Chapter 32: Societies at Crossroads Due: Monday, March 2, PDF Free Download

Chapter 32: Societies at Crossroads Due: Monday, March 2, 2015 Overview The dramatic economic expansion of Western Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century was not matched by the older empires of Asia. The Ottoman Empire, the Qing dynasty, the Russian empire, and Tokugawa Shogunate had all been vibrant and dynamic cultures at one time, but by 1800 had become isolated and backward. By 1900, all four had been challenged and changed profoundly. Common dimensions of those changes include the following: Conservative autocratic regimes. None of the regimes discussed here shared in the liberal ideals of the Enlightenment or the revolutionary era. Rulers were absolute; individuals had few rights; and dissent was viewed as dangerous. Military unpreparedness. Since these regimes failed to modernize, they found themselves outgunned by the western powers. Often this realization followed a humiliating defeat the loss of Egypt for the Ottomans, the Opium War for China, the Crimean War for Russia, and the unequal treaty forced on Japan by the United States. For most regimes, this realization led to a radical restructuring of the military. Weak economies. All four regimes lacked the basic elements for industrialization: capital, free workers, and infrastructure. China and Japan had been closed economies and had little contact with the outside world. The Ottoman and Russian empires had been agricultural societies with large unskilled peasant populations. Imperial pressures. All four had to fight off the imperialistic encroachments of the industrializing powers. The Qing dynasty was the least successful and, by the end of the century, had lost control of its economy and much of its territorial sovereignty. Japan was most successful in competing economically and militarily with the west. Reform from the top down. Change, when it came, was entirely at the discretion of the rulers. Japanese reformers, for example, perceived that a written constitution would give credibility to their new state, so that the emperor gave a constitution to the people that retained all power for the emperor. The Russian tsar granted, and then rescinded, an elected legislature after the revolution of 1905. Reading Questions (Vocabulary terms should be highlighted throughout answer) 1. Identify and discuss features of Ottoman decline and subsequent reform programs. 2. Compare and contrast the reform movements within the Ottoman Empire culminating with the Young Turk era. 3. Identify the links between military defeat and reform efforts in the Russian empire. 4. Explain the development and consequences of the industrialization of Russia. 5. Explain the links between Russian industrialization, repression, and the rise of revolutionary movements. 6. Explain the significance of the Opium War and the unequal treaties for imperial China. 7. Compare the origins, course, and impact of Chinese rebellions and reform movements. 8. Identify and discuss key features of Japanese political transformation in the late nineteenth century. 9. Identify and discuss the Meiji reforms Reading Schedule: Intro and Section 1: The Ottoman Empire in Decline February 24, 2015 Section 2: The Russian Empire under Pressure February 25, 2015 Section 3:The Chinese Empire under Seige February 26, 2015 Section 4: The Transformation of Japan February 27. 2015

AP Themes SOCIAL Family/ kinship Gender roles/relations Social and economic classes Racial/ ethnic factors Entertainment Lifestyles Haves & have nots Chapter 32 SPICE Chart (Use the examples to help your place information POLITICAL Leaders/groups Forms of government Empires State building/expansion Political structures Courts/laws Nationalism/nations Revolts/revolutions INTERACTIONS (WITH PEOPLE AND THE ENVINRONMENT) War/conflict Diplomacy/treaties Alliances Exchanges between individuals, groups, & empires/nations Trade/commerce Globalization Location Physical Human/environment Migration/movement Region Demography Neighborhood Urbanization Settlement patterns Disease Cities (2 major ones) CULTURAL Religion Belief systems and teachings Philosophy Holy books Conversion Key figures Deities Art Music Writing/literature Philosophy Math Science Architecture Technology Innovations Transportation ECONOMY Agricultural/pastoral Economic systems Labor systems/ organizations Industrialization Technology/industry Capital/money Business organizations

Term Muhammad Ali Capitulations Definition/significance Vocabulary List Janissaries Mahmud II Tanzimat Reforms Young Ottomans Young Turks Tsar Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II Crimean War

Term Great Reforms Zemstovs Definition/significance Vocabulary List Sergei Witte Pogroms Russo-Japanese War Bloody Sunday Duma Cohong System Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing Unequal Treaties Hong Xiuquan

Self-Strengthening Movement Empress Cixi Boxer Rebellion Admiral Perry Tokugawa Bakufu Meiji Reforms Imperial Diet Zaibatsu

Label the following on the map: Anatolia Egypt Serbia Alexandria Moscow Eastern Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere Caucusus Guangzhou Korea Burma Balkan Peninsula Greece Istanbul Crimean Peninsula St. Petersburg Baltic Provinces Hong Kong Vietnam Kyoto Empires in 1750 and 1914: Ottoman Russian Chinese Japanese

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