RISE OF DICTATORSHIP IN EUROPE

7 RISE OF DICTATORSHIP IN EUROPE Q.1. (A) Complete the following statements by choosing appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets : *1. Italy had a hope of acquiring the Italian speaking provinces under... and Germany. (Prussia, Austria, Turkey) *2. From Turkey, Mussolini acquired islands in the... sea. (Caspian, Aegean, Mediterranean) *3. In 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia in.... (Europe, Africa, Asia) *. A major revolt by Spartacist, the... party was crushed. (Socialist, Communist, Democratic) 5. At the Paris Peace Conference Italy did not get the Port of... as desired. (Danzig, Fiume, Alexandra) 6. The... Government could not solve the problems before Italian Nations. (Communist, Democratic, Republican) 7.... organized a wing of the youth in black uniform armed with weapons. (Mussolini, Hitler, General Franco) 8. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar was a professor of.... (history, economics, political science) 9.... was the founder of National Socialist Party. (Mussolini, Hitler, Salazar) 10. Hitler s quasi military wing of youth was called... (Red Coats, Storm Troopers, Gestapo) 11. In 1928, in the..., Nazi Party had 12 members. (Reichstag, Duma, Assembly) 12. By 1933 Hitler became the... of Germany. (Chancellor, President, Dictator) 13. By the means of..., an underground organization all opposition to Nazism was cruelly suppressed. (Gestapo, Storm Troopers, Red Coats) 1. Germany left the league of Nations in... (193, 1930, 1932) 15. Hitler sent German troops to occupy the... valley. (Rhine, Niger, Senegal) 16. The Civil war in Spain is called a... of second world war. (dress rehearsal, mock, foreplay) 17. By the Treaty of..., Turkey deprived of large territorial possessions. (Versailles, Paris, Severes) 18. General Franco succeeded in occupying... (Madrid, Moscow, Milan). 5

HISTORY MT EDUCARE LTD. (B) Match the following : *I A Group B Group 1. Lebnitz and Rosa luxemberg (a) Principles of Nazism 2. Mein Kampf (b) Fascist Party 3. A bunch of wooden rods (c) Ataturk (father of Turks) with an axe in the middle. Kemal Pasha (d) Members of Spartacist party ( e) Dictator of Portugal Ans (1 - d), (2 - a), (3 - b), ( - c) II A Group B Group 1. Kemal Pasha (a) leader of Nazi party 2. Mussolini (b) neutrality in World War II 3. Salazar (c) Benevolent dictator. Hitler (d) Fascist Ideology ( e) Dictator of Spain Ans. (1 - c), (2 - d), (3 - b), ( - a) III A Group B Group 1. Treaty of Versailles (a) Civil war in Spain 2. Treaty of Severes (b) Portugal 3. Dress rehearsal of World War II (c) Turkey. Maintained neutrality in World War II (d) Germany Ans. (1 - d), (2 - c), (3 - a), ( - b) Q.2 Answer the following in 20 to 25 words. *1. Why did discontent increase in Europe after World War I? Ans. 1) Owing to economic hardships after World War I, discontent increased among the people. 2) The Peace treaties humiliated the defeated nations. 3) The hope that League of Nations would do some justice and provide protection, also proved false. ) Also the democratic nations could not solve the problems before the nations and democracies collapsed in many countries. Thus discontent increased in Europe after World War I. *2. What were the principles of Fascist Party? Ans. 1) The ideology of Benito Mussolini of Italy is known as Fascism. 2) Following were the principles of Fascist Party :- (a) Aggressive Nationalism (b) Opposition to Communism. (c) Faith in the bright future of Italy. *3. What were the principles of Nazism? Ans. 1) The ideology of Hitler is known as Nazism. 2) His autobiography, the Mein Kampf (My Struggle) shows clearly the principles of Nazism 6

MT EDUCARE LTD. HISTORY 3) The principles of Nazism were - (a) Extreme Patriotism (b) Proclamation of Racial Superiority (c) Anti Semitism (d) Opposition to Communism and democracy ( e) Militarism. *. Why did the Civil War (1936) take place in Spain? Ans. 1) When the Republican governments in Spain proved incapable of giving economic and political stability, an army General Francisco Franco rose in rebellion. 2) He was supported by some army officers and monarchical reactionary elements. 3) The republican government had the support of peasants, workers and reformists. ) Thus the Civil War took place in Spain in 1936 between the two. *5. Why did dictatorship emerge in Portugal? Ans. 1) In 1926, a few army officers overthrew the Portuguese Republic set up in 1910. 2) Thereafter, Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, a professor of economics became the Prime Minister in 1932 and continued to rule till 1968. 3) He prepared a new constitution, creating an authoritarian new state, curtailed political freedom and concentrated on economic recovery. ) He tried to maintain strong Portuguese control over all colonies and maintained neutrality in World War II. Thus dictatorship of Salazar emerged in Portugal. Q.3 Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 25 words each. *1. In many European countries democratic governments collapsed. Ans. 1) Owing to economic hardships, after World War I discontent began to spread among people. 2) The Peace Treaties humiliated the defeated nations. 3) The hope that League of Nations would do justice and provide protection, proved false. ) People began to loose faith in democratic process as democratic governments could not solve their problems. The belief that centralised government would solve problems took roots. Thus in many European countries democratic Governments collapsed. *2. There was growing discontent in Italy. Ans. 1) In the first World War, Italy had supported the Allied powers with a hope of acquiring the Italian speaking provinces under Austria and Germany. 2) This expectation was not fulfilled by the Peace Treaty. 3) Italy did not get the Port of Fiume, Colonies in Africa and the expected share of the reparations. ) At the same time, the war time debt, the industrial and trade recession and rising unemployment added to the discontent. 7

HISTORY MT EDUCARE LTD. *3. Nazi Party proclaimed racial superiority. Ans. 1) Hitler believed that the Germans were Nordic (Aryan) by race. 2) They had the capacity and the moral right to rule over the world. 3) It was necessary to unify all the Nordic Germans. ) For that he gave priority to bring all German speaking territories under Germany s possession. *. Italy and Germany extended active support to Franco. Ans. 1) When the Republican Government in Spain proved incapable of giving economic and political stability, an army General Francisco Franco rose in rebellion. 2) He was supported by some army officers and monarchial reactionary elements. 3) Republican Government had the support of peasants, workers and reformers. This triggered a civil war in 1936. ) Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany were opposed to democracy and so the extended active support to Franco to bring about the downfall of republican government. *5. The German people had a bitter hatred towards the Weimar Government. Ans. 1) The Weimar Government had accepted the humiliating Treaty of Versailles and therefore the army particularly had a bitter hatred towards the Government. 2) The Government failed to improve the deteriorating economic conditions and thereby the economic crisis continued to increase. 3) The burden of taxation on the people was also growing. ) Because of this economic crisis, the people of Germany were greatly discontented. Q. Answer the following in 30 to 0 words. *1. How did Mussolini secure power in Italy? Ans. 1) After World War I, Italy did not get the Italian speaking provinces under Germany and Austria, Port of Fiume, Colonies in Africa and expected share of war reparation. 2) At the same time war time debt, industrial and trade recession, unemployment led to growing discontent. This discontent resulted in revolts and strikes. 3) Taking advantage of the situation, Benito Mussolini, a journalist founded the Fascist Party in 1919. ) He began to give wild assurances to people in order to get their support. 5) His anti-communist propaganda got him the support of the capitalists as well. 6) Thus with the support of Italian people and capitalists Mussolini secured power in Italy. *2. Why did the fascist Italy become an aggressive nation? Ans. 1) Mussolini embarked upon his expansionist policy from 1923 after his capture of power in Italy. 8

MT EDUCARE LTD. HISTORY 2) From Turkey he acquired islands in the Aegean Sea and established naval bases there. 3) In 192 he acquired the port of Fiume. ) European nations were engaged in stemming the tide of economic depression.taking advantage of this, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in the African continent. 5) The League of Nation also did not take any firm action against Mussolini. 6) Therefore, Italy annexed Ethiopia in 1936. In this way Facist Italy became an aggressive nation. *3. How did Hitler capture power in Germany? Ans. 1) To capture power, Hitler s Nazi Party entered elections and increased its electoral strength between 1928 and 1932. 2) In 1928, in the Reichstag (House of Representatives), Nazi Party had 12 members. 3) In 1932, this increased to 230. And yet Nazi Party did not have absolute majority. ) Hitler then got the support of the minority parties and claiming that he enjoyed majority, at the beginning of 1933, he became the Chancellor of Germany. 5) On becoming Chancellor, he concentrated all powers in his hands. 6) In 193 Hitler assumed Presidentship alongwith Chancellorship and abolished the federal system of Government and established centralized Government. Hitler thus captured power and became the Dictator of Germany. *. Why did dictatorship emerge in Spain? Ans. 1) In Spain, military dictatorship emerged out of a civil war, which broke out in 1936. 2) When the Republican government in Spain proved incapable of giving economic and political stability, an army General Francisco Franco rose in rebellion. 3) He was supported by some army officers and monarchial reactionary elements, while Republican Government had the support of peasants, workers and reformists. ) In the Civil War that ensued Franco was also supported by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. 5) The Republican Government continued resistance to Franco for over two years. 6) Ultimately, Franco succeeded in occupying Madrid and became military dictator of Spain. Thus with the fall of Republican Government, dictatorship emerged in Spain. 5. What aggressive policies were adopted by Hitler after consolidating power in Germany? (March 08) Ans. 1) Hitlar declared that the Treaty of Versailles was a mere scrap paper and began to violate the restrictions put upon Germany. 2) He introduced compulsory military education. 9

HISTORY MT EDUCARE LTD. 3) He expanded the navy and the army and raised the airforce. ) Most modern weapons were produced. 5) To avoid any objections from the League of Nations, Germany left the League in 193. 6) In 1935 a plebiscite was to be held to decide the future of the province of Saar, but before the plebiscite could be held, the Nazi Party terrorized the people and got majority. 7) Saar was incorporated in Germany. 8) The following year Hitler sent German troops to occupy the demilitarized Rhine Valley. 9) He adopted the policy of anti-communism and in 1937 signed a pact with Italy and Japan known as the Berlin- Rome-Tokyo Axis. Q.5 Answer the following in 80 to 100 words. *1. Give an account of Mussolini s Fascism in detail. (March 10) Ans. Fascism is the ideology of Benito Mussolini. Fascism rose in Italy after World War I. (a) Post War conditions in Italy : After World War I, Italy did not get Italian speaking provinces under Germany and Austria, port of Fiume, colonies in Africa and expected share of war reparations. Also trade recessions, rising unemployment added to the discontent of the Italian people. The prevalent democratic government could not solve the problems before the Italian nation. (b) Mussolini s Fascist Party : A journalist and teacher, Mussolini entered politics after World War I. He founded a disciplined Fascist Party in 1919. A wing of youth, in black uniforms armed with weapons was established. The strength and unity of the party was symbolized by the bunch of wooden rods with an axe in the middle. (c) Capture of power : Mussolini began to give wild assurances to people in order to get their support. He claimed that he would make good the economic damages of Italy and bring her prestige and a bright future. His immense faith in restoring Italy s glory attracted the discontented people. His anti-communist propaganda got him the support of the capitalists as well. Thus he captured power in 1922. (d) Mussolini s line of thinking (Fascist Ideology) : Aggressive Nationalism, opposition to communism and faith in bright future of Italy, was the line of thinking of Mussolini s fascist party. (e) Objectives of Fascism. The chief objective were :- 1) To get Italian speaking provinces in Europe. 2) To get the port of Fiume 3) To get some colonies in Africa ) To improve the economic conditions of Italy. 50

MT EDUCARE LTD. HISTORY 5) To safeguard private property. 6) To help the farmers and working class. 7) To restrict individual freedom 8) To project that the nation is superior to the individual. Thus Mussolini emerged as a powerful Dictator of Italy. *2. Discuss in detail Germany s Nazism. (Sept. 08, 09, March 09) Ans. The ideology of Hitler is known as Nazism. His autobiography the Mein Kampf (My struggle) clearly shows the principles of Nazism. 1) PRINCIPLES OF NAZISM i) Extreme Patriotism : Hitler resolved to carve out an important place for Germany in the world. He emphasized that every German must be prepared to make any sacrifice for the nation. ii) Proclamation of Racial superiority : Hitler believed that the Germans were Nordic (Aryan) by race and they had the capacity and moral right to rule over the world. It was necessary to unify all the Nordic Germans and bring all German speaking territories under Germany s possession. iii) Anti Semitism : Hitler believed that the German Jews had no love for Germany and that Germany suffered defeat in World War I because of their selfish and greedy nature. He also believed that without eliminating the influence of the Jews on Germany, it could not progress. So the emphasis of Nazism was on elimination of Jews. iv) Opposition to Communism and democracy : Nazism was opposed to communism. Hitler believed that the Communist philosophy was not favourable for Germany s growth. He also opposed democracy. He believed that the representatives of common men could not take immediate decision for the benefit of the nation. They lacked intellectual capacity. v) Militarism : The objective of Nazism was to wipe off the injustice done to Germany by the Treaty of Versailles and restore its prestige in the world politics. In order to achieve this, militarism was propounded by the Nazis. 2) HITLER S CAPTURE OF POWER : i) He raised quasi military wings of the youth called storm troopers. ii) These Khaki-clad Nazis were the instrument of Nazi terror. iii) The Swastik was the symbol of the Nazis. iv) To capture power, the Nazi party entered elections. v) In 1928, in the Reichstag (House of Representatives), Nazi party had 12 members. vi) In 1932 this number increased to 230. vii) Hitler then got the support of the minority parties and claiming that he enjoyed majority, at the beginning of 1933, Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. viii) In 193 he assumed the Presidentship along with Chancellorship. On becoming the dictator of Germany, Hitler adopted the policy of converting the entire nation to Nazism. 51

HISTORY MT EDUCARE LTD. *3. How did the dictatorship of Salazar emerge in Portugal? Ans. 1) Salazar s rise to power : In 1926, a few army officers overthrew the Portuguese Republic set up in 1910. Thereafter within a couple of year, Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, a professor of economics, emerged as a dictator. In 1932, he became the Prime Minister and continued to rule till 1968. 2) Portugal under Salazar : He prepared new constitution, creating an authoritarian new state, curtailed political freedom, concentrated on economic recovery. 3) Salazar s strong control : He tried to maintain strong Portuguese control over all colonies. He also maintained neutrality In World War II. Thus a powerful dictatorship of Salazar emerged in Portugal. *. Write a note on dictatorship of Kemal Pasha in Turkey. Ans. Against the aggressive dictatorships, Turkey had the good fortune to be ruled by a benevolent dictator Kemal Pasha. (1) Post War Conditions in Turkey : i) In the World War I, Turkey had joined hands with Germany against the Allies. ii) She was defeated and by the Treaty of Severs was deprived of large parts of her territorial possessions. iii) The Turkish Empire was reduced to a small European nation. iv) Its national honour reached the lowest point. (2) Capture of power by Kemal Pasha : i) On this background, Kemal Pasha, an ordinary officer in the army raised a rebellion. ii) He secured support of the army and the nationalists. iii) He set up a nationalist party. iv) He refused to accept humiliating conditions imposed upon Turkey, abolished the Sultanate and declared Turkey a Republic. v) He compelled the Allied Powers to revise the earlier treaty and sign a new one in 1923, whereby he regained important territory, obtained abolition of restrictions on Turkey s army, navy and air force, and removal of custom controls. vi) Turkey, thus was turned into a sovereign state. (3) Turkey under Pasha : i) Though Kemal Pasha was a dictator, his programme was based on democracy, nationalism and secularism. ii) He is known for his modern outlook. iii) Through his radical reforms he modernized Turkey. iv) He curbed many social evils. v) He improved the financial conditions of Turkey. Pasha s dictatorship was indeed benevolent. His countrymen affectionately called him Ataturk. (Father of Turks) 52

S.S.C. Marks : 20 CHAPTER 7 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIP IN EUROPE HISTORY SET - A Duration : 1 hr. Q.1. Complete the following statement by choosing appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets : 1. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar was a professor of.... (history, economics, political science) 2. By 1933 Hitler became the... of Germany. (Chancellor, President, Dictator) 2 Q.2. Match the following : 'A' Group 'B' Group 1. Treaty of Versailles (a) Civil war in Spain. 2. Treaty of Severes (b) Portugal 3. Dress rehearsal of World War II (c) Turkey (d) Germany 3 Q.3. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words : (Any 2) 1. Why did the Civil War (1936) take place in Spain? 2. Why did dictatorship emerge in Portugal? 3. What were the chief objectives of Mussolini? Q.. Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 30 words : (Any 2) 1. In many European countries democratic governments collapsed. 2. There was growing discontent in Italy. 3. Kemal Pasha was called Ataturk.

Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 0 words: (Any 1) 1. Why did the fascist Italy become an aggressive nation? 2. What aggressive policies were adopted by Hitler after consolidating power in Germany? Q.6. Answer each of the following questions in 80 to 100 words : (Any 1) 1. Give an account of Mussolini's Fascism in detail. 2. Discuss in detail Germany's Nazism. 3 Best Of Luck

S.S.C. Marks : 20 CHAPTER 7 : RISE OF DICTATORSHIP IN EUROPE HISTORY SET - B Duration : 1 hr. Q.1. Complete the following statement by choosing appropriate alternatives from those given in the brackets : 1. From Turkey, Mussolini acquired islands in the... sea. (Mediterranean, Caspian, Aegean) 2.... was the founder of National Socialist Party. (Mussolini, Hitler, Salazar) 2 Q.2. Match the following : 'A' Group 'B' Group 1. Lebnitz and Rosa Luxemburg (a) Principles of Nazism 2. Mein Kampf (b) Ataturk (Father of Turks) 3. Kemal Pasha (c) Members of Spartacist party (d) Dictator of Portugal 3 Q.3. Answer each of the following questions in 20 to 25 words : (Any 2) 1. What was Mussolini's expansionist policy? 2. What were the objectives of Fascist Party? 3. Why did the German people develop hatred towards Weimer Government? Q.. Give reasons for the following statements in 20 to 30 words : (Any 2) 1. Nazi party proclaimed racial superiority. 2. Franco won the civil war with the support of Hitler & Mussolini. 3. Hitler had deep hatred towards Republican government.

Q.5. Answer each of the following questions in 30 to 0 words: (Any 1) 1. Why did dictatorship emerge in Spain? 2. Why did Hitler oppose communism and democracy? 3 Q.6. Answer each of the following questions in 80 to 100 words : (Any 1) 1. Why is Kemal Pasha known as Ataturk inturkey? 2. What were the causes of Rise of Dictatorship? 3 Best Of Luck Best Of Luck