Resources and Intervention 307 Women, Conflict, and Human Security 308 The Role of the International Community 310 Conclusion 312 Case Study: Human Insecurity in Southeast Asia 291 Global Perspective: Asian Values 295 Theory in Practice: Gendered Perspective on Human Rights 309 PART V: GLOBAL ISSUES: POLITICAL ECONOMY CHAPTER 11: International Political Economy in an Age of Globalization 316 Ngaire Woods and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 318 The Postwar World Economy 318 Traditional Approaches to IPE: Liberal, Mercantilist, and Marxist 323 The Liberal Tradition 323 The Mercantilist Tradition 325 The Marxist Tradition 326 New Approaches to IPE 327 Political Economy: The Application of Rational Choice to Groups Within the State 32? Institutionalism: The Application of Rational Choice to States 32? Constructivism 328 The Globalization Debate in IPE 329 Is Globalization Diminishing the Role of the State in the World Economy? 330 The Global Skeptics 331 New Constraints on States 332 International Institutions in the Globalizing World-Economy 332 Conclusion 336 Global Perspective: The Bretton Woods Institutions and the Global South 324 Case Study: Microcredit: Empowering Women Through Investment 331 Theory in Practice: The Prisoner's Dilemma 333 CHAPTER 12: Global Trade and Finance 340 Steven L. Lamy Introduction 342 Global Trade and Finance Actors 342 A Globalizing Economy 344 Cross-Border Transactions 344 Open-Border Transactions 345 Transborder Transactions 348
CONTENTS Conclusion 393 Theory in Practice: The Terms of Development 373 Case Study 1: Ideas and Development in the Contemporary Coffee-Producing Sector 375 Global Perspective: Life in Zimbabwe: Poverty, Hunger, Development, and Politics 381 Case Study 2: Haiti: Poverty and Hunger 391 Global Trade 350 Transborder Production 352 Transborder Products 353 Global Finance 356 Transplanetary Money 356 Transplanetary Banking 35? Transplanetary Securities 35? Transplanetary Derivatives 360 Continuity and Change in Economic Globalization 360 Irregular Incidence 361 The Persistence of Territory 361 The Survival of the State 363 The Continuance of Nationalism and Cultural Diversity 364 Conclusion 366 Global Perspective: NAFTA and Mexico 349 Case Study: Southern Debt in Global Finance 358 Theory in Practice: What Course to Follow Out of the 2008 Global Recession? 365 CHAPTER 13: Poverty, Development, and Hunger 368 Caroline Thomas and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 3?0 Poverty 371 Development 372 Post-1945 International Economic Liberalism and the Orthodox Development Model 374 The Post-1945 International Economic Order: Results 378 Economic Development: Orthodox and Alternative Evaluations 379 A Critical Alternative View of Development 383 Democracy, Empowerment, and Development 383 The Orthodoxy Incorporates Criticisms 384 An Appraisal of the Responses of the Orthodox Approach to Its Critics 385 Hunger 386 The Orthodox, Nature-Focused Explanation of Hunger 386 The Entitlement, Society-Focused Explanation of Hunger 388 Globalization and Hunger 390 CHAPTER 14: Environmental Issues 396 John Vogler and Steven L. Lamy Introduction 398 Environmental Issues on the International Agenda: A Brief History 401 The Environment and International Relations Theory 406 The Functions of International Environmental Cooperation 410 Transboundary Trade and Pollution Control 410 Norm Creation 412 Capacity Building 413 Scientific Understanding 413 Governing the Commons 414 Environmental Regimes 415 Climate Change 416 Conclusion 422 Global Perspective: "The Doomsday" Seed Vault 405 Theory in Practice: Regime Theory and the Montreal Protocol 409 Case Study: Common But Differentiated Responsibilities? 421 Thematic Maps 425 Glossary 437 References 451 Credits 459 Index 461