U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Revised 0/0/ pages -4, - th Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin August, NCJ 834 Probation and Parole in the United States, 8 By Thomas P. Bonczar BJS Statistician Lauren E. Glaze BJS Statistical Assistant The total Federal, State, and local adult correctional population & incarcerated or in the community & grew by 4,00 during 8 to reach a new high of 5. million. About.% of the U.S. adult population, or about in every 34 adults, were incarcerated or on probation or parole at yearend 8. A total of 3,4,3 adult men and women were on probation in the United States at yearend 8, representing a growth of 3.% during the year. The adult parole population grew.5%, rising to a total of 04,4 by December 3, 8. Adults under community supervision or in jail or prison, 0-8 Year 0 5 5,335,00 3,0,8,4 4,300,08,54 5,48,00 3,4,,33 50,400,,58 5,,00 3,,53 4,8 55,4,, 8 b 5,80,300 3,4,3 04,4 584,3,3,00 Percent change -8 0-8 Average annual percent change 0-8 Total estimated correctional population a 4,348,000.% 35.5 3.% Community supervision Probation Parole,0,34 3.% 8.0 3.% 53,40.5% 3. 3.% Incarceration Jail Prison 403,0 4.% 45.0 4.8% 43,38 4.8% 5..5% Note The probation and parole counts may vary from previously reported estimates. Counts are for December 3, except for jail counts for June 30. All jail and prison counts are for inmates in custody. a A small number of individuals had multiple correctional statuses; consequently, the total is an overestimate. The total for 8 excludes 3,5 probationers in jail and 3,0 probationers in prison. b The 8 prison count is an estimate. Highlights Probation & ù The adult probation population grew 3.% in 8, an increase of,00 probationers, exceeding the average annual growth of 3.% since 0. ù 5% of all probationers had been convicted of a felony, 40% of a misdemeanor, and 3% of other infractions. Twenty-four percent were on probation for a drug law violation, and %, for driving while intoxicated. ù Eight States registered an increase of 0% or more in their probation population in 8, led by Vermont and, each with a % increase. Eleven States reported a decrease in their adult probation population during 8, led by Louisiana and, each down %. ù Washington had the highest rate of probationers per 00,000 residents, 3,; Kentucky had the lowest, 43. Parole & ù Overall, the Nation s parole population grew by about 0,000 in 8, or.5% & less than half the average annual increase of 3.% since 0. ù Mandatory releases from prison as a result of a sentencing statute or good-time provision comprised 53% of those entering parole in 8; in 0 they were 4%. ù A total of States registered double-digit increases in their parole population in 8. Six States had a parole population increase exceeding 0% in 8 Ohio, %;, 55%;, 5%;, 3%; Colorado, %; and Minnesota, %. ù Eleven States had a decrease of 0% or more in their parole population, led by Virginia, down 3%, and North Carolina, down 30%.
Revised 0/0/ th Over 4 million adult men and women were on probation or parole At yearend 8 the number of adult men and women in the United States who were being supervised in the community surpassed 4 million for the first time, to a record 4,,5 adults under supervision on December 3, 8. These data were collected in the 8 Probation Data Survey and the 8 Parole Data Survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The 3.3% increase of 3, in the number of adults under supervision in the community was more than the average annual increase of 3.% since 0. The total adult correctional population, including those incarcerated and those being supervised in the community, reached a new high of 5,80,300 at the end of 8. At yearend 8,.%, or about in every 34 adults in the United States, were in State or Federal prisons, local jails, or under the supervision of probation or parole authorities, up from.3% in 0. During the same time, there was a steady decline in the percentage of the correctional population under supervision in the community, from 4% of the total adult correctional population in 0 to % in 8. Percent of correctional population under community Year supervision 0 3.% 3.. 3.4 4.4 5 8 0.4 0.8.. Percent of U.S. adults under correctional supervision.3%.4.5....8.. and California led the Nation in number of adults supervised in the community Nearly million persons being supervised in the community in 8, or about in 4 probationers and parolees, were in and California (table ). led the Nation with 555,80 persons on probation or parole, followed by California with 435,044. also led the Nation with the largest percentage of its adult population under community supervision (3.% at yearend 8), followed by Delaware and Washington, each with 3.%. California s community supervision rate of.8% was less than half that of. Twelve States reported that fewer than % of their adult populations were on probation or parole. West Virginia had the lowest rate of supervision in the community (5 offenders per 00,000 adults). Number under supervision per 00,000 adult residents West Virginia 5 Kentucky 50 5 Mississippi 53 New Hampshire 3 Virginia 4 Maine 3 85 Montana 884 48 Iowa 5 New Mexico 3 Table. Community corrections among the States, yearend 8 0 States with the largest 8 community corrections populations Number supervised 0 States with the largest percent increase Percent increase 0 States with the highest rates of supervision, 8 Persons supervised per 00,000 adult U.S. residents* 0 States with the lowest rates of supervision, 8 Persons supervised per 00,000 adult U.S. residents* Probation California Florida Michigan Washington Georgia New Jersey Pennsylvania 443,58 34,4 3,0 0,58,4 5,0 5,85 33, 3,850,04 Vermont Arkansas New Mexico Arizona Alabama Pennsylvania Montana Iowa.0% 0. 8..5.3 3.8. 0.4.. Washington Delaware Rhode Island Georgia Minnesota Michigan Indiana New Jersey 3, 3,548 3,40,0,0,5,3,3,3,5 Kentucky West Virginia Mississippi New Hampshire Virginia Maine Montana 43 45 55 58 584 54 48 8 30 8 Parole California Pennsylvania Georgia Louisiana Oregon Maryland Michigan,0 0, 83,8 5,548 30,43 0,48 8,5,0 5,58 5,33 Ohio Colorado Minnesota Nevada Arkansas.% 55.4 50. 3. 5..4.0. 5.0.4 Pennsylvania Oregon Louisiana California Maryland Georgia Arkansas Note The District of Columbia as a wholly urban jurisdiction is excluded. *Rates are computed using the U.S. adult resident population on July, 8. 0 3 03 50 4 43 404 34 344 338 Maine Washington Nebraska Oklahoma Rhode Island Florida West Virginia Mississippi 3 48 5 5 5 Probation and Parole in the United States, 8
Table. Adults on probation, 8 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Probation population, //8 3,,53 8 Entries,,0 Exits,555, Probation population, /3/8 3,4,3 Percent change in probation population during 8 3.% Number on probation per 00,000 adult residents, /3/8,05 Federal a State 33,53 3,,8 4,8,58,03 4,8,540,0 33,54 3,384,35-0.8% 3.,88 Northeast 5,0 38,50 0,38 50,84 5.%,50 55,8 3,38 30, 5,50.,3 Maine a,8,53-3. 30 Massachusetts 4,430 40,5 40,08 4,5 0.3 3 New Hampshire 4,8 3,0 3,4 5,5. 584 New Jersey b 30,55 58,00 55,538 33,.0,5 8,05 48,384 38, 0,58 5.,33 Pennsylvania b 08,30 43,0 30,,04.,35 Rhode Island b,48,0,404 0,343 3.5,0 Vermont,8 5,503 3,8,.0,08 Midwest 4,8 44,3 4,88 4,455 3.8%,4,48 8,3 55,83 3,850 0.4,488 Indiana,5 84,4,8 0,00 5.3,3 Iowa,834,84 5,5 8,44. 8 Kansas c,d,33,30,48,3 -. 83 Michigan a,b,e 5,44,55 58,,4 4.0,3 Minnesota 4,0 54, 58,8 0,3-4.,5 Missouri b,e 4,30,85,0 48,00 3., Nebraska,43,50 3,0 5,3-3.,30,00,,4,58 -. 55 Ohio a,b,e 3,43 4,8 0,,8 3.,40 a,d,f 3,30 4,08 3,58 3,480 -. 48 Wisconsin 53,848 4,5 3,34 55,.,4 South,30,35 58,88 38,4,3,05.%,84 Alabama a,b,e 38,0, 5, 44,04 3.8,348 Arkansas g 8,4 3,8 8,3 33,583 8.,8 Delaware b 8,83,03,80 0,030.3 3,548 District of Columbia 0,043,840,8 0,05 5.,54 Florida a,b,e 3,4 44,384 4,00 3,0-0.3,0 Georgia e 4,3 0,0 58,304 5,85.3,0 Kentucky,03,554 5,55,8. 43 Louisiana 35,453,3 8,5 33,08 -.8,03 Maryland 4, 40, 3,40 8,05 4.,0 Mississippi c,d,h 0,,4 5,8,530 4.8 58 North Carolina 05,4 5,43 0,54 04,8-0.,8 Oklahoma b,e 8,0 3, 3,0 8,4 0.5,3 South Carolina 43,05 5,80,0 4,30-4.,43 Tennessee b,e 35,83 3,38, 3,408 4.4 3 438,3,385 0,85 443,58.3 3,40 Virginia 30,00 4,8 4,3 30,5. 54 West Virginia a,g,8,3.0 45 West 48,3 3,4,53,55.%,5 Alaska c,g 4,,45,50 4,45 5.8,05 Arizona b,e 44,83 8,44, 5,580.3,544 California g 304,53,0 4,0 34,4.5,3 Colorado a,b,e 45,4,4,33 4, 5.0,3 Hawaii 5,40,443,33 5,.0,5,3 3,38,88, 0. 85 Montana a,g 4,83 5,33. 8 Nevada b,0 5,4 4,03,5. 8 New Mexico b,e 8,05 8,,3 0,40.5 84 Oregon 43,80,8,04 44,80.,84,5 4,30 4,4,45-0.5 8 Washington a,b,e 45,54 45,83 4,3 5,0 4. 3, Wyoming 3,48 3,04,35 3,85.,088 Not known. a Because of incomplete data, the population on December 3, 8, does not equal the population on January, 8, plus entries, minus exits. b Some data are estimated. c Data do not include absconders. d Data do not include out-of-state cases. e Multiple agencies reporting. f Data are for year beginning July,, and ending June 30, 8. g All data are estimated. h Data do not include inactive cases. Probation and Parole in the United States, 8 3
Revised 0/0/ th Nearly 3 out of 5 probationers were convicted of a felony Probationers are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of correctional supervision in the community. On December 3, 8, a total of 3,4,3 adult men and women were serving a probation sentence in the United States (table ). Nearly 3 out of 5 probationers had been convicted of a felony offense; out of 5 had been convicted of a misdemeanor. Percent of adults Type of sentence on probation Felony 5% Misdemeanor 40 infractions 3 Note Information on type of sentence was not available for % of probationers. Twenty-four percent of probationers had a drug law violation, and % were sentenced for driving while intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol. Percent of adults Specific offense on probation DWI/DUI % Drug law violation 4 Note DWI/DUI status was not available for 33% of probationers; drug law violation, 4%.,00 probationers added in 8 During 8 the probation population grew by,00, an increase of 3.% (table 3). This was greater than the 3.% average annual increase recorded since yearend 0 & the equivalent of 3,4 probationers Table 3. Change in the number of adults on probation, 0-8 Year 3 4 5 8 Total increase, 0-8 Average annual increase, 0-8 Annual increase Number Percent change 58,38 83,3,450,,83 8,35 3,5,00 4,3 3,4.% 3.0 3.3. 3..8 4. 3. 8.0% 3.% added each year. Since yearend 0 the probation population only grew faster in, when the addition of 3,5 probationers resulted in an increase of 4.%. 8 States reported an increase of 0% or more in their probation population Vermont and each reported an increase of % in the number of adults on probation during 8. States that reported an increase of at least 0% in their adult probation population were Arkansas (%), New Mexico (%), Arizona (%), Alabama (4%), Pennsylvania (%), and (0%). Eleven States had fewer adults on probation at the end of 8 than at the beginning of the year, led by Louisiana and, each down %. Direct and split sentences more common in 8 than 0 In 8, 5% (,40,00) of all adults on probation had received a direct sentence to probation from court, up from 38% in 0; and 0% (34,00) had received a split sentence to incarceration and probation in 8, up from % in 0 (table 4). Smaller percentages of probationers in 8 had a suspended sentence to incarceration (%, down from 4% in 0), or had the imposition of their sentence to probation suspended (0%, down from 4% in 0). in 5 probationers are women; in 3 are white Nationwide, women represented a larger percentage of the probation population in 8 than in 0. Women were % of adults on probation in 8 (,400), up from 8% in 0. At yearend 8 more than a third of probationers (,,400) were black. Two-thirds (,8,00) were white. Persons of other races accounted for about % of probationers (5,00). Table 4. Characteristics of adults on probation, 0 and 8 Characteristic Total Gender Male Female Race White Black/African American American Indian/ Alaska Native Asian/Pacific Islander* Hispanic origin Hispanic Non-Hispanic Status of supervision Active Inactive Absconded Supervised out of State Adults entering probation Without incarceration With incarceration types Adults leaving probation Successful completions Returned to incarceration With new sentence With the same sentence Absconder unsuccessful Death Status of probation Sentence suspended Imposition suspended Direct imposition Split sentence 0 8 8 8 3 8 8 83 8 8 5 4 3 4 4 38 8 Note For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. Not available. Less than 0.5%. *Includes Native Hawaiians. Hispanics, who may be of any race, comprised 5% of probationers (55,000). 4 35 5 85 0 5 3 0 5 0 Nearly 3 out of 5 of the. million adults discharged from probation in 8 had successfully met the conditions of their supervision. An additional % of probationers who were discharged from supervision in 8 were incarcerated because of a rule violation or new offense. 4 Probation and Parole in the United States, 8
Table 5. Adults on parole, 8 Region and jurisdiction U.S. total Parole population, //8 4,8 8 Entries 434,0 Exits 43, Parole population, /3/8 04,4 Percent change in parole population during 8.5% Number on parole per 00,000 adult residents, /3/8 35 Federal a State 3,5 3,5 4,85 40,34,38 40,43, 38,03 5.%. 33 38 Northeast,8,,3 5,33.% 4,44,0,85.0 48 Maine b 4 5-3.0 Massachusetts a 4,5 3,8 3,443 4,48 -.3 New Hampshire,083 55 50,4 5.4 New Jersey b,03,8 8, 4,55-3. 38 5,0 5,0 5,8 5,548-0. 43 Pennsylvania b 8,4 4,,8 83,8.3 0 Rhode Island 5 53 58 4-0.8 Vermont 5 43. 54 Midwest 8,80,8 5,3 3, 4.3% 0 30,348 3,3 3,8 30,43 0.3 344 Indiana c,d 4,044 4,8 4,4 4,58 5.3 Iowa,03,08,45,4. 03 Kansas c,50 4,8 5,0,05 -.0 3 Michigan 4,35 0,503,53 5,33.8 Minnesota,44 3,0,4,5.4 8 Missouri e,54 5,034,8 0,3 -. 5 Nebraska 88 0 4 4 -.3 5 338 5 50. 3 Ohio,803,5 4,4,304. 35 83 85 50,088 3. 03 Wisconsin,540 4,058 4, 8, -.4 3 South 3,43,334 0,084,43-3.% 3 Alabama a,b,f,35,43,05,85. 08 Arkansas e 5, 5,45 4,3,3.4 338 Delaware a,b,g 5 5-3. 0 District of Columbia a,b,,553,5,5-4.,5 Florida 8,4 4,35 5,3,4 -.5 5 Georgia a,5 0,30,4 0,48 -.5 34 Kentucky 4,33,38,3 4,508.5 53 Louisiana, 3,533 4,0 8,5-5. 50 Maryland 5,3 8,45 8,4 5,58 -.5 404 Mississippi c,d,h,38,04 83,48 8. 5 North Carolina b 8,48,3,33 5,40 -. 0 Oklahoma b,8 3 3,53-0.5 South Carolina 4,83 3,33 4,35 -.4 5 Tennessee 8,3 3,08 4,4,05 -.5 8 e 0,43 3,8,04,0.4 3 Virginia 0,0 5,5,5,00-3.4 30 West Virginia 84 5 54 5. West 4,80,55 5,8 5,8.% 34 Alaska e 4 33 3 4 4. Arizona 3,38,0 5,843 3,4 0.8 0 California c,f 04,4 40,4 34,5 0, 5. 4 Colorado 4,3 4,4 3,35 5,04 5. 8 Hawaii,8 0,00 0.0 5 80 83 38,4 55.4 45 Montana a,e 55 -. 0 Nevada b 3,43,0,04 4,055. 3 New Mexico,,,54,3.0 44 Oregon,85,00,555,0. 03 3,8,8,5 3, 5.0 0 Washington a,e 480 3 55 35 -. Wyoming b 4 4 448. Not known. a Because of incomplete data, the population on December 3, 8, does not equal the population on January, 8, plus entries, minus exits. b Some data are estimated. c Data do not include absconders. d Data do not include out-of-state cases. e All data are estimated. f Multiple agencies reporting. g Data are for period beginning March 30, 8, and ending December 3, 8. h Data do not include inactive cases. Probation and Parole in the United States, 8 5
Revised 0/0/ th Parole growth in 8 less than half average annual growth since 0 Also serving time in the community at the end of 8 were 04,4 adults on parole (table 5). Parole is a period of conditional supervised release following a prison term. Prisoners may be released to parole either by a parole board decision or by mandatory conditional release. The.5% growth in parole during 8 & a net increase of about 0,000 parolees & was less than half the average annual increase of 3.% in parole since 0. Nearly all parolees had been convicted of a felony (%). Percent of adults Length of sentence on parole Less than year 4% One year or more Note Information on length of sentence was not available for 0% of parolees. Double-digit increases and decreases in parole population reported by many States Twelve States reported an increase of 0% or more in their adult parole population for the year ending December 3, 8. Ohio led with %, followed by five other States exceeeding 0% (55%), (5%), (3%), Colorado (%), and Minnesota (%). Decreases of 0% or more in parole population during 8 were reported by other States. Virginia s parole population decrease of 3% for the year ending December 3, 8, was followed by three other States with a decrease of 0% or more North Carolina (-30%), Washington (-%), and Oklahoma (-%). Sharp increases in parole entries linked to rise in parole population Jurisdictions having changes in 8 parole population RI 0% or more Decreases Virginia* North Carolina* Washington* Oklahoma* Missouri* Dist. of Col.* New Jersey* Tennessee* Florida* Montana Rhode Island Increases Ohio* * Colorado Minnesota* * Nevada * Arkansas Arizona* Hawaii Percent change, -8 Entries -4% - -8-8 -33-8 0 - % 3 5 8 4 3 5 8 3 Exits 4% -8 38 3 5-8 3 - % -0 45 4-4 0 4 - -5 Total population -3% -30 - - - -5-4 -3 - - - % 55 5 3 5 0 *Meet Federal truth-in-sentencing requirements. Not known. Less than -0.5%. Ten of the twelve States experiencing the largest growth in their parole populations also reported increases of 3% or more in the number of entries to parole in 8 as compared with. Among States with a 0% or more increase in their parole population, Arizona was an exception. In Arizona the number of persons entering parole increased %. The population growth in Arizona during 8 resulted primarily from an % decrease in the number of exits from parole. Among States with parole population decreases of 0% or more during 8, seven reported a decrease in the number of entries to parole as compared with. In three States (Florida, New Jersey, and Missouri) where the number of entries increased in 8 as compared with, exits increased even more, resulting in a net decrease in the parole population during 8. Parole growth varied among truthin-sentencing States Restrictions on early release from prison and other reforms to reduce the discrepancy between sentence imposed and actual time served in prison have come to be known as truth in sentencing. First enacted in Washington State in 84, these laws require offenders to serve a greater portion of the prison sentence before being released. Definitions of truth in sentencing vary among the States, as do the percentage of sentence required to be served and the crimes covered by the laws (with most targeting violent offenders). Adoption of truth-in-sentencing laws might be expected over time to result in a net decrease in the number of persons on parole. As such laws are phased-in, the number of persons entering parole might be expected to decrease as prison time served by affected offenders increases. Subsequently, offenders who have served more time in prison may have less time to spend on parole. The nine States reporting the largest decreases in parole during 8 had all enacted restrictions on early release. Each met Federal requirements for truth-in-sentencing incentive grants; the remaining two States with parole decreases of 0% or more during 8 did not. Truth-insentencing laws, however, had also been enacted by of the States reporting parole increases of 0% or more. Overall, of the States that had a decrease in their parole population during 8 met the Federal truth-insentencing requirements, compared to 3 of the States that had an increase in their parole population. Parole population change in 8 Decrease Increase All States Number of States meeting Federal truth-in-sentencing requirements 3 See Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons, BJS Special Report, January, NCJ 003 for more information. For eligibility criteria, see Violent Offender Incarceration and Truth-In-Sentencing Incentive Grants Program Guidance and Application Kit, FY8, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 84. Probation and Parole in the United States, 8
Mandatory releases to parole have increased since 0 Discretionary releases of prisoners to parole supervision by a parole board have decreased from 5% of adults entering parole in 0 to 4%, or,00, in 8 (table ). During this same period, mandatory releases to parole supervision increased from 4% of parole entries in 0 to 53% (or 30,00) in 8. Even though mandatory releases had increased during the 0 s, % of all parolees on December 3, 8, had been released as the result of a parole board decision. Type of sentence of adults on parole Discretionary parole Mandatory parole Special conditional release Percent of adults on parole % 3 Note Information on type of sentence was not available for 3% of adults on parole. Less than 0.5%. Women accounted for more than in 8 adults on parole in 8 About of every 8 adults on parole in 8 (8,300) were women. Women represented a larger percentage of the parole population (%) in 8 than in 0 when they were 8%. More than out of 5 adults on parole on December 3, 8, (3,300) were black; half (384,00) were white. About % of parolees were of other races (,000). Twenty-one percent of parolees (44,00) were Hispanics, who may be of any race. Of 43,00 parolees discharged from supervision in 8, 45% had successfully met the conditions of their supervision, while 4% had been returned to incarceration either because of a rule violation or new offense. Absconders accounted for % of those discharged from parole in 8, up from % in 0. Table. Characteristics of adults on parole, 0 and 8 Characteristic Total Gender Male Female Race White Black/African American Hispanic origin Hispanic Non-Hispanic Status of supervision Active Inactive Absconded Supervised out of State Adults entering parole Discretionary parole Mandatory parole Reinstatement Adults leaving parole Successful completion Returned to incarceration With new sentence Absconder unsuccessful Transferred Death Note For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type. Detail may not sum to total because of rounding. Not available. Less than 0.5%. Methodology 0 8 5 4 8 8 8 5 4 50 4 8 88 55 44 8 5 8 5 4 53 5 45 4 3 The Probation and Parole Data Surveys provide a count of the total number of persons supervised in the community on January and December 3, 8, and a count of the number entering and leaving supervision during the year. These surveys cover all 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Federal system. Data for the Federal system are from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts as provided to the BJS Federal Justice Statistics Program. Because many States update their population counts, the January, 8, numbers may differ from those previously published for December 3,. Probation The 8 Probation Data Survey was sent to 304 respondents 3 central State reporters and 5 separate State, county, or court agencies, representing a net increase of 33 local respondents as compared with the Probation Data Survey. Changes in authority and fragmentation of local agencies led to 35 additional agencies as follows Georgia (), Michigan (8), Ohio (), and Washington (5). One local agency in Washington closed, and two local agencies in Michigan are now reported on a single form. Inclusion of these probation agencies accounted for an increase of,03 probationers on //8 and,3 probationers on /3/8. States with multiple reporters in the 8 Probation Data Survey were Alabama (3), Arizona (), Colorado (), Florida (4), Georgia (3), Michigan (3), Missouri (), New Mexico (), Ohio (53), Oklahoma (3), Tennessee (3), Washington (38), and West Virginia (). Two local agencies in Michigan and one in Alabama did not provide data. For these the /3/ population count was used as the //8 and /3/8 count. Parole The 8 Parole Data Survey was sent to 54 respondents, including 5 central reporters, the California Youth Authority, and municipal agency. States with multiple reporters were Alabama () and California (). Federal parole as defined here includes supervised release, parole, military parole, special parole, and mandatory release. Probation and Parole in the United States, 8
Revised 0/0/ th The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the statistical agency of the U.S. Department of Justice. Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D., is director. BJS Bulletins present the first release of findings from permanent data collection programs such as the Probation and Parole Data Surveys. This report in portable document format and in ASCII, its tables, and related statistical data are available at the BJS World Wide Web Internet site http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ Thomas P. Bonczar wrote this report with the assistance of Lauren E. Glaze while under the supervision of Allen J. Beck. The authors conducted the data collection. Todd D. Minton provided statistical verification. Tom Hester edited the report. Jayne Robinson administered final production. August, NCJ 834 Please send the current BJS Publications Catalog the National Criminal Justice Reference Service Registation Form, which signs you up for a free subscription to the NCJRS Catalog, published six times a year. Name Title Address Fax this order form to 40--4358, or mail to & BJS Clearinghouse P.O. Box, Dept. BJS Annapolis Junction, MD 00-0 City, State, ZIP Daytime phone number U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Washington, DC 053 PRESORTED STANDARD POSTAGE & FEES PAID DOJ/BJS Permit No. G- Official Business Penalty for Private Use $300 8 Probation and Parole in the United States, 8