CHAPTER 22 CONCEPT CARDS Section 1 CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION - ORANGE Government agency created by the Pendleton Act of 1863 to fill federal jobs on the basis of merit. - People who scored highest on civil service exams earned the posts. - By 1900, this controlled about 40% of all federal jobs. * Helped reform the spoils system Civil Service (Yellow) - All federal jobs excepted elected offices and those in the military. SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT [ANTI-TRUST LEGISLATION] (PINK) (ADD BOLDED INFO TO OR MAKE ADDITIONAL CARD WITH EVERYTHING) - 1890 - Signed in by Pres. Harrison - Banned the formation of trusts & monopolies - Government felt pressure from public to control giant corporations because they reduced competition - no reason to keep prices lower nor improve products. * Too weak to be effective - some states passed laws to regulate business, but corps usually got around them; step in limiting power of large corps, trusts, & monopolies. - Prohibited business from trying to limit or destroy competition; enforcement was difficult; often used against labor unions instead of to regulate trusts.
Section 2 POLITICAL BOSSES (ORANGE) Powerful politicians who control work done locally and demand payoffs from businesses. - Popular with poor and immigrants - PB would provide jobs & make loans, help with living costs (coal for heat and turkeys for Thanksgiving)... PB expected votes in return. (Votes were not kept secret.) - Ex: Boss (William) Tweed - Ripped of NYC for $100 million+ between 186-s-70s. MUCKRAKERS (ORANGE) Journalists who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s. Ex: Jacob Riis - Provided shocking images of slum life Ida Tarbell - Targeted unfair practices of big business; History of Standard Oil articles Upton Sinclair - Wrote The Jungle - Exposed dirty details of meatpacking industry. * Helped from public opinion... Opened people s eyes... Public quit ignoring need for reform. PROGRESSIVE PARTY / PROGRESSIVES [POLITICAL AFFILIATION] - PINK Reforms in the late 1800s and early 1900s who wanted to improve American life. - Won many changes 1898-1917 - Progressive Era - Never a single group with a single goal - Came from many backgrounds and backed different causes. - *Unifying Belief: Ills of society could be solved. - * Wanted government to act in the public interest - Ex: Social Gospel; John Dewey (Educator); Robert LaFollette (AKA Battling Bob ) PUBLIC INTEREST (PINK) For the good of the people * How the Progressives wanted the government to act. WISCONSIN IDEA [POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT] - PINK Series of Progressive reforms introduced in the early 1900s by Wisconsin governor Robert LaFollette. Ex: Lowered RR rates - increased rail traffic - helped RR owners and customers. PRIMARY (ORANGE) Election in which voters choose their party s candidate for the general election. - In 1903, WI - 1 st state to adopt a primary; By 1917 all but 4 states had done so. * Progressive reform aimed at getting voters to participate more directly in the government.
INITIATIVE (ORANGE) Process by which voters can put a bill directly before the state legislature. - A certain number of qualified voters must sign initiative petitions to propose a law. * Progressive reform aimed at getting voters to participate more directly in government. REFERENDUM (ORANGE) Process by which people vote directly on a bill. - Allowed voters to put a bill on the ballot and vote it into law. * Progressive reformed aimed at getting voters to participate more directly in government. RECALL (ORANGE) Process by which voters can remove an elected official from office. - Let voters get rid of corrupt or incompetent officials * Progressive reform aimed at getting voters to participate more directly in government. GRADUATED INCOME TAX (ORANGE) Tax on earnings that charges different rates for different income levels. - The wealthy pay taxes at a higher rate than the poor or middle class. 16 TH AMENDMENT (PINK) Gave Congress the power to pass an income tax; By 1913 it was ratified by the states - Progressives campaigned for this amendment, because before the Supreme Court ruled that a federal income tax was unconstitutional. Income Tax (yellow) - a tax on people s earnings 17 TH AMENDMENT (PINK) Allowed for the direct election of Senators; Ratified in 1913 Note: Senators used to be elected FROM the State s Legislature BY the state s legislators... Not based on public vote! * Disabled interest groups from bribing lawmakers to vote for certain candidates.
Section 3 TRUSTBUSTER (ORANGE) Person who wanted to destroy all trusts. What some business leaders called Theodore Roosevelt. SQUARE DEAL [POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT] (PINK) Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt s campaign promise that all groups would have an equal opportunity to succeed. - Helped T. Roosevelt win election of 1904 - Railroads were main target - 1906 - Congress gave Interstate Commerce Commission power to set railroad rates. PURE FOOD & DRUG ACT (YELLOW) A 1906 law that required food and drug makers to list ingredients on packages. - Tried to end false advertising and the use of impure ingredients - Bought about by people like Teddy Roosevelt reading muckrakers exposés. CONSERVATION (PINK) Protection of natural resources. - T. Roosevelt - Big conservationalist * Government set aside about 140,000 acres for national parks national parks (yellow) - area set aside for people to visit; Run by the federal government. BULL MOOSE PARTY [POLITICAL AFFILIATION] Progressive Republicans who supported Theodore Roosevelt during the election of 1912. - TR (Republican) ran against Taft (Republican) and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) - At Republican Convention: Progressive Republicans stormed out of the convention when Taft was nominated for Presidential candidate for the Republican party. - Progressives formed a new party and chose TR as their candidate... TR said, I feel as strong as a bull moose. (That s where they got their party name.) * Result: TR & Taft had more votes combined, but not enough individually to win the election... SO the Democrats Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912. ** 3 rd Party candidates split the vote! (We still see it today!) NEW FREEDOM [POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT] ( PINK) President Wilson s program to break up trusts and restore American economic competition. - Asked Congress to lower tariffs - tax on imports (ended up hurting consumers more than foreign companies)... It did, then passed the graduated income tax (to make up for lost revenues). - Regulate banking - Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act * Wilson had many successes; Progressivism slowed down after 1914 due to many of Progressives goals being met and war in Europe in 1914 (WWI).
FEDERAL RESERVE ACT (PINK) A 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government power to control the money supply. * New Freedom (Woodrow Wilson) legislation. FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (PINK) (This is a cut-n-paste CC.) Central bank of the US; The Fed ; Provides important services to banks all over the US and regulates their activities; Independent agency of the federal government; Organized to remain beyond the reach of political influence so it can serve the needs of the nation as a whole; 12 FR Districts in US; Functions: Providing Services (clearing checks, wiring money, supplying currency); Federal Government s bank; Regulates banks (makes rules that govern the business of banking); Makes loans to banks; Controls money supply (most powerful job - great influence on the health of the economy) Ex: Ben Bernanke - Head of Federal Reserve Board * Created under New Freedom (Woodrow Wilson) legislation FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION (FTC) (YELLOW) Government agency created in 1914 to ensure fair competition. - Had power to investigate companies and order them to stop using unfair practices to destroy competitors. * New Freedom (Woodrow Wilson) legislation CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT (1914) [ANTITRUST LEGISLATION] PINK Banned some business practices that limited free enterprise; Stopped antitrust laws from being used against unions (major victory for labor). * New Freedom (Woodrow Wilson) legislation Section 4 NATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION [POLITICAL ACTION GROUP] (PINK) (This is a cut-n-paste CC.) Group set up in 1869 to work for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote - Formed in 1869 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony... Later headed by Carrie Chapman Catt * Black men were given the right to vote with the 15 th... Women had to wait. * 19 th Amendment cam about largely due to their efforts. SUFFRAGE/SUFFRAGISTS (PINK) The to vote. / Person fighting for the right to vote. Ex: People who worked for women s right to vote - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, & Rose Winslow
19 TH AMENDMENT (PINK) A 1919 Amendment to the US Constitution that gives women the right to vote. - (Finally) supported by Woodrow Wilson (1918) - Congress passed in 1919. * By August 1920, 3/4s of the states had ratified it - doubled the number of eligible voters. 18 TH AMENDMENT (PINK) A 1917 Amendment to the US Constitution that made it illegal to manufacture, sell or transport alcoholic drinks. * Pressure from the Women s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) [Ex: Carrie Nation] - helped bring this about. By 1919-3/4s of the states had ratified it. * Led to Prohibition - ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor anywhere in the US from 1920 to 1933.
Section 5 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP) [POLITICAL ACTION GROUP] (PINK) ) (This is a cut-n-paste CC.) GENTLEMEN S AGREEMENT [POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT] (PINK) ) (This is a cut-n-paste CC.) Organization founded in 1909 to work toward equal rights for African-Americans. - Organized by WEB DuBois, Jane Addams, Lincoln Steffens, and other reformers in 1909. - Blacks & whites worked together for equal rights for African-Americans. * Still around today... Helps win legal battles... has a lot of power & support. GENTLEMEN S AGREEMENT [FOREIGN POLICY] (PINK) (This is a cut-n-paste CC.) A 1907 agreement between the United States and Japan to limit Japanese immigration. Background: Agreement: Unions & other groups put pressure on President Roosevelt to limit immigration from Japan... BUT, Japan was a growing naval powere in the Pacific and Roosevelt wanted to soothe Japanese feelings... Roosevelt condemned segregated schools and suggested that if San Francisco end its segregation order, he (Roosevelt) would restrict further Japanese immigration. Japan would stop any more workers from going to the US. US would allow Japanese women to join their husbands who were already in this country. * Anti-Japanese feelings remained; CA passed a law in 1913 banning Asians who were not American citizens from owning land... US would take more drastic steps to stop immigration from Asia.