Political Parties and Democracy

Political Parties and Democracy

ASIA TODAY Before 1820, Asia generated more than half of the world s gross domestic product. Since then, the region underwent a period of decay and decline. Today, Asia is in the midst of a great transformation, and it is estimated that by 2035 it will be responsible for more than one half of the world s gross domestic product. Propelled by three decades of rapid economic growth, momentous political transitions, and intensified regional integration, Asia is no longer simply a fast-expanding and evolving region it is increasingly the geopolitical epicenter for the global system itself. The goal of this series is to offer readers a front-row seat to view and better understand this kaleidoscope of regional change in all its dazzling dynamism and diversity. Who would have thought in 1978, when Deng Xiaoping came to power in Beijing, that China would soon begin a generation of double-digit economic growth? Who could have foreseen that Asia would become the region where the world s richest countries, Singapore and Brunei, would live shoulder-to-shoulder with the world s poorest, Afghanistan and Laos? The Asia Today series is designed to respond to the growing demand for sustained research and deep knowledge of contemporary Asia. It covers the full expanse of this vast region from China to India, Japan to Pakistan, Kazakhstan to Turkey, Mongolia to Israel, Iraq to Indonesia. The series editors, Takashi Inoguchi and G. John Ikenberry, aided by a 44-member advisory board, are dedicated to identifying fresh and penetrating studies of Asia by the region s foremost experts. Series Editors Takashi Inoguchi, Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo and President, University of Niigata Prefecture, Japan G. John Ikenberry, the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University in the Department of Politics and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Published by Palgrave Macmillan: Political Parties and Democracy: Contemporary Western Europe and Asia Edited by Takashi Inoguchi and Jean Blondel

Political Parties and Democracy Contemporary Western Europe and Asia Edited by Takashi Inoguchi and Jean Blondel

POLITICAL PARTIES AND DEMOCRACY Copyright Takashi Inoguchi and Jean Blondel, 2012. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-1-137-27719-0 All rights reserved. First published in 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-44700-8 DOI 10.1057/9781137277206 ISBN 978-1-137-27720-6 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Political parties and democracy : contemporary Western Europe and Asia / edited by Takashi Inoguchi and Jean Blondel. p. cm. (Asia today) 1. Political parties Europe, West. 2. Democracy Europe, West. 3. Political parties Asia. 4. Democracy Asia. I. Inoguchi, Takashi. II. Blondel, Jean, 1929 JN94.A979.P6315 2012 324.2094 dc23 2012032274 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2012 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents List of Tables Preface vii ix 1 Introduction: Political Parties and Democracy in Western Europe and East and Southeast Asia 1 Jean Blondel and Takashi Inoguchi 2 Britain 13 Jean Blondel 3 France 33 Jean Blondel and Jean-Louis Thiebault 4 Germany 51 Martin Elff 5 Italy 73 Jean Blondel and Nicolò Conti 6 The Netherlands 93 Rudy B. Andeweg 7 Japan 111 Takashi Inoguchi 8 South Korea 127 Cheol Hee Park 9 Thailand 143 Siripan Nogsuan Sawasdee 10 Indonesia 165 Sunny Tanuwidjaja 11 The Philippines 187 Julio C. Teehankee

vi Contents 12 Conclusion: Toward the Elaboration of a General Theory of Parties The Cases of Western Europe and East and Southeast Asia 207 Takashi Inoguchi and Jean Blondel Bibliography 223 List of Contributors 239 Index 241 The appendices referenced in the chapters have not been printed in this book. They may be found at http://us.macmillan.com/politicalpartiesanddemocracy/takashiinoguchi

Tables 2.1 Turnout at recent British general elections and percentage of votes obtained by the relevant parties, 1987 2010 16 3.1 Turnout at presidential and National Assembly elections percentage of votes obtained by the relevant parties in France 35 4.1 Results of elections to the Bundestag, 1990 2009: turnout, vote shares, and seat shares of the main German parties 53 5.1 Electoral turnout and votes for the Italian parties 75 6.1 Election results for relevant Dutch parties, 1994 2010 94 7.1 Turnout of Japan s general elections and votes obtained by relevant parties, 1990 2009 116 8.1 Voting rate for presidential elections and general elections in South Korea 129 9.1 Voter turnout, proportion of seats, and percentage of votes, 1992 2011 general elections in Thailand 149 10.1 Results from the past five elections in Indonesia 169 11.1 Percentage of votes/seats obtained by all relevant parties in the House of Representatives, 1992 2010 191

Preface This book on political parties and democracy aims at capturing the resilience of representative democracy as practiced in Europe and Asia during the period 1990 2010 that witnessed the end of cold war, the galloping tide of globalization, and the steady diffusion of digitalized life. The book is unique in two senses, both of which we recognize as strengths of this volume. First, our approach is empirical, digging data about political parties, such as elections, votes and seats, organization, finance, manifestoes, and recruitment, with the common framework applied to ten democracies. When the study of political parties is thick on Western Europe and the United States, we have stressed that political parties in other parts of the world are no less alive and well. Second, while working for this volume, we realized that political parties were recognized as a legitimate and desirable institutional entity only recently, as recent as the mid-twentieth century. From the Federalist Papers of the late eighteenth century through Ostrogorski and Mosca in the early twentieth century, political parties were considered as a not-so-legitimate organization. During the tumultuous transformation of the 1990 2010 period, political parties were increasingly considered to weaken their vigor in linking citizens and the state. In this context, it is very important, we realize, to register and analyze their life and vigor, and resilience in particular. With the larger time horizons in the past and toward the future, we endeavor to create this volume. We are indebted to many people and institutions. We would like to express our gratitude to them. First, all the contributors have done not only their country-specific task but also helped the coeditors to reshape the common framework of analyzing the assigned country s political parties in the ten functioning democracies. For the Tokyo conference in 2010, support from the Konrad Adenauer Foundation

x Preface was indispensable. Second, at Palgrave Macmillan in New York, Farideh Koohi-Kamali and Sarah Nathan have done the miracle of launching a new book series, Asia Today. With G. John Ikenberry and Takashi Inoguchi as coeditors of the series, Jean Blondel and Takashi Inoguchi were able to start the series with the publication of this volume. Third, staffs at the University of Niigata Prefecture including Yuichi Kubota, Akiko Kanatani, Chizuru Morita, Aki Goto, and Fumie Shiraishi saved us from being forced to slow down the work of putting together the chapters to be revised and completed in the backdrop of the most powerful earthquake and its associated disasters that rocked Japan after the Tokyo conference. Fourth, Jean Blondel and Takashi Inoguchi thank their respective wives for their unstinting support, who were too often immersed in writing for them and almost forgot preparing breakfast. The volume is dedicated to Tess in London and Kuniko in Tokyo. Takashi Inoguchi, Tokyo and Jean Blondel, London