Contents. Preface to the 2018 Edition...iii Table of Cases... xlv. Copyright Act SHORT TITLE...1

Contents Preface to the 2018 Edition...iii Table of Cases... xlv Copyright Act SHORT TITLE...1 Section 1: Legislative History...1 I. Introduction...2 A. The Purpose of the Act...2 B. The Premises of Modern Copyright Law...3 C. Highlights of the Applicable Legal System...5 II. Constitutional Jurisdiction...6 III. Legislation in Force in Canada Prior to the Act of 1921...6 A. General Framework...6 B. British Legislation...7 C. Canadian Legislation...8 1. Pre-Confederative Legislation...8 2. Federal Legislation Between 1867 and 1921...9 (a) The Act of 1868...9 (b) The Act of 1875...9 (c) The Act of 1906...10 IV. The Act of 1921 and Amendments... 10 A. Results of the Act of 1921...10 B. Amendments to the Act of 1921...12 1. The Act of 1923...12 2. The Act of 1931...12 3. The Act of 1935...13 4. The Act of 1936...13 5. The Act of 1938...14 6. The Act of 1971...14 7. Minor Modifications Between 1971 and 1988...14 8. The Acts of 1988...15 9. The Act of 1990...15 10. The Act of 1992...15 vii

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT 11. The Acts of 1993...15 12. The Act of 1994...17 13. The Act of 1997...18 14. The Act of 2012...19 V. The International Conventions: The Berne Convention, the Universal Convention and the Rome Convention on Neighbouring Rights... 21 Head Note on the Importance of International and Comparative Law... 21 A. The Berne Convention...28 B. The Universal Convention...32 C. The Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations... 32 D. The TRIPS Agreement...32 VI. Protection of Foreign Authors Prior to the Act of 1921... 33 A. Introduction...33 B. Protection Under the Berne Convention...33 C. Protection Under the Canadian Act...34 INTERPRETATION... 34 Section 2: architectural work... 35 I. Concept... 35 II. Distinction Between Plans and Structure... 36 III. Originality of the Architectural Work... 38 IV. Case Law... 45 Section 2: artistic work... 49 I. Concept... 50 II.... paintings...... 52 A. Case Law...52 III.... drawings...... 54 A. Case Law...54 IV.... sculpture...... 56 V.... works of artistic craftsmanship...... 56 A. Case Law...57 VI.... architectural work...... 57 VII.... engravings...... 57 VIII.... photographs...... 57 IX.... maps, charts, plans...... 57 A. Case Law...58 viii

CONTENTS Section 2: Berne Convention country... 61 Section 2: Board... 61 Section 2: book... 62 Section 2: broadcaster... 63 Section 2: choreographic work... 63 Section 2: cinematographic work... 63 Section 2: collective society... 67 Section 2: collective work... 76 I. Concept... 76 II. Case Law... 77 Section 2: commercially available... 81 Section 2: communication signal... 82 Section 2: compilation... 82 I. Case Law... 83 Section 2: computer program... 91 I. Case Law... 95 Section 2: copyright... 97 I. The Origin of the Word Copyright Set Out in Section 3... 97 A. The Legislative Origin of the Word Copyright...99 Section 2: country... 101 Section 2: defendant... 102 Section 2: delivery Repealed... 102 Section 2: dramatic work... 102 I. dramatic work... 102 II. any piece for recitation... 104 III. choreographic work or mime... 105 IV. the scenic arrangement or acting form of which is fixed in writing or otherwise... 105 A. Case Law... 105 Section 2: educational institution... 106 Section 2: engravings... 107 Section 2: every original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work... 108 I. Concept... 109 II.... original...... 109 III. Case Law... 126 ix

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT IV. The Concept of Originality: The Diversity and the Consistency of Judicial Solutions... 144 Section 2: exclusive distributor... 148 Section 2: Her Majesty s Realms and Territories Repealed... 149 Section 2: infringing... 149 I. in relation to a work in which copyright subsists...... 150 II.... any copy...... 150 III.... including any colourable imitation...... 150 A. Concept... 150 B. Some Components of the Notion of Colourable Imitation... 153 IV.... made...... 157 Section 2: lecture... 157 Section 2: legal representatives... 158 Section 2: library, archive or museum... 159 Section 2: literary work... 159 I. Notion... 160 II. Literary Merit is not Important... 160 III. The Format of a Published Work May Resemble that of Another Without Infringing that Work... 162 IV. News Items do not Constitute Literary Works... 163 A. Case Law... 165 V.... tables...... 165 A. Case Law... 165 VI. Compilations... 166 VII. Translations... 166 VIII. Computer Programs... 170 IX. Examples of Works Having Been Classified as Literary Works... 170 Section 2: maker... 173 Section 2: Minister... 174 Section 2: moral rights... 174 I. The Concept in English Law... 174 II. The Concept in Canadian Law... 178 Section 2: musical work... 183 I. Concept... 183 II. Songs as Works of Joint Authorship or Compilation... 186 x

CONTENTS III. Arrangements... 188 Section 2: perceptual disability... 189 Section 2: performance... 189 I. Concept as to A Work in Which Copyright Subsists... 189 II. Interpretation of the Definition... 196 Section 2: performer s performance... 200 Section 2: photograph... 201 Section 2: plaintiff... 209 Section 2: plate... 209 I. Case Law... 210 Section 2: premises... 210 Section 2: receiving device Repealed... 210 Section 2: Rome Convention country... 210 Section 2: sculpture... 211 I. Case Law... 211 Section 2: sound recording... 212 Section 2: telecommunication... 212 Section 2: treaty country... 222 Section 2: UCC country... 223 Section 2: WCT country... 223 Section 2: work... 224 I. An Extensive Definition... 224 A. The Primary Meaning of the Word Work... 224 B. The Definition... 229 II. original and distinctive... 234 A. Originality... 234 B. Distinctiveness... 237 C. Case Law... 237 Section 2: work of joint authorship... 239 I. Concept... 239 II. Case Law... 246 Section 2: work of sculpture Repealed... 250 Section 2: WPPT country... 251 Section 2: WTO Member... 251 xi

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 2.1(1): Compilations... 251 Section 2.1(2): Idem... 251 Section 2.11: Definition of maker... 251 Section 2.2(1): Definition of publication... 251 I. Concept... 252 II.... Available to the Public...... 253 III.... The Public Performance or Communication of a Work...... 254 IV.... The Exhibition in Public of an Artistic Work...... 254 Section 2.2(2): Issue of photographs and engraving... 254 Section 2.2(3): Where no consent of copyright owner... 255 Section 2.2(4): Unpublished works... 256 Section 2.3: Telecommunication... 256 Section 2.4(1): Communication to the public by telecommunication... 256 Section 2.4(1)(a): Part of the public... 256 Section 2.4(1)(b): Only providing the means... 257 Section 2.4(1)(c): Networks, programming undertakings... 259 Section 2.4(1.1): Communication to the public by telecommunication... 261 Section 2.4(2): Regulations... 265 Section 2.4(3): Exception... 265 Section 2.5(1): What constitutes rental... 265 Section 2.5(2): Motive of gain... 265 Section 2.6: Exclusive distributor... 266 Section 2.7: Exclusive licence... 266 PART I COPYRIGHT AND MORAL RIGHTS IN WORKS Section 3(1): Copyright in works... 266 Section 3(1)(a): To translate a work... 266 Section 3(1)(b): To convert a dramatic work... 267 Section 3(1)(c): To convert a non-dramatic work by way of performance... 267 Section 3(1)(d): To make any record... 267 Section 3(1)(e): To adapt a work as a cinematographic work... 267 xii

CONTENTS Section 3(1)(f): To communicate the work by telecommunication... 267 Section 3(1)(g): To present an artistic work at a public exhibition... 267 Section 3(1)(h): Rental of a computer program... 268 Section 3(1)(i): Rental of a sound recording... 268 Section 3(1)(j): Transfer of ownership of tangible object... 268 Section 3(1) in fine: And to authorize any such acts... 268 I. Concept... 269 II. Interpretation of Section 3(1)... 271 A. Case Law... 280 III.... sole right to produce...... 284 A. Right to Produce... 284 1. The Distinction Between the Production and Reproduction: The Controversy Spawned by the The berge Decision... 284 B. Application... 298 1. Case Law... 298 IV.... or reproduce the work...... 300 V.... or any substantial part thereof...... 309 A. Substantial Part Quantitative Importance... 316 B. Substantial Part Qualitative Importance... 321 1. Substantial Part Fictional Characters... 325 2. Criteria for Determining... 327 3. Fictitious Characters Developed in Dramatic and Artistic Works Are Targeted by the Act... 329 C. Substantial Part Jurisprudence... 333 VI.... in any material form whatever...... 334 A. Incidental Copy of a Work... 336 VII.... to perform... in public...... 340 A. Background for a Doctrinal Theory which had Considerable Practical Importance, Whereas the Dominant Jurisprudence was to the Contrary... 340 1. Critique of the Authorities on which the Dominant Theory was Based... 356 2. The Law Concerning Retransmission of Works According to Our Interpretation of Case Law... 359 B. Definition of Public... 365 C. Determinative Criterion The Person Responsible for Making the Performance Available to the Public... 369 VIII.... if the work is unpublished to publish the work...... 371 xiii

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT A. The Foundation and the Source of the Right to Publish a Work... 371 B. Principle... 374 IX. Section 3(1)(a): To Translate the Work... 377 X. Section 3(1)(b): To Convert a Dramatic Work... 378 XI. Section 3(1)(c): To Convert a Non-Dramatic Work by Way of Performance... 379 XII. Section 3(1)(d): To Make Any Record... 380 XIII. Section 3(1)(e): To Adapt a Work as a Cinematographic Work... 383 XIV. Section 3(1)(f): To Communicate the Work by Telecommunication... 383 A. Case Law... 385 XV. Section 3(1)(h): Rental of a Computer Program... 392 XVI. Section 3(1)(i): Rental of a Sound Recording... 392 XVII. Section 3(1)(j): Transfer of Ownership of Tangible Object... 392 XVIII. Section 3(1) in fine: The Right to Authorize... 393 Section 3(1.1): Simultaneous fixing... 414 A. Case Law... 415 Section 3(1.2): Repealed... 415 Section 3(1.3): Repealed... 415 Section 3(1.4): Repealed... 415 Section 3(1.41): Repealed... 415 Section 3(1.5): Repealed... 415 Section 3(2): Repealed... 416 Section 3(3): Repealed... 416 Section 3(4): Repealed... 416 Section 4: Repealed... 416 WORKS IN WHICH COPYRIGHT MAY SUBSIST... 416 Section 5(1): Conditions for subsistence of copyright... 416 APPLICATION... 416 Section 5(1.01): Protection for older works... 417 Section 5(1.02): Limitation... 417 Section 5(1.03): Application of subsections (1.01) and (1.02)... 417 Section 5(1.1): First publication... 418 xiv

CONTENTS Section 5(1.2): Idem... 418 Section 5(2): Minister may extend copyright to other countries... 422 Section 5(2.1): Repealed... 422 Section 5(3): Repealed... 422 Section 5(4): Repealed... 422 Section 5(5): Repealed... 422 Section 5(6): Repealed... 422 Section 5(7): Reciprocity protection preserved... 422 TERM OF COPYRIGHT... 423 Section 6: Term of copyright... 423 Section 6.1: Anonymous and pseudonymous works... 424 Section 6.2: Anonymous or pseudonymous works of joint authorship... 424 Section 7: Posthumous works... 425 Section 7(1): Term of copyright in posthumous works... 425 Section 7(2): Application of subsection (1)... 425 Section 7(3): Transitional provision... 426 Section 7(4): Transitional provision... 426 Section 8(1): Repealed... 427 Section 8(2): Repealed... 427 Section 9(1): Cases of Joint Authorship... 427 Section 9(2): Nationals of other countries... 428 Section 10: Repealed... 428 Section 11: Repealed... 428 Section 11.1: Cinematographic works... 428 Section 12: Where copyright belongs to Her Majesty... 429 OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT... 439 Section 13(1): Ownership of copyright... 439 I. Concept... 440 II. Author: The Individual Expressing his Thoughts... 445 III. No Copyright in Ideas... 453 IV. Author of a Work Reproducing Oral Conversation or an Improvisation... 465 xv

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 13(2): Repealed... 467 Section 13(3): Work made in the course of employment... 467 I. Concept... 467 II. Works Created Within the Framework of a Contract of Service... 468 III. Collaboration on a Newspaper... 481 Section 13(4): Assignments and licences... 483 I. Concept... 484 A. Case Law... 503 II. Distinction Between Assignment of Copyright and Transfer of Property on a Physical Object... 507 A. Case Law... 508 III.... grant any interest in the right...... 512 IV.... wholly... for the whole term of the copyright....... 516 V.... either wholly or partially...... 517 VI.... either generally or subject to limitations...... 520 VII.... and either for the whole term of the copyright or any other part thereof...... 523 VIII.... no assignment... is valid unless it is in writing....... 524 A. Implied Licences... 543 B. Implied Licences Rules... 548 C. Case Law... 549 IX.... or by the owner s duly authorized agent... 551 X. The Seizability of Copyright Rights... 553 XI. Copyright Rights and Securities... 556 Section 13(5): Ownership in case of partial assignment... 556 Section 13(6): Assignment of right of action... 557 Section 13(7): Exclusive licence... 558 Section 14(1): Limitation where author is first owner of copyright... 559 I. Reversion of Copyright... 560 II. Condition: The Author must be the First Owner... 562 Section 14(2): Restriction... 562 Section 14(3): Repealed... 564 Section 14.01(1): Repealed... 564 Section 14.01(2): Repealed... 564 Section 14.01(3): Repealed... 564 Section 14.01(4): Repealed... 564 xvi

CONTENTS Section 14.01(5): Repealed... 564 Section 14.01(6): Repealed... 564 Section 14.01(7): Repealed... 564 MORAL RIGHTS... 565 Section 14.1(1): Moral rights... 565 Section 14.1(2): No assignment of moral rights... 566 Section 14.1(3): No waiver by assignment... 567 Section 14.1(4): Effect of waiver... 567 Section 14.2(1): Term... 569 Section 14.2(2): Succession... 569 Section 14.2(3): Subsequent succession... 569 PART II COPYRIGHT IN PERFORMER S PERFORMANCES, SOUND RECORDINGS AND COMMUNICATION SIGNALS PERFORMERS RIGHTS... 570 Copyright... 570 Section 15(1): Copyright in performer s performance... 570 Section 15(1.1): Copyright in performer s performance... 571 Section 15(2): Conditions... 575 Section 15(2.1): Conditions for Copyright... 576 Section 15(2.2): Conditions for Copyright... 576 Section 15(3): Publication... 576 Section 15(4): Publication... 577 Section 16: Contractual arrangements... 577 Section 17(1): Cinematographic works... 577 Section 17(2): Right to remuneration... 578 Section 17(3): Application of subsection (2)... 578 Section 17(4): Exception... 578 Section 17.1(1): Moral rights... 579 Section 17.1(2): No assignment of moral rights... 579 Section 17.1(3): No waiver by assignment... 579 xvii

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 17.1(4): Effect of waiver... 579 Section 17.2(1): Application and term... 579 Section 17.2(2): Succession... 579 Section 17.2(3): Subsequent succession... 580 RIGHTS OF SOUND RECORDING MAKERS... 580 Section 18(1): Copyright in sound recordings... 580 Section 18(1.1): Copyright in sound recordings... 580 Section 18(2): Conditions for copyright... 581 Section 18(2.1): Conditions for copyright... 581 Section 18(2.2): Conditions for copyright... 581 Section 18(3): Publication... 582 Section 18(4): Publication... 582 PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO BOTH PERFORMERS AND SOUND RECORDING MAKERS... 582 Section 19(1): Right to remuneration Canada... 582 Section 19(1.1): Right to remuneration Rome Convention country... 584 Section 19(1.2): Right to remuneration WPPT country... 586 Section 19(2): Royalties... 587 Section 19(3): Division of royalties... 587 Section 19.1: Deemed publication Canada... 587 Section 19.2: Deemed publication WPPT country... 588 Section 20(1): Conditions Canada... 588 Section 20(1.1): Conditions Rome Convention country... 588 Section 20(1.2): Conditions WPPT country... 588 Section 20(2): Exception Rome Convention country... 588 Section 20(2.1): Exception WPPT country... 589 Section 20(3): Exception... 589 Section 20(4): Application of section 19... 589 RIGHTS OF BROADCASTERS... 590 Section 21(1): Copyright in communication signals... 590 Section 21(2): Conditions for copyright... 590 xviii

CONTENTS Section 21(3): Exception... 590 RECIPROCITY... 591 Section 22(1): Reciprocity... 591 Section 22(2): Reciprocity... 591 Section 22(3): Application of Act... 592 Section 22(4): Application of Act... 592 TERM OF RIGHTS... 592 Section 23(1): Term of copyright performer s performance... 592 Section 23(1.1): Term of copyright sound recording... 592 Section 23(1.2): Term of copyright communication signal... 593 Section 23(2): Term of right to remuneration... 593 Section 23(3): Applications of subsections (1) to (2)... 593 Section 23(4): Berne Convention countries, Rome Convention countries, WTO Members... 593 Section 23(5): Where term of protection expired... 593 OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT... 593 Section 24: Ownership of copyright... 594 Section 25: Assignment of rights... 594 PERFORMERS RIGHTS WTO COUNTRIES... 594 Section 26(1): Performer s performance in WTO country... 594 Section 26(2): Where country joins WTO after Jan. 1, 1996... 594 Section 26(3): Performer s performances before Jan. 1, 1996... 595 Section 26(4): Where country joins WTO after Jan. 1, 1996... 595 Section 26(5): Term of performer s rights... 595 Section 26(6): Assignment of rights... 595 Section 26(7): Limitation... 595 PART III INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND MORAL RIGHTS AND EXCEPTIONS TO INFRINGEMENT INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT... 596 General... 596 xix

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 27(1): Infringement generally... 596 1. Infringement in Relation to a Work in Which Copyright Subsists... 596 I. Concept... 596 II. Infringement of the Right to Authorize... 607 III. Infringer May Not Invoke the Protection of the Law... 626 IV. Infringer s Ignorance Irrelevant... 627 V. Good Faith Does Not Justify Infringement... 629 VI. Absence of Commercial Use Irrelevant... 634 VII. Infringement of Performing Rights and the Right to Communicate a Work Publicly... 635 VIII. Infringement of Rights to Produce or Reproduce... 639 A. Criteria Concerning Infringement of Reproduction Rights... 641 1. Simple Copying of a Work... 642 2. Reproduction of a Substantial Part of a Work... 644 3. Use of an Idea does not Constitute Infringement... 658 4. Arrangements or Systems are not Subject to Protection... 669 B. Certain Criteria Concerning the Substantial Part... 673 IX. Infringement of the Right to Publish a Work... 689 X. Territorial Jurisdiction... 689 Section 27(2): Secondary infringement... 693 Section 27(2.1): Clarification... 701 Section 27(2.11): Secondary Infringement exportation... 701 Section 27(2.12): Exception... 701 Section 27(2.2): Secondary infringement related to lesson... 702 Section 27(2.3): Infringement provision of services... 702 Section 27(2.4): Factors... 702 Section 27(3): Knowledge of importer... 702 Section 27(4): Plates... 703 Section 27(5): Public performance for profit... 704 Parallel Importation of Books... 705 Section 27.1(1): Importation of books... 705 Section 27.1(2): Secondary infringement... 705 Section 27.1(3): Limitation... 706 xx

CONTENTS Section 27.1(4): Exclusive distributor... 706 Section 27.1(5): Notice... 706 Section 27.1(6): Regulations... 706 Section 28: Repealed... 707 Section 28.01: Repealed... 707 Section 28.02: Repealed... 707 Section 28.03: Repealed... 707 MORAL RIGHTS INFRINGEMENTS... 707 Section 28.1: Infringement generally... 707 Section 28.2(1): Nature of right of integrity... 713 I. Concept... 713 II. Application in Canadian Law... 716 Section 28.2(2): Where prejudice deemed... 720 Section 28.2(3): When work not distorted, etc.... 720 EXCEPTIONS... 724 Fair Dealings... 729 Section 29: Research or private study, etc.... 741 Section 29.1: Criticism or review... 754 I. Source and Author s Name... 755 II. Fair Dealing... 756 III. Review... 757 IV. Criticism... 758 A. Parody as a Form of Critique... 760 Section 29.2: News reporting... 762 Non-commercial User-generated Content... 764 Section 29.21(1): Non-commercial user-generated content... 764 Section 29.21(2): Definitions... 764 Reproduction for Private Purposes... 765 Section 29.22(1): Reproduction for private purposes... 765 Section 29.22(2): Meaning of medium or device... 765 Section 29.22(3): Limitation audio recording medium... 765 Section 29.22(4): Limitation destruction of reproductions... 765 Fixing Signals and Recording Programs for Later Listening or Viewing... 766 xxi

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 29.23(1): Reproduction for later listening or viewing... 766 Section 29.23(2): Limitation... 766 Section 29.23(3): Definitions... 766 Backup Copies... 766 Section 29.24(1): Backup copies... 766 Section 29.24(2): Backup copies becomes source copy... 767 Section 29.24(3): Destruction... 767 Acts Undertaken without Motive of Gain... 767 Section 29.3(1): Motive of gain... 767 Section 29.3(2): Cost recovery... 768 Educational Institutions... 769 Section 29.4(1): Reproduction for instruction... 769 Section 29.4(2): Reproduction for examinations, etc.... 769 Section 29.4(3): If work commercially available... 769 Section 29.5: Performances... 772 Section 29.6(1): News and commentary... 774 Section 29.6(2): Repealed... 774 Section 29.7(1): Reproduction of broadcast... 774 Section 29.7(2): Royalties for reproduction... 774 Section 29.7(3): Royalties for performance... 775 Section 29.8: Unlawful reception... 775 Section 29.9(1): Records and marking... 775 Section 29.9(2): Regulations... 775 Section 30: Literary collections... 775 Section 30.01(1): Meaning of lesson... 776 Section 30.01(2): Application... 776 Section 30.01(3): Communication by telecommunication... 777 Section 30.01(4): Participation by telecommunication... 777 Section 30.01(5): Reproducing lessons... 777 Section 30.01(6): Conditions... 777 Section 30.02(1): Exception digital reproduction of works... 778 Section 30.02(2): Exception... 778 xxii

CONTENTS Section 30.02(3): Conditions... 778 Section 30.02(4): Restriction... 779 Section 30.02(5): Restriction... 779 Section 30.02(6): Deeming provision... 779 Section 30.02(7): Maximum amount that may be recovered... 780 Section 30.02(8): No damages... 780 Section 30.03(1): Royalties digital reproduction agreement... 780 Section 30.03(2): Royalties tariff... 781 Section 30.04(1): Work available through Internet... 782 Section 30.04(2): Conditions... 782 Section 30.04(3): Non-application... 782 Section 30.04(4): Non-application... 783 Section 30.04(5): Non-application... 783 Section 30.04(6): Regulations... 783 Libraries, Archives and Museums... 783 Section 30.1(1): Management and maintenance of collection... 783 Section 30.1(2): Limitation... 784 Section 30.1(3): Destruction of intermediate copies... 784 Section 30.1(4): Regulations... 784 Section 30.2(1): Research or private study... 784 Section 30.2(2): Copies of articles for research, etc.... 784 Section 30.2(3): Restriction... 785 Section 30.2(4): Conditions... 785 Section 30.2(5): Patrons of other libraries, etc.... 785 Section 30.2(5.01): Deeming... 785 Section 30.2(5.02): Limitation regarding copies in digital form... 785 Section 30.2(5.1): Destruction of intermediate copies... 786 Section 30.2(6): Regulations... 786 Section 30.21(1): Copying works deposited in archive... 786 Section 30.21(2): Notice... 786 Section 30.21(3): Conditions for copying of works... 787 Section 30.21(3.1): Condition for providing copy... 787 xxiii

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 30.21(4): Regulations... 787 Section 30.21(5): Repealed... 787 Section 30.21(6): Repealed... 787 Section 30.21(7): Repealed... 787 Machines Installed in Educational Institutions, Libraries, Archives and Museums... 787 Section 30.3(1): No infringement by educational institution, etc.... 787 Section 30.3(2): Application... 788 Section 30.3(3): Order... 788 Section 30.3(4): Agreement with copyright owner... 788 Section 30.3(5): Regulations... 789 Libraries, Archives and Museums in Educational Institutions... 789 Section 30.4: Application to libraries, etc. within educational institutions... 789 Library and Archives of Canada... 789 Section 30.5: Permitted acts... 789 Computer Programs... 789 Section 30.6: Permitted acts... 789 Section 30.61(1): Interoperability of computer programs... 790 Section 30.61(2): No limitation... 790 Encryption Research... 790 Section 30.62(1): Encryption research... 790 Section 30.62(2): Limitation... 791 Section 30.62(3): Limitation computer program... 791 Security... 791 Section 30.63(1): Security... 791 Section 30.63(2): Limitation... 791 Section 30.63(3): Limitation computer program... 791 Incidental Inclusion... 792 Section 30.7: Incidental use... 792 Temporary Reproductions for Technological Processes... 793 Section 30.71: Temporary reproductions... 793 Ephemeral Recordings... 796 xxiv

CONTENTS Section 30.8(1): Ephemeral recordings... 796 Section 30.8(2): Record keeping... 797 Section 30.8(3): Right of access by copyright owners... 797 Section 30.8(4): Destruction... 797 Section 30.8(5): Royalties... 797 Section 30.8(6): Archive... 797 Section 30.8(7): Definition of official archive... 797 Section 30.8(8): Application... 798 Section 30.8(9): Telecommunications by networks... 798 Section 30.8(10): Limitations... 798 Section 30.8(11): Definition of programming undertaking... 798 Section 30.9(1): Ephemeral recordings broadcasting undertaking... 799 Section 30.9(2): Record keeping... 801 Section 30.9(3): Right of access by copyright owners... 801 Section 30.9(4): Destruction... 801 Section 30.9(5): Royalty... 801 Section 30.9(6): Repealed... 801 Section 30.9(7): Definition of broadcasting undertaking... 801 Retransmission... 802 Section 31(1): Interpretation... 802 Section 31(2): Retransmission of local and distant signals... 802 Section 31(3): Regulations... 803 Network Services... 807 Section 31.1(1): Network services... 807 Section 31.1(2): Incidental acts... 807 Section 31.1(3): Conditions for application... 807 Section 31.1(4): Hosting... 807 Section 31.1(5): Condition for application... 808 Section 31.1(6): Exception... 808 Persons with Perceptual Disabilities... 808 Section 32(1): Reproduction in alternate format... 808 Section 32(2): Limitation... 809 xxv

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 32(3): Repealed... 809 Section 32.01(1): Print disability outside Canada... 809 Section 32.01(2): Available in other country... 810 Section 32.01(3): Marrakesh Treaty country... 810 Section 32.01(3.1): Not Marrakesh Treaty country... 810 Section 32.01(4): Royalty... 810 Section 32.01(5): If copyright owner cannot be located... 811 Section 32.01(6): Reports... 811 Section 32.01(7): Regulations... 811 Section 32.01(8): Meaning of print disability... 811 Section 32.02: Definition of non-profit organization... 812 Statutory Obligations... 812 Section 32.1(1): No infringement... 812 Section 32.1(1)(a): Disclosure of records... 812 Section 32.1(1)(b): Disclosure of personal information... 812 Section 32.1(1)(c): Reproduction for deposit... 812 Section 32.1(1)(d): Copy to comply with the Broadcasting Act... 812 Section 32.1(2): Limitation... 812 Section 32.1(3): Destruction of fixation or copy... 813 Miscellaneous... 813 Section 32.2(1): Permitted acts... 813 Section 32.2(1)(a): Where the author is not owner... 813 Section 32.2(1)(b): Architectural work and work permanently situated in a public place... 815 Section 32.2(1)(c): Publication of a report of a lecture delivered in public... 816 Section 32.2(1)(d): Recitation of reasonable extract... 816 Section 32.2(1)(e): Report of political speech... 816 Section 32.2(1)(f): Use of a photograph or portrait... 817 Section 32.2(2): Further permitted acts... 817 Section 32.2(3): Further permitted acts... 819 INTERPRETATION... 821 xxvi

CONTENTS Section 32.3: No right to equitable remuneration... 821 COMPENSATION FOR ACTS DONE BEFORE RECOGNITION OF COPYRIGHT OF PERFORMERS AND BROADCASTERS... 822 Section 32.4(1): Certain rights and interests protected... 822 Section 32.4(2): Compensation... 822 Section 32.4(3): Limitation... 822 Section 32.5(1): Certain rights and interests protected... 822 Section 32.5(2): Compensation... 823 Section 32.5(3): Limitation... 823 Section 32.6: Certain rights and interests protected... 823 COMPENSATION FOR ACTS DONE BEFORE RECOGNITION OF COPYRIGHT OR MORAL RIGHTS... 823 Section 33(1): Certain rights and interests protected... 823 Section 33(2): Compensation... 824 Section 33.1(1): Certain rights and interests protected... 824 Section 33.1(2): Compensation... 824 Section 33.2(1): Certain rights and interests protected... 824 Section 33.2(2): Compensation... 825 PART IV REMEDIES CIVIL REMEDIES... 825 Infringement of Copyright and Moral Rights... 825 Section 34(1): Copyright... 825 1. In Relation to a Work in Which Copyright Subsists... 826 I. Concept... 826 II. Remedies... that are or may be conferred by law for the infringement of a right... 828 III. Evidence of Infringement... 835 A. Prima Facie Evidence... 840 B. Repeated Errors... 843 C. Direct Use of the Infringed Work... 846 IV.... by way of injunction...... 853 A. Interlocutory Injunction... 853 xxvii

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT 1. The Prima Facie Proof Justifies the Issuance of an Interlocutory Injunction in those Cases Where the Infringement is Blatant... 861 B. Permanent Injunction... 875 1. Injunction Covering a Single Part of a Work Which Only Partially Infringes Another... 879 C. The Mareva Injunction... 880 D. The Anton Piller Injunction... 882 V. Accounts... 885 A. Norwich Order... 886 Section 34(2): Moral rights... 888 I. Case Law... 890 Section 34(3): Costs... 891 Section 34(4): Summary proceedings... 902 Section 34(5): Practice and procedure... 902 Section 34(6): Actions... 902 Section 34(7): Meaning of application... 903 Section 34.1(1): Presumptions respecting copyright and ownership... 903 Section 34.1(1)(a): Unless contrary proved, work shall be presumed to be a work in which copyright subsists... 903 Section 34.1(1)(b): Author presumed to be owner of the copyright... 910 Section 34.1(2): Where no grant registered... 913 Section 34.1(2)(a): If a name purporting to be that of...... 913 Section 34.1(2)(b): If a name other than the author s is indicated on the work... 914 Section 34.1(2)(c): If the name of the maker of the cinematographic work appears... 918 Section 35(1): Liability for infringement... 919 I. Damages... 919 A. General Principles Regarding Quantum... 926 B. Principles as Applied to Material Damages... 929 II. Exemplary Damages... 937 III. Just and Proper Proportion of Profits Made from the Infringement... 955 Section 35(2): Proof of profits... 961 I. Application... 962 Section 36(1): Repealed... 963 xxviii

CONTENTS Section 36(2): Repealed... 963 Section 36(3): Repealed... 963 Section 36(4): Repealed... 963 Section 37: Repealed... 963 Section 38(1): Recovery of possession of copies, plates... 964 I. Concept... 964 Section 38(2): Powers of court... 968 Section 38(3): Notice to interested persons... 968 Section 38(4): Circumstances court to consider... 968 Section 38(5): Limitation... 968 Section 38.1(1): Statutory damages... 969 Section 38.1(1.1): Infringement of subsection 27(2.3)... 970 Section 38.1(1.11): Deeming Infringement of subsection 27(2.3)... 970 Section 38.1(1.12): Infringements not involved in proceedings... 970 Section 38.1(1.2): No other statutory damages... 970 Section 38.1(2): If defendant unaware of infringement... 975 Section 38.1(3): Special case... 976 Section 38.1(4): Collective societies... 977 Section 38.1(5): Factors to consider... 978 Section 38.1(6): No award... 990 Section 38.1(7): Exemplary or punitive damages not affected... 990 Section 38.2(1): Maximum amount that may be recovered... 992 Section 38.2(2): Agreements with more than one collective agency... 992 Section 38.2(3): Application... 992 Section 39(1): Injunction only remedy when defendant not aware of copyright... 993 I. Concept... 993 II. The Work Need not be Registered Immediately After its Creation... 1000 III. Ignorance of Copyright Does not Signify Ignorance as to the Owner of the Copyright... 1001 IV. Ignorance May Not be Pleaded When Infringement Continues After the Reception of a Notice from the Owner of Copyright... 1001 Section 39(2): Exception where copyright registered... 1003 xxix

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 39.1(1): Wide injunction... 1004 Section 39.1(2): Application of injunction... 1004 Section 40(1): No injunction in case of a building... 1005 Section 40(2): Certain remedies inapplicable... 1006 Technological Protection Measures and Rights Management Information...1006 Section 41: Definitions... 1006 Section 41.1(1): Prohibition... 1006 Section 41.1(2): Circumvention of technological protection measure... 1009 Section 41.1(3): No statutory damages... 1009 Section 41.1(4): Services, technology, device or component... 1009 Section 41.11(1): Law enforcement and national security... 1009 Section 41.11(2): Services... 1009 Section 41.11(3): Technology, device or component... 1009 Section 41.12(1): Interoperability of computer programs... 1010 Section 41.12(2): Services... 1010 Section 41.12(3): Technology, device or component... 1010 Section 41.12(4): Sharing of information... 1010 Section 41.12(5): Limitation... 1010 Section 41.12(6): Non-application... 1011 Section 41.12(7): Non-application... 1011 Section 41.13(1): Encryption research... 1011 Section 41.13(2): Non-application... 1011 Section 41.13(3): Technology, device or component... 1011 Section 41.14(1): Personal information... 1012 Section 41.14(2): Services, technology, device or component... 1012 Section 41.15(1): Security... 1012 Section 41.15(2): Services... 1012 Section 41.15(3): Technology, device or component... 1013 Section 41.15(4): Non-application... 1013 Section 41.16(1): Persons with perceptual disabilities... 1013 Section 41.16(2): Services, technology, device or component... 1013 Section 41.17: Broadcasting undertakings... 1013 xxx

CONTENTS Section 41.18(1): Radio apparatus... 1014 Section 41.18(2): Services or technology, device or component... 1014 Section 41.18(3): Definitions... 1014 Section 41.19: Reduction of damages... 1014 Section 41.2: Injunction only remedy... 1014 Section 41.21(1): Regulations... 1016 Section 41.21(2): Regulations... 1015 Section 41.22(1): Prohibition rights management information... 1021 Section 41.22(2): Removal or alteration of rights management information... 1021 Section 41.22(3): Subsequent acts... 1021 Section 41.22(4): Definition of rights management information... 1021 Section 41.23(1): Protection of separate rights... 1022 I. Concept... 1022 II. Case Law... 1027 Section 41.23(2): Copyright owner to be made party... 1032 Section 41.23(3): Owner s liability for costs... 1035 Section 41.23(4): Apportionment of damages, profits... 1035 Section 41.24: Concurrent jurisdiction of Federal Court... 1035 I. Concept... 1036 II. Sources of the Basic Rules in Copyright... 1042 A. The Principle of the Exclusion of Common Law, Torts, Civil Law and Liability... 1043 1. Case Law: Jurisdiction of the Federal Court... 1049 2. Case Law: Jurisdiction of a Provincial Court... 1052 III. Territorial Jurisdiction... 1054 PROVISIONS RESPECTING PROVIDERS OF NETWORK SERVICES OR INFORMATION LOCATION TOOLS... 1057 Section 41.25(1): Notice of claimed infringement... 1057 Section 41.25(2): Form and content of notice... 1057 Section 41.26(1): Obligations related to notice... 1058 Section 41.26(2): Fees related to notices... 1058 Section 41.26(3): Damages related to notices... 1058 Section 41.26(4): Regulations change of amounts... 1058 xxxi

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 41.27(1): Injunctive relief only providers of information location tools... 1058 Section 41.27(2): Conditions for application... 1060 Section 41.27(3): Limitation... 1061 Section 41.27(4): Exception... 1061 Section 41.27(4.1): Factors scope of injunction... 1061 Section 41.27(4.2): Limitation... 1061 Section 41.27(5): Meaning of information location tool... 1062 CRIMINAL REMEDIES... 1067 Section 42(1): Offences generally... 1067 I. Concept... 1068 II. Interpretation of the Word Knowingly... 1072 III. Interpretation of By Way of Trade Exposes or Offers for Sale... 1077 IV. Interpretation of Distribute... 1078 V. Interpretation of Infringing Copies... 1078 VI. Penalty... 1079 Section 42(2): Possession and performance offences... 1081 Section 42(2.1): Punishment... 1082 Section 42(3): Power of court to deal with copies or plates... 1082 Section 42(3.01): Notice... 1082 Section 42(3.1): Circumvention of technological protection measure... 1082 Section 42(4): Limitation period... 1083 Section 42(5): Parallel importation... 1083 Section 43(1): Infringement in case of dramatic, operatic or musical work... 1083 Section 43(2): Change or suppression of title or author s name... 1083 LIMITATION OR PRESCRIPTION PERIOD... 1084 Section 43.1(1): Limitation or prescription period for civil remedies... 1084 Section 43.1(2): Restriction... 1092 IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION... 1092 Interpretation... 1092 Section 44: Definitions... 1092 Prohibition and Detention by Customs Officer... 1093 xxxii

CONTENTS Prohibition... 1093 Section 44.01(1): Prohibition on importation or exportation... 1093 Section 44.01(2): Exception... 1093 Request for Assistance... 1093 Section 44.02(1): Request for assistance... 1093 Section 44.02(2): Information in request... 1093 Section 44.02(3): Validity period... 1094 Section 44.02(4): Security... 1094 Section 44.02(5): Update... 1094 Measures Relating to Detained Copies... 1094 Section 44.03: Provision of information by customs officer... 1094 Section 44.01(1): Provision of information to pursue remedy... 1094 Section 44.04(2): Detention... 1095 Section 44.04(3): Notice of proceedings... 1095 Section 44.04(4): Continued detention... 1096 Section 44.05(1): Restriction on information use section 44.03... 1096 Section 44.05(2): Restriction on information use section 44.04(1)... 1096 Section 44.05(3): For greater certainty... 1096 Section 44.06: Inspection... 1096 Section 44.07(1): Liability for charges... 1096 Section 44.07(2): Exception paragraph (1)(a)... 1097 Section 44.07(3): Exception paragraph (1)(c)... 1097 Section 44.07(4): Joint and several or solidary liability... 1097 Section 44.07(5): Exception... 1098 No Liability... 1098 Section 44.08: No liability... 1098 Powers of Court Relating to Detained Copies... 1098 Section 44.09(1): Application to court... 1098 Section 44.09(2): Minister s consent... 1099 Section 44.09(3): Customs Act... 1099 Section 44.09(4): Continued detention... 1099 Section 44.09(5): Security... 1099 xxxiii

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 44.1(1): Damages against copyright owner... 1099 Section 44.1(2): Damages awarded to copyright owner... 1100 Section 44.1(2.1): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(3): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(4): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(5): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(6): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(7): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(8): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(9): Repealed... 1100 Section 44.1(10): Repealed... 1101 Prohibition Resulting from Notice... 1101 Section 44.11: Importation of certain copyright works prohibited... 1101 Court-ordered Detention... 1101 Section 44.12(1): Power of court... 1101 Section 44.12(2): Who may apply... 1101 Section 44.12(3): Order of court... 1101 Section 44.12(4): How application made... 1102 Section 44.12(5): Security... 1102 Section 44.12(6): Application for directions... 1102 Section 44.12(7): Minister may allow inspection... 1102 Section 44.12(8): If applicant fails to commence action... 1102 Section 44.12(9): If court fins in plaintiff s favour... 1103 Section 44.12(10): Other remedies not affected... 1103 Section 44.2(1): Importation of books... 1103 Section 44.2(2): Who may apply... 1103 Section 44.2(3): Limitation... 1104 Section 44.2(4): Application of certain provisions... 1104 Section 44.3: Limitation... 1104 Section 44.4: Importation of other subject-matter... 1104 Section 45(1): Exception... 1105 Section 45(2): Satisfactory evidence... 1105 xxxiv

CONTENTS PART V ADMINISTRATION COPYRIGHT OFFICE... 1105 Section 46: Copyright Office... 1105 Section 47: Powers of Commissioner and Registrar... 1106 Section 48: Registrar... 1106 Section 49: Duties of Commissioner and Registrar... 1106 Section 50: Other duties of Registrar... 1106 Section 51: Repealed... 1106 Section 52: Control of business and officials... 1106 Section 53(1): Register to be evidence... 1107 Section 53(2): Owner of copyright... 1107 Section 53(2.1): Assignee... 1109 Section 53(2.2): Licensee... 1109 Section 53(3): Admissibility... 1118 REGISTRATION... 1119 Section 54(1): Register of Copyrights... 1119 Section 54(2): Repealed... 1119 Section 54(3): Single entry sufficient... 1119 Section 54(4): Indices... 1119 Section 54(5): Inspection and extracts... 1119 Section 54(6): Former registration effective... 1120 Section 54(7): Subsisting copyright... 1120 Section 55(1): Copyright in works... 1120 Section 55(2): Application for registration... 1120 Section 56(1): Copyright in subject-matter other than works... 1122 Section 56(2): Application for registration... 1122 Section 56.1: Recovery of damages... 1122 Section 57(1): Registration of assignment or licence... 1122 Section 57(2): Repealed... 1123 Section 57(3): When assignment or licence is void... 1123 Section 57(4): Rectification of Register by the Court... 1124 xxxv

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 58(1): Execution of instruments... 1128 Section 58(2): Execution of instruments... 1128 Section 58(3): Seals to be evidence... 1128 Section 58(4): Other testimony... 1128 FEES... 1129 Section 59: Fees regulation... 1129 PART VI MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS SUBSTITUTED RIGHT... 1129 Section 60(1): Subsistence of substituted right... 1129 Section 60(2): Where author has assigned the right... 1129 Section 60(3): Definition of author... 1130 Section 60(4): Works made before this Act in force... 1130 CLERICAL ERRORS... 1130 Section 61: Clerical errors do not invalidate... 1130 REGULATIONS... 1131 Section 62(1): Regulations... 1131 Section 62(2): Rights saved... 1131 Section 63: Repealed... 1131 INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND TOPOGRAPHIES... 1131 Section 64(1): Interpretation of article, design, useful article and utilitarian function... 1131 I. Concept... 1132 A. Designs Covered by the Industrial Design Act... 1132 1. Definition of design... 1133 B. Rules in the Copyright Act Concerning Designs Prior to the 1988 Amendments... 1134 1. Relevant Provisions... 1134 2. Author Did Not Lose Copyright Protection... 1136 II. Case Law... 1137 Section 64(2): Non-infringement re certain designs... 1138 Section 64(3): Exception... 1142 xxxvi

CONTENTS Section 64(4): Idem... 1146 Section 64.1(1): Non-infringement re useful article features... 1147 Section 64.1(2): Exception... 1147 Section 64.2(l): Application of Act to topographies... 1147 Section 64.2(2): Computer programs... 1147 Section 64.2(3): Definitions... 1148 Section 65: Repealed... 1148 PART VII COPYRIGHT BOARD AND COLLECTIVE ADMINISTRATION OF COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT BOARD... 1148 Section 66(1): Establishment... 1148 Section 66(2): Service... 1152 Section 66(3): Chairman... 1152 Section 66(4): Tenure... 1152 Section 66(5): Re-appointment... 1152 Section 66(6): Prohibition... 1153 Section 66(7): Members deemed public service employees... 1153 Section 66.1(1): Duties of chairman... 1153 Section 66.1(2): Absence or incapacity of chairman... 1153 Section 66.1(3): Duties of vice-chairman... 1153 Section 66.2: Remuneration and expenses... 1153 Section 66.3(1): Conflict of interest prohibited... 1154 Section 66.3(2): Termination of conflict of interest... 1154 Section 66.4(1): Staff... 1154 Section 66.4(2): Idem... 1154 Section 66.4(3): Technical assistance... 1154 Section 66.5(1): Concluding matters after membership expires... 1154 Section 66.5(2): Decisions... 1154 Section 66.51: Interim decisions... 1156 Section 66.52: Variation of decisions... 1160 Section 66.6(1): Regulations... 1163 xxxvii

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 66.6(2): Publication of proposed regulations... 1163 Section 66.6(3): Exception... 1163 Section 66.7(1): General powers, etc.... 1163 Section 66.7(2): Enforcement of decisions... 1165 Section 66.7(3): Procedure... 1165 Section 66.7(4): Effect of variation of decision... 1165 Section 66.71: Distribution, publication of notices... 1166 Section 66.8: Studies... 1166 Section 66.9(1): Report... 1166 Section 66.9(2): Tabling... 1166 Section 66.91: Regulations... 1167 COLLECTIVE ADMINISTRATION OF PERFORMING RIGHTS AND OF COMMUNICATION RIGHTS... 1167 I. Concept of Collective Administration... 1167 II. Operations Since 1936 Specifically in Relation to the Public Performance of Musical Works... 1170 III. Relations between Associations, Members and Users... 1171 A. Judicial Description... 1171 B. Description of SOCAN by the Board... 1172 Section 67: Public access to repertoires... 1174 Section 67.1(1): Filing of proposed tariff... 1176 Section 67.1(2): Where no previous tariff... 1185 Section 67.1(3): Effective period of tariff... 1185 Section 67.1(4): Prohibition of enforcement... 1185 Section 67.1(5): Publication of proposed tariffs... 1186 Section 67.2: Repealed... 1186 Section 67.3: Repealed... 1186 Section 68(1): Board to consider proposed tariffs and objections... 1186 Section 68(2): Criteria and factors... 1187 Section 68(3): Certification... 1189 I. Case Law... 1189 Section 68(4): Publication of approved tariffs... 1191 Section 68.1(1): Special and transitional royalty rates... 1193 xxxviii

CONTENTS Section 68.1(2): Effect of paying royalties... 1193 Section 68.1(3): Definition of advertising revenues... 1194 Section 68.1(4): Preferential royalty rates... 1194 Section 68.1(5): Regulations... 1194 Section 68.2(1): Effect of fixing royalties... 1194 Section 68.2(2): Proceedings barred if royalties tendered or paid... 1196 Section 68.2(3): Continuation of rights... 1196 PUBLIC PERFORMANCES IN PLACES OTHER THAN THEATRES... 1196 Section 69(1): Repealed... 1196 Section 69(2): Radio performances in places other than theatres... 1197 I. Adoption of this Section... 1197 II. Interpretation of this Section... 1201 A. Nature and Effects of the Royalties... 1202 B. Definition of Gramophone... 1204 C. Definition of Radio Receiving Set... 1206 III. Gramophone Performance... 1208 A. Gramophone Performances Require Unity of Time, Place and Control... 1208 B. Definition of Gramophone and Notion of Gramophone Performance... 1211 Section 69(3): Expenses to be taken into account... 1212 Section 69(4): Repealed... 1213 Section 70: Repealed... 1213 COLLECTIVE ADMINISTRATION IN RELATION TO RIGHTS UNDER SECTIONS 3, 15, 18 AND 21... 1213 Collective Societies... 1213 Section 70.1: Collective societies... 1213 Section 70.11: Public information... 1215 Section 70.12: Tariff or agreement... 1215 Tariffs... 1215 Section 70.13(1): Filing the proposed tariffs... 1215 Section 70.13(2): Where no previous tariff... 1216 Section 70.14: Application of certain provisions... 1216 xxxix

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 70.15(1): Certification... 1216 Section 70.15(2): Application of certain provisions... 1217 Section 70.16: Distribution, publication of notices... 1217 Section 70.17: Prohibition of enforcement... 1217 Section 70.18: Continuation of rights... 1217 Section 70.19: Where agreement exists... 1218 Section 70.191: Agreement... 1218 Fixing of Royalties in Individual Cases... 1218 Section 70.2(1): Application to fix amount of royalty, etc.... 1218 Section 70.2(2): Fixing royalties, etc.... 1220 Section 70.3(1): Agreement... 1220 Section 70.3(2): Idem... 1220 Section 70.4: Effect of Board decision... 1221 Examination of Agreements... 1223 Section 70.5(1): Definition of Commissioner... 1223 Section 70.5(2): Filing agreement with the Board... 1223 Section 70.5(3): Idem... 1223 Section 70.5(4): Access by Commissioner... 1223 Section 70.5(5): Request for examination... 1223 Section 70.6(1): Examination and fixing of royalty... 1224 Section 70.6(2): Idem... 1224 Sections 70.61-70.67: Repealed... 1224 Section 70.7: Repealed... 1224 Section 70.8: Repealed... 1224 ROYALTIES IN PARTICULAR CASES... 1224 Section 71(1): Filing of proposed tariffs... 1224 Section 71(2): Times for filing... 1225 Section 71(3): Where no previous tariff... 1226 Section 71(4): Effective period of tariffs... 1226 Section 72(1): Publication of proposed tariffs... 1226 Section 72(2): Board to consider proposed tariffs and objections... 1226 Section 73(1): Certification... 1226 xl

CONTENTS Section 73(2): No discrimination... 1227 Section 73(3): Publication of approved tariffs... 1227 Section 74(1): Special case... 1227 Section 74(2): Regulations... 1228 Section 75: Effect of fixing royalties... 1228 Section 76(1): Claims by non-members... 1228 Section 76(2): Royalties that may be recovered... 1229 Section 76(3): Exclusion of remedies... 1230 Section 76(4): Regulations... 1230 OWNERS WHO CANNOT BE LOCATED... 1230 Section 77(1): Circumstances in which licence may be issued by Board... 1230 I. Published Work... 1231 Artistic Works... 1233 Literary Works... 1233 Compilations of Diverse Works... 1234 Section 77(2): Conditions of licence... 1235 I. Published Work... 1235 A. Terms and Conditions... 1235 Artistic Work... 1235 Section 77(3): Payment to owner... 1239 Section 77(4): Regulations... 1239 COMPENSATION FOR ACTS DONE BEFORE RECOGNITION OF COPYRIGHT OR MORAL RIGHTS... 1239 Section 78(1): Board may determine compensation... 1239 Section 78(2): Limitation... 1239 Section 78(3): Interim orders... 1239 PART VIII PRIVATE COPYING INTERPRETATION... 1240 Section 79: Definitions... 1240 COPYING FOR PRIVATE USE... 1242 Section 80(1): Where no infringement of copyright... 1242 xli

2018 ANNOTATED COPYRIGHT ACT Section 80(2): Limitation... 1246 RIGHT OF RENUMERATION... 1247 Section 81(1): Right of remuneration... 1247 Section 81(2): Assignment of rights... 1248 LEVY ON BLANK AUDIO RECORDING MEDIA... 1248 Section 82(1): Liability to pay levy... 1248 Section 82(2): No levy for exports... 1251 Section 83(1): Filing of proposed tariffs... 1251 Section 83(2): Collecting body... 1251 Section 83(3): Times for filing... 1251 Section 83(4): Where no previous tariffs... 1251 Section 83(5): Effective period of levies... 1251 Section 83(6): Publication of proposed tariffs... 1252 Section 83(7): Board to consider proposed tariffs and objections... 1252 Section 83(8): Duties of Board... 1252 Section 83(9): Factors Board to consider... 1254 Section 83(10): Publication of approved tariffs... 1254 Section 83(11): Authors, etc., not represented by collective society... 1254 Section 83(12): Exclusion of other remedies... 1254 Section 83(13): Powers of Board... 1254 Section 83(14): Single proposed tariff... 1255 DISTRIBUTION OF LEVIES PAID... 1255 Section 84: Distribution by collecting body... 1255 Section 85(1): Reciprocity... 1255 Section 85(2): Reciprocity... 1255 Section 85(3): Application of Act... 1256 Section 85(4): Application of Act... 1256 EXEMPTION FROM LEVY... 1256 Section 86(1): Where no levy payable... 1256 Section 86(2): Refunds... 1256 Section 86(3): If registration system exists... 1256 REGULATIONS... 1257 xlii