American History Chapter 30: The Crisis of Authority Sources: American History: Connecting with the Past (Fifteenth Edition) Give Me Liberty!: An American History (Third Edition) American Pageant (Fourteenth Edition) America: A Concise History (Fourth Edition) American Dreams: The United States Since 1945 AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 1
The Port Huron Statement The Port Huron Statement captured the mood and summarized the beliefs of student protesters. The document was a guiding spirit of a new radicalism, offering a new vision of social change. We seek the establishment of a democracy of individual participation, in which the individual shares in those social decisions determining the quality and direction of his life. Freedom, for the New Left, meant participatory democracy. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 2
The Counterculture Key Concept 8.3 (IIIB) The counterculture promoted values that ran counter to mainstream culture. By rejecting conventional customs, hippies and the counterculture in general drew on the example of the Beat Generation of the 1950s. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 3
How did the modern civil rights movement impact the women s rights movement, the Chicano civil rights movement, and the Red Power movement? Answer: They copied tactics and strategies gleaned from the African-American civil rights movement. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 4
The relationship between people and the land: stewardship or ownership? During the ninety-five years between the legal founding of America on July 4, 1776, and the abandoning of treaty making with the Indians by the U.S. Congress Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871, the United States ratified 371 treaties with American Indian nations. In all cases the treaties were international instruments executed between sovereign nations. Throughout the following century and to the present day all 371 treaties have been violated, broken, ignored, or otherwise abrogated by the United States. - Blood of the Land: The Government and Corporate War Against the American Indian Movement (1982) AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 5
Native American History Cultural genocide of Indian people has not let up in North and South America since the first Indian was killed by the first white settler some 500 years ago. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 6
Red Power Key Concept 8.2 (IIB) The 1960s also witnessed an upsurge of Indian militancy. The Truman and Eisenhower administrations had sought to dismantle the reservation system and integrate Indians into the American mainstream a policy known as termination, since it meant ending recognition of the remaining elements of Indian sovereignty, Many Indian leaders protested vigorously against this policy, and it was abandoned by President Kennedy. AIM is an indigenous, land-based, spiritual movement, a call to Indian people to return to traditional values, and, at the same time, to stand firm against Anglo influence and dominance. As a result of a rising sense of self-respect, the number of Americans identifying themselves as Indians doubled between 1970 and 1990. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 7
The American Indian Movement (AIM) Key Concept 8.2 (IIB) The goals of the American Indian Movement (AIM): 1. The restoration of lands illegally taken 2. Autonomy 3. Control of natural resources 4. To bring attention to Indian points of view of American history. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 8
Red Power Key Concept 8.2 (IIB) Trail of Broken Treaties: Taking advantage of a federal law which allowed for abandoned military bases to revert to previous owners, AIM decided to retake the country from west to east. Occupation of Alcatraz Island: In 1969, claiming their right to the island under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, Alcatraz was taken over in protest over the failure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to improve conditions on reservations. Wounded Knee: In 1973, protestors, led by AIM members, symbolically occupied the village of Wounded Knee, site of the dreadful massacres of Sioux men, women, and children by the Seventh Cavalry in 1890. They defied a long siege by federal and state forces. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 9
Leonard Peltier Key Concept 8.2 (IIB) Leonard Peltier was described by the FBI as an extremely dangerous criminal although he had never been convicted of any crime. An FBI document later released by the Freedom of Information Act revealed the FBI s intention to have local police put AIM leaders under close scrutiny, and arrest them on every possible charge, until they could no longer make bail. - The Circle, Boston Indian Council, March, 1979 AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 10
Was the Indian Civil Rights Movement Successful? Key Concept 8.2 (IIB) Yes Helped tribes win new legal rights and protections that gave them a stronger position than they had enjoyed at any previous time (20 th century) Helped many Indians gain a renewed awareness of and pride in their identity Challenged patterns of discrimination No Fell far short of winning full justice and equality Never resolved its own internal conflicts To some the goal was integration, to others the goal was to remain distinct AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 11
Latino Activism Key Concept 8.2 (IIB) Like Black Power advocates, the movement emphasized pride in both the Mexican past and the new Chicano culture that had arisen in the United States. Unlike the Black Power movement and SDS, it was closely linked to labor struggles. Beginning in 1965, Cesar Chavez, the son of migrant farm workers and a disciple of King, led a series of nonviolent protests, including marches, fasts, and a national boycott of California grapes, to pressure growers to agree to labor contracts with the United Farm Workers union (UFW). The boycott mobilized Latino communities throughout the Southwest and drew national attention to the pitifully low wages and oppressive working conditions of migrant laborers. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 12
Cesar Chavez Key Concept 8.2 (IIB) Cesar Chavez founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) to organize Mexican farm workers. One successful strategy used by Cesar Chavez was a nationwide consumer boycott. Dolores C. Huerta is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with César Chávez, co-founded the UFW. Hector P. Garcia was a Mexican- American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 13
Betty Friedan s The Feminine Mystique Key Concept 8.2 (IIA) In 1963, Betty Friedan published a critique of the 1950s ideal of womanhood, lashing out at the culture that made it difficult for woman to choose alternative roles. Betty Friedan was the author of The Feminine Mystique and the first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW). AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 14
The Modern Women s Rights Movement Key Concept 8.2 (IIA) NOW was founded in 1966 in order to challenge sex discrimination in the workplace. The women s movement of the 1960s grew out of frustration with various forms of job discrimination. During the 1960s, feminism tended to be a movement of middle-class women. The term feminism describes the theory of the equality of men and women. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 15
Feminist Victories and Defeats (as a chronological reference, all of this happened under Nixon) Key Concept 8.2 (IIA) Title IX: (1972) prohibited sex discrimination in any federally assisted educational program or activity. Perhaps this act s biggest impact was to create opportunities for girls and women s athletics at schools and colleges. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): (1972) declared Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Twenty-eight of the necessary thirty-eight states quickly ratified the amendment, first proposed by suffragists in 1923. The Equal Rights Amendment passed Congress in 1972 and then failed in the ratification process. Roe v. Wade: (1973) struck down laws prohibiting abortion, arguing that a woman s decision to terminate a pregnancy was protected by the constitutional right to privacy. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 16
Phyllis Schlafly The feminist movement soon faced a formidable backlash. Conservative activists such as Phyllis Schlafly did not support the Equal Rights Amendment. She argued that the ERA would remove traditional protections that women enjoyed by forcing the law to see them as men s equals. Schlafly believed that the amendment would threaten the basic family structure of American society. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 17
Gloria Steinem Key Concept 8.2 (IIA) In 1972, Gloria Steinem and several other women founded Ms. Magazine, providing women with different viewpoints than publications such as Good Housekeeping. Slowly, the women s movement brought a shift in attitudes and in the law. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 18
The Modern Women s Rights Movement Key Concept 8.2 (IIA) As a result of their experiences in the civil rights movement, many women learned the importance of taking advantage of legal tools. Achievements of the Women s Liberation Movement include education and employment (cannot discriminate on the basis of sex in admission policies) AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 19
Affirmative Action Key Concept 8.2 (IIIB) Affirmative Action: procedures designed to take into account the disadvantaged position of minorities after centuries of discrimination. Affirmative Action programs increased minority representation in colleges, the professions, and many businesses. The act had some unintended consequences. Some critics challenged these programs as a form of reverse discrimination. In Regents of California v. Bakke, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld affirmative action, but not the use of racial quotas. Many affirmative action programs have been phased out over time as America has become a more pluralistic society. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 20
The New Environmentalism Liberation movements among racial minorities and women challenged long-standing social inequalities. Another movement, environmentalism, called into question different pillars of American life the equation of progress with endless increases in consumption and the faith that science, technology, and economic growth would advance the social welfare. Concern for preserving the natural environment dated back to the creation of national parks and other conservation efforts during the Progressive Era. But in keeping with the spirit of the Sixties, the new environmentalism was more activist and youthoriented, and it spoke the language of empowering citizens to participate in decisions that affected their lives. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 21
Rachel Carson s Silent Spring The publication in 1962 of Silent Spring brought home to millions of readers the effects of DDT, an insecticide widely used by home owners and farmers. In chilling detail, Carson related how DDT killed birds and animals and caused sickness among humans. Chemical and pesticide companies launched a campaign to discredit her. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 22
The Modern Environmental Movement Carson s book launched the modern environmental movement. The Sierra Club, founded in the 1890s to preserve forests, saw its membership more than triple, and other groups sprang into existence to alert the country to the dangers of water contamination, air pollution, lead in paint, and the extinction of animal species. Nearly every state banned the use of DDT. Environmentalism attracted the broadest bipartisan support of any of the new social movements. Under President Nixon, Congress passed the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts and the Endangered Species Act. On April 22, 1970, the first Earth Day, some 20 million people, most of them under the age of thirty, participated in rallies, concerts, and teach-ins. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 23
Ralph Nader and the Consumer Movement Closely related to environmentalism was the consumer movement, spearheaded by the lawyer Ralph Nader. Nader s campaigns laid the groundwork for the numerous new consumer protection laws and regulations of the 1970s. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 24
Four deaths resulted after a clash between antiwar student groups and National Guardsmen at which U.S. college? (A) University of California, Berkeley (B) Kent State University (C) Ohio State University (D) Columbia University AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 25
President Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War Once elected in 1968, the first burning need was to quiet the public uproar over Vietnam. President Nixon s announced policy, called Vietnamization, was to withdraw the 540,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam over an extended period. The South Vietnamese with American money, weapons, training, and advice could then gradually take over the burden of fighting their own war. The so-called Nixon Doctrine thus evolved. It proclaimed that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but that in the future, other countries would have to fight their own wars without the support of large bodies of American ground troops. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 26
President Richard Nixon and Foreign Affairs Key Concept 8.1 (IC) Nixon, the uncompromising anticommunist, announced to a startled nation in July 1971 that he had accepted an invitation to visit Communist China the following year. He made the historic journey in February of 1972, and the two nations agreed to normalize their relationship. Nixon then visited the Soviet Union in May of 1972 to play his China card in a game of high-stakes diplomacy. Nixon s visits ushered in an era of détente, or relaxed tension, with the two communist powers and produced several significant agreements, including an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) treaty, and a series of arms-reduction negotiations known as SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), aimed at freezing the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for five years. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 27
Limiting Nuclear Arms SALT I banned comprehensive anti-missile defense systems. As a result of this treaty, the world was spared an arms race in defensive technology. SALT I also capped offensive missiles, proving that the superpowers could reach agreements relating to arms control. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 28
President Richard Nixon Domestic Policies Surprisingly, Nixon presided over significant expansion of the welfare programs that conservative Republicans routinely denounced. He approved increased appropriations for entitlements like Food Stamps, Medicaid, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). He signed legislation guaranteeing automatic Social Security cost-of-living increases to protect the elderly against the ravages of inflation when prices rose more than 3 percent in any year. During the 1970s, the long period of postwar economic expansion and consumer prosperity came to an end, succeeded by slow growth and high inflation. (In 1971, for the first time in the 20 th century, the U.S. experienced a trade deficit.) AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 29
Nixon s Philadelphia Plan His Philadelphia Plan required construction trade unions to establish goals and timetables for the hiring of black apprentices. Soon extended to all federal contracts, the Philadelphia Plan in effect required thousands of employers to meet hiring quotas or to establish set-asides for minority subcontractors. Nixon s Philadelphia Plan drastically altered the meaning of affirmative action. Lyndon Johnson had intended affirmative action to protect individuals against discrimination. Nixon now transformed and escalated affirmative action into a program that conferred privileges on certain groups. The Supreme Court went along with Nixon s approach. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 30
President Nixon and the Environment Among Nixon s legacies was the creation in 1970 of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This agency enforced national pollution control standards. On April 22, 1970, millions of environmentalists around the world celebrated the first Earth Day to raise awareness and to encourage their leaders to act. In the wake of what became a yearly event, Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Endangered Species Act: established protection for plants and animals in danger of extinction. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 31
President Nixon s Southern Strategy Elected as a minority president, with only 43% of the vote in 1968, Nixon devised a clever but cynical plan called the southern strategy to achieve a solid majority in 1972. Appointing conservative Supreme Court justices, soft-pedaling civil rights, and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance were all parts of the strategy. Nixon was trying to woo Wallace s supporters into the Republican Party. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 32
1972 Election George McGovern, the Democratic candidate, ran an anti-war campaign against Nixon, but he was handicapped by his outsider status, limited support from his own party, and the perception of many voters that he was a left-wing extremist. Emphasizing a good economy and his successes in foreign affairs, Nixon won the election in a landslide. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 33
The Pentagon Papers A classified report prepared by the Defense Department that traced American involvement in Vietnam back to World War II and revealed how successive presidents had misled the American people about it, the Pentagon Papers were leaked by Daniel Ellsberg. In a landmark freedom-of-thepress decision, the Supreme Court rejected Nixon s request for an injunction to halt publication. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 34
Nixon and the End of the Vietnam War Nixon launched a furious two-week bombing of North Vietnam to force the North Vietnamese back to the conference table. Nixon hailed the Paris Accords as peace with honor, but the boast rang hollow. The shaky peace was in reality little more than a thinly disguised American retreat. Passed over Nixon s veto, the War Powers Act (1973) required the president to report to Congress within forty-eight hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict or substantially enlarging American combat units in a foreign country. The only war the United States has ever lost, Vietnam was a military, political, and social disaster. By the time it ended, 58,000 Americans had been killed, along with 3 to 4 million Vietnamese. The war cost the U.S. an estimated $100 billion. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 35
The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis Key Concept 9.1 (IA) In October of 1973, the OPEC nations announced an embargo on oil shipments to the United States and several European allies supporting Israel. Lines at gas stations grew longer as tempers grew shorter. The shortage triggered a major economic recession. The energy crisis suddenly energized a number of long-deferred projects. Congress approved a costly Alaska pipeline and a national speed limit of fifty-five miles per hour to conserve fuel. OPEC approximately quadrupled its price for crude oil after lifting the embargo in 1974. Huge new oil bills wildly disrupted the U.S. balance of international trade and added further fuel to the already raging fires of inflation. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 36
The Oil Crisis Key Concept 9.1 (IA) OPEC s 1973 embargo on shipping oil to the U.S. resulted in higher inflation and a recession at home. Nixon tried to halt inflation by imposing a short-term freeze on wages, prices, and rents. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 37
The End of the Golden Age During the 1970s, the long period of postwar economic expansion and consumer prosperity came to an end, succeeded by slow growth and high inflation. While strengthening its anticommunist allies, the United States promoted the industrial reconstruction of Japan and Germany and the emergence of new centers of manufacturing in places like South Korea and Taiwan. It encouraged American companies to invest in overseas plants and did not complain when allies protected their own industries while seeking unrestricted access to the American market. In 1971, for the first time in the 20 th century, the United States experienced a trade deficit importing more goods than it exported. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 38
Stagflation: high unemployment combined with inflation AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 39
The Decline in Manufacturing During the 1970s, the long period of postwar economic expansion and consumer prosperity came to an end, succeeded by slow growth and high inflation. To strengthen its anti-communist allies, the U.S. promoted the industrial reconstruction of Japan and Germany and the emergence of new centers of manufacturing in places like South Korea and Taiwan.. It encouraged American companies to invest in overseas plants and did not complain when allies protected their own industries while seeking unrestricted access to the American market. In 1971, for the first time in the 20 th century, the U.S. experienced a trade deficit, importing more goods than it exported. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 40
The Beleaguered Social Compact The economic crisis contributed to a breakdown of the postwar social compact. Faced with declining profits and rising overseas competition, corporations stepped up the trend, already under way before 1970, toward eliminating well-paid manufacturing jobs through automation and shifting production to low-wage areas of the United States and overseas. The effects on older industrial cities were devastating. By 1980, Detroit and Chicago had lost more than half the manufacturing jobs that had existed three decades earlier. Many people migrated to the Sun Belt (the southern half of the United States) to find work. This trend is continuing to this day. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 41
Henry Kissinger Henry Kissinger served President Nixon as national security advisor, Secretary of State, and a skilled diplomat. Nixon ordered Kissinger to install wiretaps on the phones of his staff. Nixon aides responded to the siege mentality in the White House by making an enemies list. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 42
The Watergate Scandal Key Concept 9.1 (IA) The Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP) wanted to wiretap the Democratic National Committee, and burglars were caught attempting to do so. The trial and sentencing of the Watergate burglars led to testimony to a Senate committee about White House involvement. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 43
The Cover-Up Key Concept 9.1 (IA) Nixon tried to cover up an investigation of the Watergate break-in on the grounds that it involved national security. What did the President know and when did he know it? AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 44
The Watergate Tapes Key Concept 9.1 (IA) In the Senate hearings, it was revealed that Nixon had secretly recorded all of his own White House conversations. Nixon refused to give up the tapes, claiming executive privilege. But the Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must turn over the tapes, reaffirming the principle that no one is above the law. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 45
Nixon Resigns Key Concept 9.1 (IA) Week after week, revelations about the scandal unfolded. By mid-1974, it had become clear that whether or not Nixon knew in advance of the Watergate break-in, he had become involved immediately afterward in authorizing payments to the burglars to remain silent or commit perjury, and he had ordered the FBI to halt its investigation of the crime. Nixon became the first President to resign. AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 46
The Impact of Watergate Key Concept 9.1 (IA) Lowered public confidence in the government Showed that growth of Presidential power created new opportunities for abuse Showed that our government is based on laws, not individuals, and that the system of checks and balances works Proved that the two-party system works; the party out of power serves as a watchdog over the other Reaffirmed the role of the press in uncovering government misconduct and informing the public AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 47
The combination of inflation and economic recession faced in the United States in 1973 was caused in part by (A) The opening of diplomatic relations with China and the Soviet Union (B) OPEC s increasing the price of oil (C) The North Vietnamese capture of Saigon (D) The signing of the SALT I agreement AP U.S. HISTORY: MR. ROLOFSON 48