What is the purpose of the Constitution? Now that the US Constitution has been approved by the states; what should happen next?
What do you already know about George Washington? He had a role in starting The French and Indian War. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses for 15 years before The American Revolution. He never had any children of his own; He only had two step children. He was appointed commander of the Continental Army He actually lost more battles than he won He was the first to sign the Constitution
George Washington did not want to be President after the Constitution Convention. He did not place his name in the nomination, he did absolutely no public campaigning and even cast doubt on whether he would take the job if elected. However, the American people wanted a strong leader of great authority as the first president. He was elected unanimously! He still ranks as the only President to receive every vote; not just once, but twice! Washington went to New York (The capital of the US) to be sworn in as President of the United States. "I have been long accustomed to entertain so great a respect for the opinion of my fellow-citizens, that the knowledge of their unanimous suffrages having been given in my favor, scarcely leaves me... an option. Whatever may have been my private feelings and sentiments, I believe I cannot give a greater evidence of my sensibility for the honor they have done me, than by accepting the appointment... All I can promise is, only that which can be accomplished by an honest zeal."
The Constitution only provided a framework (foundation) for the government. Specific details about organizing and setting up the government was NOT included Washington and Congress had to figure out how to run the government. Remember, NO nation, prior to the US, tried to base a government on republican rule and individual rights. No one was certain this type of government would work. The Articles had failed, what if the Constitution did as well?!?!
HOW WILL COURTS BE SET-UP AND ORGANIZED? One of the first tasks Washington and Congress tackled was the creation of the Judicial System. Review: What was the purpose of the Judicial Branch? The Constitution had authorized Congress to set up a federal court system, headed by a Supreme Court, but it failed to spell our the details. Examples: What type of additional courts should there be and how many? What happens if a federal court decision conflicted with state courts? The Judiciary Act of 1789 It established the federal court system and defined its powers. It defined the number of Supreme Court Justices (A Chief Justice and Five associate Justices) It set up 3 federal circuit courts and 13 federal district courts throughout the country. Section 25 This allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a federal court when constitutional issues were raised. Significance This section guaranteed that federal laws remained The Supreme Law of the Land as directed by Articles 6 of the Constitution.
WHO WILL BE IN CHARGE OF HELPING RUN OUR COUNTRY? Washington had the task of building the executive branch. Review: What is the purpose of this branch? Under the Constitution, what are the only two offices that the Executive Branch included? Do you think it is possible to run a country with just the President and Vice-President? To help the President and Vice-President govern, Congress created three Executive Departments: 1. The Department of State: Deals with Foreign Affairs Thomas Jefferson 2. The Department of War: Handles Military Matters Henry Knox 3. The Department of Treasury: Manages the Nation s Finances Alexander Hamilton Washington, as President, had to chose leaders for each of these offices. He also appointed Edmund Randolph as the Attorney General (The chief lawyer of the Federal Government)
Differences between Cabinet Members Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong central government led by a prosperous, educated elite of upper-class citizens. He also believed that commerce and industry were the keys to a strong nation. Thomas Jefferson distrusted a strong central government and the rich. He favored strong state and local governments. He also thought that more common people should have a say in the government. Hamilton found more support in the North, while Jefferson s views won endorsement in the South and the West.
HOW WILL THE GOVERNMENT PAY OFF ITS DEBT? The nation is in debt from the Revolutionary War! $190 million in debt! 2/3rds belongs to the Federal Government; the rest belonged to the states. Why would it be important for the new nation to pay off its debt? Hamilton s Economic Plan As secretary of the treasury, Hamilton s job was to set in order the nation s finances. He proposed a plan to manage the country s debts and a plan to establish a national banking system. His plan has three parts: 1. Deal with Debt Take on the foreign and domestic debt by replacing old bonds with new, interest-bearing bonds. Take over the States Revolutionary War debts This would free up state money for business and trade 2. Gain Revenue Pass tariffs (tax on imports) and an Excise Tax on Whiskey to bring in income 3. Establish a National Bank and Mint The National Bank Hamilton proposed a national bank that would be funded by both the federal government and wealthy private investors. The Purpose of the National Bank : Issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other government forms.
HOW WILL THE GOVERNMENT PAY OFF ITS DEBT?
WHAT CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDED HAMILTON S ECONOMIC PLAN? Taking Over States Debts This proposal made many people in the South furious. Most southern states had already paid off most of their debts. They resented the assumption of state debts because they thought that they would be taxed to help pay the debts incurred by the Northern States. The National Bank Opponents claimed that the bank would forge an unhealthy alliance between the government and wealthy business interests. They also argued that since the Constitution made no provision for a national bank, therefore, Congress had no right to authorize it. This argument began the debate between those who favored a Strict or Loose Interpretation of the Constitution. Strict Interpretation Belief that the federal government should only do what is specifically mentioned in the Constitution, therefore, limiting its power. Loose Interpretation Belief that the federal government has more powers than those mentioned in the Constitution. It appealed to the Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause) of the Constitution it gave Congress the authority to do whatever is necessary and proper to carry out its specific enumerated powers.
WHAT COMPROMISE WAS MADE IN ORDER FOR HAMILTON S PLAN TO BE APPROVED? To win support for his debt plan from Southern States, Hamilton offered a suggestion: What if the nation s capital was moved from New York City to a new city in the South? This idea pleased southerners who believed that a Southern site for the capital would make the government more responsive to their interests. With this incentive, Southerners backed the plan and it passed! The capital would be constructed in the District of Columbia, located between Maryland and Virginia.
President Washington tried to remain above the arguments between Hamilton and Jefferson and encouraged them to work together despite their basic differences. However, the two men continued to clash and the conflict divided the cabinet and fueled a growing division in national politics. Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans The First Political Parties Formed around two issues: 1. The Power and Size of the Federal Government in relation to state governments 2. Hamilton s Economic Plan The existence of political parties worried many leaders, including Washington, who saw parties as a danger to national unity. Federalists Hamilton and Adams Believed in a Strong Central Government Leaders of government should be the prosperous, educated elite Favored a Loose Interpretation of the Constitution For the National Bank Supported Tariffs (Taxes on Imports) Economy should be based on shipping and manufacturing Supporters: Merchants, Manufacturers, landowners, investors, lawyers, and clergy. Democratic-Republicans Jefferson and Madison Favored Strong States and Local Governments ALL people should have a voice in the government, regardless of income or education Favored a Strict Interpretation of the Constitution Against the National Bank Believed in a Laissez-Faire approach to economics Economy based on Farming Supporters: Farmers, Tradespeople and Commoners
The Whiskey Rebellion During Washington s Second Term WAS THE NEW FEDERAL GOVERNMENT STRONG ENOUGH TO ENFORCE LAWS? 1789 Congress passed a protective tariff and Hamilton also got Congress to pass an Excise take on Whiskey. Excise Tax a tax on a product s manufacture, sale, or distribution Most Whiskey producers were small farmers. *Corn makes Whiskey* - Corn was too bulky to carry across the Appalachian mountains, so they distilled the coin into whiskey. 1794 Farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax. They beat up federal marshals in Pittsburgh and even threatened to secede from the Union. Hamilton looked upon the Whiskey Rebellion as an opportunity for the Federal government to show that it could enforce the law. 15,000 militiamen were called and led by President Washington and Hamilton; Farmers retreated. Significance The federal government was able to show that it could enforce the law. It proved the Strength of the new federal government.
Background Information: The French Revolution Began! The revolution was inspired by the ideal of republican rule and the French set out to create a government based on the will of the people. The French, however, were fighting a very brutal war. Examples: They beheaded the king, and launched a Reign of Terror against their opponents. They also declared war on other monarchies, including Great Britain. America s Reaction to the Revolution Most Americans initially supported the French Revolution, however, with the brutality and France declaring War on Great Britain, the issue quickly divided the nation. Journal: Quick Write! France had helped the colonists win the American Revolution. Should the US now help the French? Make a list of Pros and Cons. Would you vote to support it? Why or Why Not?
The American reaction split along party lines Democratic-Republicans wanted to support France Federalists wanted to support Britain President Washington s Decision He issued a Declaration of Neutrality which formally states that the US would not support neither side in the conflict. Agreements were made that supporting the war was not in the new nation s interest. Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers. I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition.
Review: The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the American Revolution and Great Britain gave the US the its land rights west of the Appalachians. However, the treaty did not clearly define the border between the new US and British Canada. Britain was also supposed to evacuate its troops, however, they still maintained their forts in the Northwest Territory. Native Americans were not included in the treaty negotiations and refused to accept the provisions and continued to claim their tribal lands. As settlers moved west, they faced opposition/resistance from both Britain and Native Americas.
With Britain s encouragement and aid, Native Americans continued to attack settlers that moved into the new territory. The Miami Confederacy A group of Native American tribes that joined together to resist white settlers. Led by Little Turtle. The Battle of Fallen Timbers General Anthony Wayne was appointed to lead Federal Troops against the Native Americans. Little Turtle urged his people to seek peace, however, other chiefs did not agree and replaced him. Wayne was able to defeat the Miami Confederacy The Battle only last 40 minutes even though Wayne s troops were outnumbered The victory ended Native American resistance in the Ohio Territory. After the battle, Wayne s army marched on and built an American Fort two miles away from Fort Miami, a British Fort. The Treaty of Greenville The Miami Confederacy agreed to give up most of the land in Ohio in exchange for $20,000 worth of goods and an annual (once a year) payment of $10,000.
At the time of the Battle of Fallen Timers, John Jay was in London to negotiate a Treaty with Britain. Jay s Treaty: Main Issue Which nation would control territories west of the Appalachian Mountains? When news of Wayne s victory arrived, the British agreed to evacuate their posts in the Northwest Territory. However, the US agreed to allow the British to continue their fur trade in America.
Review What did Spain previously close to Americans? The US wanted to secure land claims west of the Appalachian Mountains and to gain shipping rights on the Mississippi River. Spain had supported France in the French Revolution and feared British retaliation. They were scared that the US and Britain might form an alliance and attack Spain to gain the Louisiana Territory. Spain agreed to meet with the US to negotiate a Treaty. Pinckney s Treaty: 1. Spain agreed to give up all claims to the land east of the Mississippi River except for Florida. 2. They recognized the 31 st Parallel as the Southern boundary of the US (Northern boundary of Florida) 3. They agreed to open the Mississippi River to the US 4. They agreed to allow the US to use the port of New Orleans for trade.
Political Parties are likely to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people and to usurp for themselves the reins of government. George Washington decides to not seek a third term as President Division between Federalists and Democratic- Republicans Disagreements over Jay s Treaty [A system of political parties] agitates the Community with illfounded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, and foments occasional riot and insurrection. The Farewell Address The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very emote relation. It was Washington s intention to advise the young United States on how to best be governed. He specifically warned the United States about the dangers of Political Parties and Alliances.
The Candidates The Results How did this election demonstrate Sectionalism? Federalists: John Adams (P) Thomas Pinckney (VP) Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson (P) Aaron Burr (VP) Adams received 71 Electoral Votes Jefferson received 68 Electoral Votes The Constitution stated that the runner-up would be the Vice-President. Why does this pose a problem? Sectionalism Placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole. Southern States voted for Jefferson Northern States voted for Adams
Background Information: He Graduated from Harvard University He Served on the First Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence He helped write the Treaty of Paris (1783) He was the one to nominate George Washington for President Served as George Washington s Vice-President Member of the Federalist Party He is the first president to live in the White House It was not completed; last four months of his presidency
Issues surrounding Jay s Treaty and the XYZ Affair Review: What was Jay s Treaty? France regarded the treaty with Britain as a violation of the French-American Alliance. They refused to meet with the new American ambassador The French also began to seize American ships that were headed to Britain Adams wanted to resolve the issue He sent a three-man delegation to negotiate a solution. Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry The Reign of Terror had ended and the French government now consisted of a legislature and a five-man executive branch (aka- The Directory) The American delegates had planned to meet with the French foreign minister, however, the directory sent three low-level officials. Adams referred to them as X, Y, and Z The officials demanded a $250,000 bribe as payment to see the prime minister. News of this insult became known as the XYZ Affair
Reactions and Effects to the XYZ Affair It provoked a wave of Anti-French feeling in the US In 1798, Congress created a Navy Department They were authorized to seize French vessels 1,200 men marched to the President s house to volunteer for war. A 50,000 troop army was raised George Washington, once again, came out of retirement to lead the army. War was never declared The next two years an undeclared naval war raged between France and the US
Background Information: Anti-French feeling continued to grow throughout the US Federalists believed French agents were everywhere, plotting to overthrow the government Immigrants arriving in the US were held in suspicion Many immigrants also tended to support the Democratic-Republicans and were critics of the Adam s administration To stop this opposition, Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. Alien Act Raised the resident requirement for citizenship from 5 to 14 years Gave the President power to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. The Sedition Act Set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government or expressing False, Scandalous, and Malicious statements against the government
Under these acts, the Federal Government prosecuted and jailed a number of Democratic-Republicans Editors, Publishers, and Politicians Democratic-Republicans were outraged! Claimed it was a violation of the 1 st Amendment (Free Speech) What do you think they should do?
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (Both Democratic- Republicans) saw the Alien and Sedition Acts as a serious misuse of power by the Federal Government. They decided to organize opposition to these acts by appealing to the States. Madison drew up a set of resolutions that were adopted by the Virginia legislature Jefferson wrote resolutions that were approved in Kentucky The Virginia And Kentucky Resolutions included the principle of Nullification Doctrine of Nullification The belief that States have the right to nullify, or void, any act of Congress that they deemed Unconstitutional. The resolutions called for other states to adopt similar beliefs, but no states did. What is the Significance of these acts? It showed that the balance of power between the States and the Federal Government remained a very controversial issue.
After the XYZ Affair, France and the US were at odds with one another Something needed to be done! Napoleon came to power and wanted to settle the disputes A Convention was held to restore the relationship between France and the US The Results: 1. Trade re-opened between the two countries Seizures of ships would be stopped 2. Diplomatic relations were restored 3. The American-French treaty was peacefully terminated (from the American Revolution), which allowed the US to officially remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. Federalists disapproved of the agreement
THE ELECTION OF 1800 The Candidates The Results The Controversy Federalist Party: John Adams (P) Thomas Pinckney (VP) Democratic-Republican Party: Thomas Jefferson (P) Aaron Burr (VP) Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 votes. However, Jefferson and Burr received the same number (73) The Constitution did not distinguish between President and Vice-President The House of Representatives was to determine who would be President Federalists Controlled the House at this point Alexander Hamilton campaigned for Jefferson because he saw him as the lesser of two evils Thomas Jefferson won the Election!
What did this election show? The deadlock revealed a flaw in the electoral process due to President and Vice-Presidential Candidates were on the same ballot How was the Constitution Changed? Congress passed the 12 th Amendment It called for electors to cast separate ballots for President and Vice-President A Peaceful Resolution Nickname for the Election of 1800 because it marked the first time in US history that power peacefully transferred from one political party to another.
The Ten Duel Commandments Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton had never liked each other When Hamilton helped Jefferson to win the election, the feud got worse. Burr was not reelected when Thomas Jefferson won the presidency in 1804. He then tried to become Governor of New York, however, Hamilton, again, campaigned against Burr. Burr challenged Hamilton to a Duel
Background Information: He attended the College of William and Mary He had six children, but only two survived to adulthood He built a Grade estate Monticello He founded the University of Virginia He wrote The Declaration of Independence He served as Secretary of State under George Washington He lost the Election of 1796 to John Adams It is said that he Fathered more Children with Sally Hemings, a Slave at his Monticello plantation
Jeffersonian Republicanism: Jefferson s theory of government which held that a simple government best suited the needs of the people. He tried to shrink the government and cut costs wherever possible. Examples: Reduced the size of the Army Halted a planned expansion of the Navy Lowered expenses for government social functions Rolled back Hamilton s Economic Program by eliminating all internal taxes and reducing the influence of the Bank on the US
What did President Adams do before he left office? It is the President s job to appoint Judges; Judges serve for Life (or until they retire ) Adams decided to fill positions with Federalist judges When he leaves office, these judges would still have their positions, and could push the Federalist agenda Some of the signed documents authorizing the appointments of the judges had not been delivered by the time Adams left office. How did Jefferson react when he took office? Jefferson argued that the appointments were not valid and ordered Madison (Sec. of State), not to deliver them. One of the Judges sued! Marbury (Judge) vs. Madison (Sec. of State) John Marshall, the Federal Chief Justice, declared that part of Congress s Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. *This decision strengthened the Supreme Court by establishing the power of Judicial Review* Judicial Review The ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional
Background Information The Louisiana Purchase In 1800, Napoleon had persuaded Spain to return the Louisiana Territory to France. France had given this to Spain after the French and Indian War Many Americans were alarmed when they heard of this transaction They feared a strong French presence in North America would force the US into an alliance with Britain. 1803 Napoleon needs money! He offered to sell the Louisiana Territory to the US. This territory DOUBLED the size of the US! Paid $15 million (3 cent an acre!) Jefferson ordered an expedition to explore the new territory! He chose William Clark and Meriwether Lewis to led the expedition. They brought back valuable information about the West and showed that transcontinental travel was possible. How did the Louisiana Purchase challenge Jefferson s Strict Interpretation of the Constitution? The power to buy land was not stated in the Constitution; therefore, he doubted if he could do it.
Review: Relations with Britain and France Background France and Britain have been at WAR! The US has been caught in the Middle; American Ships were being seized by BOTH Britain and France Each President dealt with it in different ways! Washington s Response Adams Response Proclamation of Neutrality He decided to remain Neutral! XYZ Affair Led to a increase in Anti- French Sentiments and the Passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jay s Treaty Angered France, viewed it as an alliance between the US and Britain Convention of 1800 Restored diplomatic relations between the US and France Jefferson s Response Embargo Act (Embargo = Ban on Trade); The US refused to trade with Britain; however, the act was repealed two years later because it severely hurt the US economy.
Background Information: He is known as The Father of the Constitution He co-wrote The Federalist Papers Established the Democratic-Republican Party with Thomas Jefferson Was Thomas Jefferson s Secretary of State When Madison takes office, there were many members of Congress who were calling for War with Great Britain!
1. Trade Conflicts with Britain How did Britain interfere with US Trading? Background Information Renewed fighting between Britain and France threatened American Shipping. 1806 Napoleon decided to exclude British goods from Europe, in turn, Great Britain decided that the best way of attacking Napoleon s Europe was to blockade it. 1807 Britain had seized more than 1,000 American ships and confiscated their cargoes. British were also practicing the policy of impressment Impressment the practice of seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into the British Navy. Example: The Chesapeake Incident June, 1807 The commander of a British warship demanded the right to board and search the Chesapeake for British deserters. The US captain refused, and the British opened fire. 3 Americans were killed and 18 were wounded.
2. The Aid of Native Americans William Henry Harrison General who was persuading Native Americans to sell their land to the US Government. Tecumseh was the Shawnee chief who believed that the only way for Native Americans to protect their homeland against intruding white settlers was to form a confederacy. Tecumseh s Confederacy Group of Native Americans tribes who united under Tecumseh; their goal was to cast off all traces of the white civilization. Tecumseh had began to negotiations with Britain for assistance in defeating the Americans. He also traveled throughout the Midwest and South trying to gain support and followers for the Confederacy.
The Battle of Tippecanoe Tecumseh s brother, The Prophet, attacked Harrison and his troops. Harrison struck back and on the bans of the Tippecanoe River, he burned the Shawnee capital to the ground. Harrison s victory made him a national hero, but his troops suffered heavy losses. It was also discovered that Tecumseh s Confederacy was using arms from British Canada
War Hawks Members of Congress who supported war with Britain due to the impressment of sailors and the aiding of Native Americans. Led by Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky With the support of Congress, James Madison had decided to go to WAR!
The War *AKA The Second War for American Independence*
The British captured Detroit shortly after war was declared. The Battle of Lake Erie 6 U.S. vessels battled 9 British vessels Navy commander Olive Perry was able to win the Battle, which gave America control over the lake for the remainder of the war. Americans were then able to retake Detroit. Battle of York York was the capital of Canada American Victory Troops made their way into the city and burned the governor s mansion and the legislative assembly buildings. The Battle of Thames Three weeks after the Battle of Lake Erie Americans seized the city Tecumseh was killed during this battle He along with other Native Americans had decided to fight for the British in hopes of stopping US expansion.
The US Navy only consisted of 16 ships at the start of the War of 1812 The war was an opportunity for the US to test its Navy The US also had 3 44-gun frigates (warships) The President, The United States, and The Constitution Each of these ships scored victories against British warships The British Blockade November, 1812 The British ordered a blockade of the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. As the war progressed, and US frigates warships scored more victories against British ships, the blockade was extended along the east coast. By the end of 1813, most American ships were bottled up in port.
The Burning of Washington, D.C. The British were able to make their way into the capital and burned the Capitol Building, The White House, and a collection of other public buildings. Madison and other officials had to flee the city The first lady, Dolly Madison, is remembered for escaping the White House while it was set ablaze, carrying the original painting made of President George Washington and priceless other artifacts. The Battle of Fort McHenry The British had advanced to Baltimore, where they bombarded Ft. McHenry in Sept. 1814 Frances Scott Key witnessed the attack He wrote a poem about the attack It late becomes our national anthem
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Background Information: Many Federalists did not support the War of 1812, nicknaming it Mr. Madison s War Therefore, The Harford Convention was held: They were a series of secret meetings were New England Federalists met to discuss their opposition to the Republican-pursued War. They even discussed seceding from the United States. The issue became so severe that President Madison moved troops from the New York Canadian border to Albany where he could quickly move them into Massachusetts or Connecticut if New England actually went through with their plan. While the Harford Convention was in session, The Treaty of Ghent was signed
The Treaty of Ghent Signed on Christmas Eve, 1814 It declared an armistice, or an end to fighting What were the problems with this Treaty? It did not address the issues of impressment or neutral shipping rights What agreements were made beyond Ghent? 1815 A commercial treaty between the US and Great Britain reopened trade. 1817: The Rush-Bagot Agreement It limited the number of warships on the Great Lakes. 1818 A British-American commission set the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory at the 49 th parallel and agreed to a ten-year occupation of the Oregon Territory.
The Battle of New Orleans January 8 th, 1815 **Fought AFTER the Treaty of Ghent was signed** The battle was commanded by General Andrew Jackson American forces seized the city of New Orleans and reasserted their control over the territory. Hundreds of British soldiers died, while just a handful of Americans lost their lives. This battle is often regarded as the greatest victory of the war.
Industry/Manufacturing Increases The British Blockade greatly affected the American Economy. No importing or Exporting of goods encouraged the growth of American Factories Nationalism/Respect Increases This was the SECOND time the US had defeated Britain (within a 30 year span) NATIONAL PRIDE INCREASED! Other countries came to realize that the US was a STRONG and INDEPENDENT country. Westward Migration Upon winning the Battle of Thames and the killing of Tecumseh, westward movement became easier. No resistance from Britain or Native Americans
He attended the College of William and Mary He fought with the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War He had joined the Anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention He became a Senator and later a minister to France He helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase He appointed John Adams s son, John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State
Convention of 1818 It fixed the U.S. border at the 49 th Parallel up to the Rocky Mountains. Background Information: The Treaty of Ghent did not do anything to stop the impressment of sailors or to improve relations with Great Britain. Under President Monroe, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, worked out treaties with Great Britain to fix the problems left over from Ghent. Treaty of 1815 Both the US and Great Britain agreed to reduce their fleets on the Great Lakes. Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) The US and British Canada completely demilitarized their common border. It also allowed the US and Britain to compromise; they agreed both jointly occupy the Oregon Territory for ten years.
Background Information: Spain owned Florida The US had agreed to the 31 st parallel as the southern boundary to the US and to respect Florida as Spain s (Pinckney s Treaty) However, Spain was too weak to police its New World territories Adams-Onis Treaty Spain agreed to cede (give) Florida to the United States Spain gave up its rights to the Oregon Territory It also established a border between the US and New Spain
Background Information: Spain and Portugal defeated Napoleon (France) in 1815; they then wanted to reclaim their former colonies in Latin America. Russians (who owned Alaska) were now also establishing trading posts in what is now California. This posed a threat to American trade with China, which brought huge profits. Many Americans were interested in acquiring northern Mexico and the Spanish colony of Cuba So something had to be done Monroe s Message (To Congress): He warned all outside powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. He stated that they should NOT attempt to create new colonies, or try to overthrow the newly independent republics in the hemisphere. If they did, the US would consider such action as dangerous to our peace and safety He also stated that the US would not involve itself in European affairs or interfere with existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere. What is the significance? The Monroe Doctrine stopped further colonization of North and South America The US asserted its power