Wars and Rumors of Wars: Compromises to Reconstruction 1820-1877 U.S. History 8
The Inside Guys The Debate? To save or not to save the Union. Where did they stand?? Henry Clay wanted the N & S to come to an agreement. Daniel Webster wants to save the Union, feared Civil War. John C. Calhoun refused to compromise on the issues at hand.
Henry Clay BORN TO COMPROMISE! KNOWN AS THE GREAT COMPROMISER EVEN THOUGH HE OWNED SLAVES HE OPPOSED SLAVERY A BORN POLITICIAN! *MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820, THE *COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833 AND THE *COMPROMISE OF 1850
DANIEL WEBSTER HATED SLAVERY FROM MASSACHUSETTS SUPPORTED HIGHER TARIFFS Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable! ABOLITIONIST!
JOHN C. CALHOUN BEST KNOWN SUPPORTER OF SLAVERY! BELIEVED THAT EACH STATE SHOULD DECIDE IF SLAVERY WAS OK DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION OPPOSED HIGHER TARIFFS PRO SLAVERY
ISSUE? MISSOURI APPLIES FOR ADMISSION TO THE UNION AS A SLAVE STATE. PROBLEM? Upset The Balance of Free to Slave States SOLUTION? HENRY CLAY PROPOSES- MISSOURI COMPROMISE Maine Enters As Free State Missouri Enters As Slave State All Land North of 36-30 Closed To Slavery *For The Time Being Slavery Issue Resolved
Main Points of Compromise: 1. CALIFORNIA ADMITTED AS A FREE STATE ( free states outnumber slave states) 2. TERRITORY DIVIDED INTO NEW MEXICO AND UTAH TERRITORIES- people would vote whether or not they wanted slavery - - POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
Fugitive Slave Act
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT WAS DESIGNED TO RETURN AS MANY RUNAWAY SLAVES TO THE SOUTH AS POSSIBLE. THE LAW MADE IT ILLEGAL TO HELP RUNAWAY SLAVES ESCAPE AND OFFERED REWARDS FOR THE SLAVE CATCHERS AND THE JUDGES. MANY RUNAWAYS WENT TO CANADA WHICH HAD NO FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS.
HARRIET BEECHER STOWE HELPED CAUSE THE CIVIL WAR ACCORDING TO ABE LINCOLN!!! HER BOOK DESCRIBED THE BRUTALITY OF SLAVERY AND SOLD OVER 500,000 COPIES! Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the book Uncle Tom s Cabin. This book was extremely popular and influenced man people in the North to join the abolitionist movement.
THE ABOLITIONISTS JOHN BROWN THE GRIMKE SISTERS FREDERICK DOUGLASS- Writer, orator, leading abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison
The Kansas-Nebraska Act In 1854, Stephen Douglas (D- Illinois) proposed a bill to organize the Kansas-Nebraska territory into several territories. Proposing popular sovereignty as the solution to slavery in the territories, Douglas proposed this method for Kansas-Nebraska, too. The bill was passed after a threemonth struggle in Congress. The Kansas Nebraska Act effectively negated the Missouri Compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Map The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Bleeding Kansas As a direct result of the Kansas- Nebraska Act, Kansas descended into chaos and bloodshed. Thousands of settlers for and against slavery came to the territory. The 1855 elections were won by proslavery forces with the aid of illegally voting Missouri border ruffians. While a pro-slavery government was set up in Lecompton, free-soil activists set up a rival government in Topeka. Several massacres and battles erupted a de facto civil war.
John Brown s raid In 1859, John Brown, a radical violent abolitionist attacked the federal arsenal in Harper s Ferry, Virginia with ca. 20 followers. He wanted to seize weapons for a general slave insurrection. After two days fighting he was defeated, tried and sentenced to death in Virginia. In the South, Brown was considered a terrorist who deserved death. In the North, many abolitionists supported him. Others decried the violence but felt sympathetic. heroic painting of John Brown
1857 Dred Scott v.sanford Supreme Court Case DRED SCOTT WAS A SLAVE WHO WORKED FOR HIS MASTER IN A FREE TERRITORY. WHEN THE MASTER DIED, SCOTT BECAME THE PROPERTY OF THE MASTER S FAMILY BUT SCOTT CHALLENGED THIS IN COURT STRESSING THAT HE HAD WORKED IN A FREE TERRITORY AND HAD THE RIGHT TO NOW BE FREE. THE COURT RULING --- DRED SCOTT v SANFORD 1854: DRED SCOTT WAS PROPERTY AND BELONGED TO THE MASTER S FAMILY. 1. DRED SCOTT WAS A SLAVE HAD THEREFORE HAD NOT RIGHT TO SUE ANYONE IN COURT. DRED SCOTT LOST HIS CASE BUT SUPPORTERS BOUGHT HIM SO HE COULD FINALLY BE FREE! 2. SLAVERY BANS IN THE NEW TERRITORIES WERE BASICALLY ILLEGAL BECAUSE OF ABSOLUTE PROPERTY RIGHTS OF THE MASTER.
The Election of 1860, Secession, and the War Begins
The Election of 1860 Four candidates ran in 1860: Lincoln for the Republicans, Douglas for the N. Democrats, Breckinridge for the S. Dem, and John Bell for the smaller Constitutional Union party. Effectively two races: Lincoln v. Douglas in the North, Bell v. Breckinridge in the South. Lincoln won the election with a majority of the electoral vote, but he had only ca. 40% of the popular vote almost exclusively gained in the North.
Causes of the Civil War North and South Disagreement The biggest debate was over states rights and slavery. Tariffs were being imposed on goods from the North that the South needed. The South felt they were paying the North. The question of slavery flared with the decision whether the Western territories would allow slavery.
Lincoln s 1 st Inaugural Address In Lincoln s First Inaugural Address, Abraham Lincoln reiterated his promise not to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States and affirmed the rights of states to order and determine their own institutions. To do otherwise, he noted, would violate the U.S. Constitution. Furthermore, he vowed to enforce the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which stipulated that slaves escaping from southern masters be returned to their owners. Lincoln's main purpose in his First Inaugural Address was to allay the anxieties of the southern states that their property, peace, and personal security were endangered because a Republican administration was taking office. At the same time, Lincoln argued that the U.S. Constitution was perpetual, or indissoluble. In effect, he was denying such states as South Carolina the right to secede. The Constitution could be amended, but the Union could not be broken
MAJOR DIFFERENCES!! INDUSTRY INDUSTRY FARMING SUPER FAST GROWTH! LITTLE MANUFACTURING!
The Deep South Secedes Despite Lincoln s pledges not to interfere with slavery in states where it existed, many Southern states debated secession. In Dec. 1860, South Carolina was the first to secede. In early 1861, the rest of the Deep South followed suit. The seceded states set up a capital in Montgomery, Alabama and formed the Confederate States of America. They adopted a constitution modeled on the Articles of Confederation.
Fort Sumter, South Carolina April 12, 1861 South Carolina opened fire on a U.S. fort in Charleston harbor. After Fort Sumter fell, President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion. The Civil War had begun!!!!
Jefferson Davis Inaugural Address Jefferson Davis Inaugural Address President of the Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis's Inaugural Address, delivered on February 18, 1861, pointed toward a tentative plan for the seceding states future. When Davis delivered his Inaugural Address, the six additional Deep South states (Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) had followed the lead of South Carolina and withdrawn from the Union. In February 1861, as Davis spoke, contemporaries waited to see what Virginia would do We feel that our cause is just and holy; we protest solemnly in the face of mankind that we desire peace at any sacrifice save that of honour and independence; we ask no conquest, no aggrandizement, no concession of any kind from the States with which we were lately confederated; all we ask is to be let alone; that those who never held power over us shall not now attempt our subjugation by arms. President Jefferson Davis - 29 April 1861
THE NORTH, THE UNION, YANKEES, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA THE SOUTH, THE CONFEDERACY, REBELS, SECESH
THE PRESIDENTS ABRAHAM LINCOLN JEFFERSON DAVIS
General Ulysses S. Grant General Robert E. Lee
General Stonewall Jackson- Next to Robert E. Lee himself, Thomas J. Jackson is the most revered of all Confederate commanders. The Mexican War gave Jackson his first experiences in battle, and a fellow soldier As an officer, Jackson led by his own example. One Confederate soldier wrote of Jackson: From the calm, collected [person that he appears to be], he becomes the fiery leader General Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own side while he was returning from a patrol, and he died shortly after surgery.
Battle Hymn of the Republic -a hymn or song written by Julia Ward Howe using the music from a popular Southern song of the time called John Brown s Body published in 1862, it became popular during the Civil War. Since that time it has become extremely popular and well-known patriotic song. http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=p5mmfp ydk_8
THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION FREED ONLY THE SLAVES IN OCCUPIED TERRITORIES. LINCOLN DID NOT FREE THE SLAVES IN THE BORDER STATES OF MISSOURI, KENTUCKY, AND MARYLAND BECAUSE HE NEEDED THE VOTES IN THE UPCOMING ELECTION AND WAS AFRAID THEY MIGHT SECEDE LIKE THE OTHER 11 SLAVES STATES. THE PROCLAMATION WAS ISSUED JANUARY 1 ST, 1863
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION JANUARY 1 ST 1863 GAVE THE UNION A NEW CAUSE TO FIGHT FOR THE NORTH WAS FIGHTING TO PRESERVE THE UNION AND FREE THE SLAVES! THE ABOLTIONISTS WERE HAPPY!
GETTYSBURG & VICKSBURG GETTYSBURG WAS THE SECOND AND FINAL SOUTHERN INVASION OF THE NORTH. GENERAL LEE WAS DEFEATED WITH 28,000 DEAD, WOUNDED, & MIA. JULY 1 ST, 2 ND, AND 3 RD 1863. VICKSBURG WAS THE LAST SOUTHERN FORT ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. THE Last Battle of the War!!! THE SOUTH WAS SPLIT IN HALF!!! Both victories were celebrated on July 4 th, 1863.
The Gettysburg Address given by President Lincoln is considered one of the greatest speeches of all time. What did people think of the speech when it was delivered on November 19, 1863?
according to history. The speech was only two minutes long. Someone in the crowd asked, Is that all? A few newspapers described the speech as silly, dull, and commonplace. Most of the newspapers at the time liked the speech. The featured speaker, Edward Everett, said President Lincoln accomplished in two minutes what Everett tried to accomplish in two hours.
Lincoln s 2 nd Inaugural Address Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address was delivered on March 4, 1865, during the final days of the Civil War and only a month before he was assassinated. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln discussed the war and slavery, and ends with these words of reconciliation: "With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations."
The War Ends!!! April 9, 1865. Lee surrenders to Grant. At Appomatox Court House, Virginia. Five days later, on April 14, 1865, President Lincoln is assassinated. Known as the Great Emancipator, Lincoln is the last great casualty of the war.
LEE WAS FORCED TO SURRENDER HIS SMALL AND STARVING ARMY AT APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE, VA.
Effects of the Civil War Tragic loss of life over 600,000 Paid economic price, especially the South. Bitterness between North & South. Changed the way of waging war. End of Slavery. Preservation of the Union power of the federal gov t grew.
Congressional Medal of Honor William Carney An African American soldier during the Civil War who received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of fort Wagner (GLORY) Phillip Bazaar a Hispanic sailor who was awarded the medal of honor for his actions during the battle for Fort Fischer of the Civil War Recipients
Thirteenth Amendment 1865 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
THE 13 TH AMENDMENT ABOLISHED (BANNED) SLAVERY!
Fourteenth Amendment 1868 Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
THE 14 TH AMENDMENT MADE ALL PERSONS (INCLUDING FORMER SLAVES) CITIZENS AS LONG AS THEY WERE BORN HERE. IT ALSO FORBID THE STATES FROM DENYING BASIC RIGHTS TO ANY CITIZEN!
Fifteenth Amendment 1870 Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
THE 15 TH AMENDMENT GAVE BLACK MEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE (RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE)
FREE CITIZENS VOTE Civil War/ Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment ended slavery. 14th Amendment required all states to grant citizenship to all who had federal citizenship; to grant equal protection and due process to call citizens. 15th Amendment granted the vote to all males over 21 years of age.
Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen?
For the South: A Tale of Ruin Economic Devastation destruction of labor force, end of plantation system, small amount of infrastructure ruined, extreme poverty, hyperinflation, worthless currency (money), source of wealth (slaves) erased, land values plummeted Social Changes destruction of planter aristocracy, 1/5 of all white males dead White Desires reimplementation of slave, gang labor/wage labor with blacks in fields, removal of federal troops and northern encroachment in labor contracts and regulations Charleston, South Carolina (1865)
or the North: A Tale of Two Stories Economic Opportunity rebuild the South with northern free labor ideology, invest in southern infrastructure (especially RR) and help the South industrialize, carpetbagging (make money off of get rich schemes) Social Opportunity educate southern blacks. Bring South into 19 th century with abolition and more equal society
For African-Americans: A Fresh Start Social Changes freedom, demanded to be Mr. and Mrs., married, migration to West, clothing upgrades, churches (Baptist), prioritizing education Political Wants should be able to vote, testify in court, serve in government Economic Desires to own land, remove women and children from fields, subsistence farming only, become own masters
Lincoln Presidential Reconstruction vs. Congressional Reconstruction Johnson vs. vs. Thaddeus Stevens (H.o.R.), Charles Sumner (Senate), and Company in Congress
3 Types of Reconstruction what s the Plan??? Lincoln s 10% Plan: Avoided punishing the South and sought to reunite country as quickly as possible. Johnson s Plan Radical Reconstruction Plan: intended to punish the South and make Southerners pay for their wrongdoing. Involved dividing South into military districts and martial law.
Lincoln s Plan 10% Plan * Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) * Replace majority rule with loyal rule in the South. * He didn t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. * Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers. * When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.
Carpetbaggers & Scalawags Carpetbaggers - northerners that came South to profit from the aftermath of the war, former Union sympathizers, dominated politics and economic life. Scalawags southerners who worked with republicans and were considered traitors
President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
President Johnson s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. EFFECTS? 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen s Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnson s vetoes 1 st in U. S. history!!
President Johnson s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 47!
The Senate Trial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
Radical Plan for Readmission Wanted South to slowly integrate back into Union Blacks to have the vote so they could take care of selves w/o Republican involvement and form political base. Blacks to gain more basic rights, and South to accept abolition Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13 th and 14 th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14 th Amendment. * Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5 military districts.
Effects of Radical Republicans FREEDMEN S BUREAU (1866) est. agency to assist transition for freedmen and white refugees; distributed clothing, food, and fuel; hoped to rent out confiscated land to freedman and show South power of northern free labor. Greatest Accomplishment is the establishment of schools with teachers from the North also set up African American Colleges. NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS helped elect blacks into political bodies, tax system introduced to finance public schools, infrastructure improvements, & public works The Big 3 13,14,& 15 TH AMENDMENTS provided protection for blacks until(1877)
Resistance to Radical Republicans Ku Klux Klan (KKK) formed in 1866 by southern elites (merchants, lawyers, former planters) to intimidate southern Republicans and blacks; Congress passed the Ku Klux Act on 20th April, 1871. This gave the president the power to intervene in troubled states with the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in countries where disturbances occurred. However, because its objective of white supremacy in the South had been achieved, the organization practically disappeared until the early 1900 s Without federal troops, South gradually reclaimed old power structures w/implementation of black codes and Jim Crow laws to economically and socially oppress blacks; grandfather clauses, poll taxes, and literacy tests implemented to disenfranchise (hold them back) blacks as well; phasing out of black congressmen and senators (after 1901, no blacks served in Congress for the next 28 years, and none represented any southern state for the next 78 years); South was redeemed
Election of Hiram Rhodes Revels The first African American to serve in the United States Senate and United States Congress, he represented Mississippi in 1870 1871 during Reconstruction
Ulysses S. Grant elected president IN 1868
Effects of Reconstruction Both a success and failure The South would still remain rural and poor until until the 1950s (crop liens, cotton lock, debt peonage, tenant farming and sharecropping) Better education for blacks (public schools, increased literacy rates), more black institutions created (churches and colleges established) 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments (in place, but not enforced with a true exercise of freedoms) The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery. W.E.B. Du Bois Racism would become firmly entrenched in the South and the South would return to a segregated society.
A Divided Society Poll Taxes Afr. Amers can t afford to pay tax?? Can t Vote!!! BLACK CODES Literacy Tests can t read and explain difficult parts of the Constitution?? Can t Vote (even kept some whites from voting!!) Grandfather Clauses did your father or grandfather vote before Reconstruction?? Than you can vote A.A s excluded b/c they couldn t vote prior to 1867
Jim Crow Laws Purpose: * To keep blacks separated from the superior race. * Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 est. idea of separate but equal. Provided a legal foundation for segregation lasting until the 1960 s
Effects of Legislative Acts Homestead Act 1862 a federal law that gave a homestead (160 acres) of undeveloped federal land west of the Mississippi Rv. to anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. Gov t,including freed slaves Dawes Act - law that gave the same to Native Americans 1887 Morrill Act - law that provided 30,000 acres of land for each member it had in congress to be used for colleges & universities