The Making of Democrats

The Making of Democrats

The Making of Democrats Elections and Party Development in Postwar Bosnia, El Salvador, and Mozambique Carrie Manning

the making of democrats Copyright Carrie Manning, 2008 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60030-0 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-36974-4 ISBN 978-0-230-61116-0 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230611160 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Manning, Carrie L., 1964 The making of democrats: elections and party development in postwar Bosnia, El Salvador, and Mozambique / by Carrie Manning. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-230-60030-1 (alk. paper) 1. Political parties Mozambique. 2. Political parties Bosnia and Hercegovina. 3. Political parties El Salvador. 4. Democracy. 5. Peacebuilding. I. Title JQ3671.A979M36 2008 324.209 049 dc22 2007033480 A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: April 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents List of Tables and Figures Acknowledgments Introduction: Elections, Democratization, and State Building 1 1 Parties as Mediators of Political Change 13 2 Mozambique: Electoral Politics and the Underdevelopment of Renamo 43 3 Bosnia: HDZ, SDS, and the Three-Level Game 73 4 El Salvador: Local Elections and Change in the FMLN 115 Conclusion 141 Notes 157 Selected Bibliography 183 Index 193 vii ix

Tables and Figures Figure 2.1 Country Map of the Republic of Mozambique 42 Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Presidential Election Results for Frelimo and Renamo, 1994 2004 51 Legislative Election Results, Frelimo and Renamo, 1994 2004 51 Figure 3.1 Country Map of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 72 Table 3.1 Entity-Level Election Results for Wartime Nationalist Parties and Their Closest Competitors, 1996 2006 (Percentage of vote) 82 Figure 4.1 Country Map of the Republic of El Salvador 114 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Presidential Election Results for ARENA and FMLN, 1994 2004 (Percentage of vote) 119 Legislative Election Results for ARENA and FMLN, 1994 2006 119 Municipalities Controlled by ARENA and FMLN, 1994 2006 119

Acknowledgments While writing and researching this book, I have had the good fortune to be associated with a disproportionate number of generous individuals and institutions. The Fulbright Institute for International Education, the United States Institute of Peace, and the Georgia State University Research Foundation provided grants for empirical research in Mozambique, Bosnia, and El Salvador. I am enormously grateful to Ana Margarita Chavez, Mike Scanlan, Miljenko Antic, Miguel de Brito, and Sid Bliss for their friendship and guidance during the empirical stages of this research. My participation in a seminar on civil military relations in El Salvador helped facilitate my research there, and I thank Tom Bruneau and Rich Hoffman at the Center for Civil Military Relations (CCMR) for getting me there. I am indebted to John Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, Anne Pitcher, Laura Dull, Peter von Doepp, Terrence Lyons, and countless long-suffering conference audiences, copanelists, and discussants over the years who have helped me to hone the ideas at the center of this book. In particular, I would like to thank Vince Boudreau and Mary Callahan and their public affairs students, whose 2005 workshops on Building Democracy were tremendously helpful in exploring many of the ideas set out here. I would also like to thank Claire and Mark Dryden and Anna and Glenn Berry, four of the finest people I know, without whose friendship and hospitality this book could not have been finished. I d like to thank Anthony Wahl at Palgrave and Vanja Petricevic for research assistance in Atlanta. Finally, as ever, I am indebted to John, Alex, and Carson, who continually remind me of what really matters.