New Republic Reconstruction Notes & Study Guide Important Dates: Vocab Quiz: 2/15 Civil War Battle Quiz: 2/27 Unit Test: 3/1
Washington s new government Elected President Washington creates the 1st cabinet: Vice President: Secretary of State: Secretary of Treasury: Secretary of War: Attorney General: o Judiciary Act of 1789 Hamilton s Economic Plan Plan to create a national bank to handle the Felt that the federal govt. should absorb debt. Angered many states who had already paid off their debts. excise taxes and tariffs Mostly ended up taxing American merchants and farmers Whiskey Rebellion Western Transporting was hard over mountains so turned their grains into whiskey More profitable New Hamilton taxes reminded them of Resisted and intimidated tax collectors Washington puts in charge and leads a force himself to put it down and does Jefferson clear about opposing it. Showed new Constitution could enforce its laws and taxes. 2 Parties Emerge Federalist:
New Nation: Foreign Policy Ohio Valley Battle of Fallen Timbers NW Territory, Little Turtle: Miami Confederacy: NA tribes join together to defend against Americans 1794, Gen. Sent by Washington to put down the resistance Forced NA s to accept terms in Treaty of Most land of the Ohio territory handed over to US by the NA s. French Revolution 1789 Treaty of 1778 By 1793, French government brutally began to execute dissenters. Democratic-Republicans the revolt, but Federalists to bloody and anarchist Neutrality US claims neutrality in the conflict To to get involved Britain and France at war Fear of bankrupting the federal government Washington wanted to remain Avoiding War with Spain and Britain Chief Justice Sent to London to negotiate Jay s Treaty 1794 Pickney s Treaty w/ Feared English-American alliance Washington s Farewell Speech * * President John Adams
nd Washington s VP, 2 President of US XYZ Affair French relations and view of betrayal 1796, France began seizing US merchant ships Sent delegates to Paris to negotiate peace Unnamed French (XY and Z) offered to meet and bribe the US with $ Broke off by Adams Formed the Alien and Sedition Acts NEW NATION Ohio Valley Battle of Fallen Timbers Little Turtle: Confederacy: NA tribes join together to defend against Americans 1794, Gen. Anthony Wayne Sent by to put down the resistance Forced NA s to accept terms in Treaty of Most land of the Ohio territory handed over to US by the NA s. French Revolution 1789 Treaty of 1778 created bond between France and US (Revolution) Neutrality US claims neutrality in the conflict To weak to get involved Avoiding War with Britain and Spain Chief Justice Sent to London to negotiate Jay s Treaty 1794
Pickney s Treaty Pickney s Treaty w/ Spain Feared English-American alliance US free shipping rights to and Miss. River Northern boarder of N. Washington s farewell speech President John Adams Washington s VP, 2 nd President of US XYZ Affair French relations and view of betrayal 1796, France began seizing US merchant ships Sent delegates to Paris to negotiate peace Unnamed French (XY and Z) offered to meet and bribe the US with $25,000 Broke off by Adams Formed the US in response Alien and Sedition Acts Alien and Sedition Acts Authorized the President to arrest and deport immigrants seen as undesirable or criticized govt. action Sedition: Election of 1800 Battle of D-Reps and Federalists Adams: suspended army expansion and new diplomats to France for peace Federalists ( ) undermined Adams and loses election to Jefferson. Jefferson and running mate (vp) tied Constitution does not provide structure for electing separately it had to go to House of Reps to be decided. 1801, controlled congress voted in Jefferson. 1804, Constitution amended (12 th ) to allow separate ballots Offended by Hamilton s criticisms, shot and killed him in a dual. Jeffersonian Democracy Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Thomas Jefferson thought that the Sedition Act violated a person s right to He wasn t alone. Virginia and Kentucky also thought so, and passed the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions. This said that they (the ) had the right to declare a Federal Law null and if it went against the.
Jefferson and Adams After 4 years, Adams and Jefferson ran for the Presidency again. This time, Jefferson. Before leaving office, Adams placed a bunch of his in positions as judges. They were known as the. When Jefferson got in and found out about this, he told his Secretary of State,, not to deliver the appointment letters. Marbury vs. Madison One judge-to-be,, took this matter to the Supreme Court. (Marbury vs. Madison) Marbury wanted the Supreme Court Justice,, to order Jefferson and Madison to give him his position as judge. Marbury explained that the Supreme Court could do this because the gave the Supreme Court the power. John Marshall explained that the Judiciary Act was, and therefore he (Marshall) did not have the right to tell the President any such thing. Marbury and did not get his judge appointment. This was a HUGE victory for the, because Marshall established : the right of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional. Jefferson s Government Encouraged Congress to abandon the Alien and Sedition Acts Expansion under Jefferson The established a process for territory to be settled and become states. In 1803, Jefferson sent an ambassador to France to buy. Before the deal was over, he had purchased all French land in the US. This DOUBLED the size of the US. This is known as the. Lewis and Clark Sent by Jefferson to explore and chart / report on the new territory Controversial because it was hypocritical of Jefferson s Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the Explored the sq. mile region Led by and her husband More Foreign Troubles Barbary War
British Impressments Jefferson s Embargo Backfires The British Leopard boarded one of our ships, The USS. Jefferson wanted to send a message that this was wrong but did not want an all-out war with Britain. He decided on an, or trade restriction. The trade restriction hurt Britain very little, but hurt merchants and traders in New England A LOT. So, what was supposed to punish Britain really punished. War of 1812 Native American Conflict Many feel British are behind the NA attacks on American settlements Tenskwatawa led by, raid villages that were expanding. Fighting to preserve culture Indiana Terr. Gov. William Henry Harrison defeats the Indians at Battle of Causes War hawks British Invade Battles on the Adm. Oliver defeats British on Lake Erie Harrison retakes Ft. British launch land assault on Washington DC Britain had been fighting Napoleon in Europe, France released British in America and British used that force in US British blockade of coast Take parts of and invade from Washington DC
Ft. McHenry Treaty of Ghent Battle of New Orleans Occurred treaty was signed but before it reached America British v. Americans British casualties, for America Results Industry and Transportation I. James Monroe A. Became President B. began little political strife C. Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Told European nations not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere D. developed the North and South would work together 2. North would turn out goods 3. South would turn out goods II. The Missouri Compromise, 1820 A. A debate occurred regarding the statehood of Missouri B. was at stake C. Missouri was not covered by the D. An extra slave would mean power for the South E. Missouri Compromise Missouri would be admitted as a 2. would be cut from old Massachusetts, thus keeping balance 3. All new western lands north of would be free (north of Missouri s southern border)
III. A Growing Nation A. Population Boom Population exploded between 1780 and 1830 2. Immigration and slave trade contributed to boom 3. of boom because of an increase in B. Pioneers moved out West C. America acquired Florida (1795) compelled Spain to control Native Americans in Florida 2. raided settlers in 3., dealing with rebellions in South America, did nothing 4. America accused Spain of Pinckney s Treaty 5. sent in to deal with Seminoles 6. Spain decided Florida is lost and figures they should try to get something for the land they know is already lost 7. Spain ceded Florida to the United States IV. The Industrial Revolution A. Samuel Slater B. Noah Webster - C. Eli Whitney Advocated parts to increase profit and production 2. Invents Cotton Gin a. Cotton profits skyrocketed making cotton b. slave labor became needed D. Transportation Erie Canal (1825) built a. b. 2. Cumberland Road built a. First b. 3. Robert Fulton used steam engine to power V. Social Life A. Farming became even in the South, while the North began to develop for production B. Second Great Awakening (early 1800 s) Was an Movement 2. Began in and 3. Protestants a. Believed b. Believed c. Believed
4. experience rapid growth THE JACKSON YEARS I. The Election of 1824 A. Andrew Jackson, and run for Presidency B. Jackson received the popular votes, but not a majority of l votes C. The must decide the next President D. convinced them to vote for E. became the 6 th President F. Adams appointed his Secretary of State II. The Election of 1828 E. New political party formed Called the Party 2. Organized by F. Jackson G. Jackson began Patronage with the in which he gave jobs to his supporters and family H. Jackson dealt with the 4. Removed Indians to western lands despite Supreme Court s ruling that it was unconstitutional 5. Native Americans forced on an 800-mile journey that began in and ended in III. Conflict in the Jackson Years F. Tariff raised in 1828 (before Jackson) South ( ) called it the 2. South forced to buy goods rather than cheaper ones from Europe 3. John C. Calhoun felt that states had the right to a law within their borders 4. South Carolina threatened to 5. Congress Passes the Bill a. Allowed the government to use the and against South Carolina b. South Carolina kept the tariff but the Force Bill G. Jackson and the Bank Jackson waged on, and defeated, the 2. The Party was formed 3. Many believed Jackson had abused his as president Religion and Reform IV. Transcendentalism G. Believed spiritual discovery and insight could lead to H. Urged self reliance and acting on one s beliefs I. Ralph Waldo Emerson 2. J. Henry David Thoreau 2. V. Temperance I. Encouraged J. Movement would eventually lead to in the 1920s
VI. VII. VIII. IX. Education H. Horace Mann pushed for free, to be paid for by taxes I. education stressed in schools 2. 3. 4. Prisons A. All age groups and variance of criminal housed in the facility B. fought for appropriate treatment of the mentally ill Nativist Movement A. B. Abolitionist Movement A. Movement to end B. published The an abolitionist newspaper C. Frederick Douglass Most influential African 2. Escaped as a later his own freedom 3. Published the, an abolitionist newspaper D. Harriet Tubman Worked as part of the 2. Was called for rescuing over slaves X. Woman s Rights A. B. inspired women to build a strong American society C. organized the first convention to discuss women s rights MANIFEST DESTINY Manifest Destiny, a term coined by a newspaper reporter, was the Obvious Fate that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific. XI. Texas K. Stephen Austin 2. L. Santa Anna 2. M. The Alamo, December 1835 2. Settlers rebelled against 3. settlers fought for days against Mexicans 4. N. Independence 3. Rebels declared independence on 4. regrouped men 5. Santa Anna defeated April 21 st, at O. Sam Houston elected first President of the
XII. XIII. XIV. XV. Oregon Country K. Stretched from northern to southern L. Many Americans traveled there along the M. James Polk 2. Won the Presidency with the help of the (1844) D. U.S. Oregon (south of the parallel) in 1846 War with Mexico J. annexed Texas in February of 1845 K. Mexico considered it an act of L. A skirmish broke out between Mexico and the U.S. Americans killed M. Congress declared war on, May 13 th, 1846 N. 6. Mexico gave up claim to once and for all 7. Rio Grande River established as southern border of 8. Mexico lost and (including land that is now, and 9. U.S. paid Mexico $ million Other Territories C. California Declared independence from Mexico in June, 1846 2. Gold discovered on John Sutter s land in 1848 D. 1849 California Gold Rush Gadsen Purchase (1853) Purchased from Mexico 2. Needed to complete the Final Checklist A. 1763 B. 1786 C. 1803 D. 1804 E. 1845 F. 1846 G. 1848 H. 1849 I. 1853 MANIFEST DESTINY ACHIEVED!!!! DIVIDING A NATION I. Sectionalism A. B. Differences between North and South A. North 2. 3. B. South
2. 3. Slavery ( ) continues to be key issue A. Views North believed slavery denied 2. South believed were large, happy families B. Compromises to avoid War 1820-2. 1833 C. New lands California a. proposed compromise of 1850 b. opposed it North would have more power with additional states 2. Believed government had no right to deny the liberty of slave owning c. Compromise of 1850 California would be a state Politics 2. Kansas and Nebraska a. wanted Kansas and Nebraska to become states for trade purposes b. According to the Missouri Compromise, Kansas and Nebraska would be states c. Stephen Douglas wanted to become needed the s help d. Douglas proposed the Kansas and Nebraska Act Established the idea of 2. Would allow states to determine whether to be slave or not e. North hated the idea. Thought Stephen Douglas was a D. Violence Bleeding Kansas a. Pro-slavery southerners looted offices and homes of b. John Brown struck back by killing men in a series of night raids c. Raids and counter-raids continued throughout the summer of 2. Bleeding Sumner a. b. 3. John Brown, part II a. b. sent in to deal with the situation c. A. Dred Scott Scott, a, argued that since he and his wife had once lived in states, they should be free 2. The Supreme Court declared that slaves were citizens and could not sue in court 3. The Supreme Court also ruled that slaves were and Congress could not deprive a man of his property without due process B. The Republican Party 2. 3. C. Lincoln-Douglas Debates 2.
War Breaks Out Slavery Impacts Expansion Wilmot Proviso John C. Calhoun (SC) Election of 1848 Fee-Soil Party emerges national platform of free, free, and free Martin Van Buren as candidate Whig (Mexican War hero) wins the election Compromise of 1850 California statehood (1/2 north ½ south) John C. Calhoun threatens Henry Clay creates compromise Fugitive Slave Act Underground Railroad Series of or safe houses along a route to lead slaves to freedom Led by or assistants. Harriet Tubman: Hundreds of slaves to freedom, became an outlaw. Harriet Beecher Stowe s wins a lot of sympathy from white readers to slaves Nat Turner s Rebellion Runaway slave Nat Turner has a vision that he is to lead his people out of bondage by way of violence Returns to south helping others to escape and join his ranks Raids plantations killing all associated with owners/masters (families and all) Caught on the 5 th attempt,
Things like Kansas-Nebraska Act, bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott decision, Bleeding Sumner, Harper s Ferry, and countless other slavery issues bring about hostilities that center around. Election of 1860 emerge as a political presence (nativists, always claim I know nothing we pressed on their organization) Party is born in, under leadership of Horace Greely emerges as a political force through the Lincoln-Douglas Debates, turns Republican Fury in the North emerges over the Fugitive Slave Act and Dred Scott Sen. (Miss.) pushes Congress to restrict Federal control of Democrats are split between (south) and (north) New Republican Party chooses Abraham Lincoln or favorite William Seward Lincoln wins % of popular vote % of electoral vote 4 candidates Lincoln receives southern electoral votes, yet still becomes President. Secession Outraged by the lack of electoral votes the southern states begin to leave the union in protest. Dec. 20, 1860 : leaves next Other states follow Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Mississippi, Texas, Louisiana, Virginia leaves after Ft. Sumter is attacked Feb. 1861 the Confederate States of American (CSA) is formed Ft. Sumter (April 1861) Southern militias forts CSA ships firing on supply ships to Sumter CSA demanded surrender, fire was exchanged Lincoln refused to give the order to, wanted to make the decision of war. secedes the next day
Civil War 2 Plans The North and the ANACONDA PLAN Developed by General (Hero of the Mexican War) Choke the Confederacy Used troops and gunboats to gain control of the River, thus cutting the Confederacy in The South and the WAR OF ATTRITION Prepare and Wear them down slowly Stopped producing cotton so and would jump in on the side of the South Plan did not work France and Britain got cotton from Commanders 1 st Battle of Bull Run / Manassas First Battle of Bull Run ( ) army unprepared and poorly organized Shiloh North captured all but ports on the Mississippi Antietam victory Bloodiest single day: casualties Chancellorsville victory shot in the arm Gettysburg sought to defeat Union on soil Battle lasted days
victory Gettysburg Address Lincoln explained meaning of Civil War meaning of the United States Promised a of freedom Vicksburg Grant attacked Promoted a Surround enemy enemy until they surrender victory Atlanta campaign Sherman laid siege to When the Confederates retreated, Sherman Atlanta Sherman continued to, destroying Continued destruction into South Carolina Appomattox victory Lee surrendered to at the Appomattox courthouse Other Issues Technology weapons made more and accurate Andersonville Notorious prison camp in Georgia Built for men Held men on acres 100+ men died each day Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln making the abolition of slaves a Union goal He slavery, but did not think he had the authority to end it Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to end slavery and make southerners have to work rather than fight The Emancipation Proclamation officially made the abolition of slavery a Union (No longer interested in just Union) 13 th Amendment passed (December, 1865)
Passed by and Congress Reconstruction: Reconstruction Two Plans A. Abraham Lincoln The Plan Offered to any who took an oath to the Union 2. pardons to Confederate personnel and officials 3. Permitted states to form state governments after of the swore an allegiance to the 4. States could then hold and participate fully in the Union B. Andrew Johnson Presidential Reconstruction ( ) southerners who swore an allegiance to the Union 2. Permitted states to hold a (without Lincoln s 10%) 3. States were to void secession, slavery and ratify the Amendment (to end slavery) 4. States could then hold elections and participate fully in the. New Life for Blacks A. Freedoms 2. 3. 4. B. Freedman s Bureau Gave food, clothing and medicine to 2. Set up for freed slaves C. Established for freed slaves D. Black Codes Established by white state governments a. b. c. d.
Congressional Reconstruction A. Radical Republicans on South 2. Wanted to South treat as conquered territory B. Congress passed the Reconstruction Act Placed South under 2. Ordered the South to hold elections for Constitutional Conventions and allow to vote 3. Temporarily barred Southerners who supported Confederacy from 4. South had to guarantee to all citizens 5. Southern states had to ratify the. 6. Any state not in Union by had to also ratify the Amendment C. It passed because Republicans held a in the Congress President v. Congress A. Johnson fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton 2. B. Congress impeached Johnson Congress said firing unconstitutional broke the 2. Johnson escaped by vote! 3. Aftermath A. Ulysses S. Grant 2. B. Rutherford B. Hayes 2. C. Blanche K. Bruce became first black man in the D. Undesirables in the South Carpetbaggers 2. Scalawags 3. The South blamed Reconstruction for, and End of Reconstruction The Grant Administration 15 th Amendment: Elected mostly by the new
Due to loop holes, the 14 th and 15 th Amendments could be avoided by placing restrictions. High level jobs in govt. to friends etc. (spoils system radical republicans) His VP investigated for scheming RR companies Ran against new in 1872 and defeated Horace Greeley Looked the other way when top ranking politicians were involved in scandals Allowed Political Bosses ( ) to take control in major cities Creation of the Ku Klux Klan Formed in Tennessee in 6 Former Confederates (1 being ) Terror organization burning homes, churches, and establishments Injuring and even killing and their supporters Enforcement Acts Aka Acts 1870-71 Federal offense to interfere with a citizen s right to vote Congress sought the opinion and observations of black Americans in forming this act Racial tension and violence was taking place in as well as the. 1871-72, Hundreds of Klansmen were (brought to court) Election of 1876 / Compromise of 1877 (R ) vs. Sam (D) Radical Republicans have lost their grip on power. Hayes: Tilden: Votes: Tilden received % and carried southern votes. Republicans claim a miscount and want a recount. Once these votes were recounted in southern states it swung the election back to Hayes by electoral vote. Democrats protested the vote
Congress formed a committee of 5 (southern dominated) and 5 (Democrat dominated), 5 came out as winner Many believe a deal was struck to have another Republican President in return the Republicans would end Reconstruction and give control back to white Democrats
STUDY GUIDE 17. Judiciary Act 1789: 18. Who and what positions are in Washington s 1 st cabinet? 19. Describe Hamilton s economic and bank plan. 20. 1 st 2 political parties. 2 Importance of the Whiskey Rebellion New Nation 22. Why did the US not get involved in the French Revolution? 23. What stance did the Washington Administration take in the French Revolution? 24. What treaty was signed with Spain and what did it provide? 25. Describe the events that involved the Miami Confederacy. Who is Anthony Wayne? 26. Jay s Treaty: 27. Pickney s Treaty: 28. What does Washington warn about in his farewell speech? 29. XYZ affair: 30. Define the Alien and Sedition Acts. 3 What are the results of the election of 1800? What issue emerges due to its results? 32. What are midnight judges? 33. What is the importance of Marbury vs. Madison? 34. Describe the embargo act. 35. What was controversial about the Louisiana Purchase? 36. What are the details of the Louisiana Purchase? 37. Why was the War of 1812 fought? 38. Define impressments. 39. What did the Treaty of Ghent do? 40. Describe the battle of Ft. McHenry and what came out of it. 4 Who is Francis Scott Key? 42. Describe the outcome of Battle of New Orleans. 43. What role does Andrew Jackson play and what was his nickname? 44. Define Era of Good Feelings: 45. What was the American System and whose idea is it? 46. Define Alien and Sedition Acts: 47. 12 th Amendment: American System: 2. Monroe Doctrine: 3. Missouri Compromise: also how does the Fugitive Slave Act fit in? 4. Pickney s Treaty: also what role do the Seminoles play? 5. Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster 6. Importance of the Erie Canal and Cumberland Rd. 7. Describe the 2 nd Great Awakening. Jackson
8. What was the controversy about the Election of 1824? 9. How was the story different in the Election of 1828? 10. Spoils System: 1 Indian Removal Act of 1830, how does this play into Trail of Tears. 12. Worcester vs. Georgia 13. Describe the Tariff of Abominations and the Nullification Crisis. 14. What problems did Jackson have with the National Bank? Reform 15. Define Transcendentalism: 16. Temperance: 17. Horace Mann: 18. Dorothea Dix: 19. Define nativism: 20. Who are 3 of the key figures in the abolition movement, describe each. Manifest Destiny 22. How was the Independence of Texas a start to expansion for the US? 23. Describe the events and people of the Alamo. 24. Missouri Compromise 25. Compromise of 1850 26. Kansas-Nebraska Act 27. popular sovereignty 28. Bleeding Kansas 29. John Brown s role in Bleeding Kansas 30. Dredd Scott decision 3 Why was the Republican Party formed? 32. Who is Horace Greeley? 33. When and why did Texas declare independence? 34. Oregon Trail 35. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 36. Who are 49ers? 37. Describe the Gadsen Purchase and its purpose. War breaks out 38. Wilmot Proviso 39. Who are freesoilers and what are their beliefs? 40. Fugitive Slave Act 4 Compromise of 1850 42. Who wrote Uncle Tom s Cabin? 43. Importance of Nat Turner s rebellion. 44. Election of 1860, why was it a big deal, what were the results? 45. What event led to the trigger of the south seceding? 46. Why did Ft. Sumter occur? 47. What was the 1 st state to leave the Union? 48. Describe the formation of the Confederate States of America
49. Who is Jefferson Davis? Civil War 1). Explain the significance of Nat Turner s Rebellion. 2). Explain the Kansas-Nebraska act and the failure of Popular Sovereignty. 3). What was the Dred Scott case and its result? 4). Define Bleeding Kansas: 5). Who is John Brown and what was he trying to accomplish on John Brown s Raid on Harper s Ferry? 6). What efforts does Lincoln make to attempt to preserve the Union? 7). Define habeas corpus: 8). What did Lincoln accomplish with the Gettysburg Address? 9). Describe the roles of the following people. a). Ulysses S. Grant b). Robert E. Lee c). Thomas Stonewall Jackson d). William T. Sherman e). Jefferson Davis 10). Explain the importance of the following Battles. a). Fort Sumter b). Antietam c). Vicksburg d). Gettysburg e). Battle for Atlanta 11). Describe the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation. 12). List advantages that the North had over the South. 13). List advantages that the South had over the North. 14). Who is the founder of the Republican Party? 15). What event triggered Secession? 16). When and where was the Confederacy formed? 17). What are the two plans of war? 18). Name and describe the Northern/Union plan for war. 29). Name and describe the Southern/Confederate plan for war. 30). Why is the Battle of Chancerllorsville such a huge blow to the South? 31). Define total war : 32). Where does Lee surrender to Grant? 33). 13 th Amendment: 34). Describe the situation at Andersonville. 35). Describe new technology used in the Civil War. 36). Appomattox: 37). March to the Sea : Reconstruction 33). Compare the Presidential Plan to the Radical Republican (Congressional) Plan. 34). In what ways land attempted to be redistributed in the South for former slaves.
35). Describe the role of the Freedmen s Bureau. 36). 13 th Amendment: 37). 14 th Amendment: 38). 15 th Amendment: 39). Explain Black Codes. 40). Who or what was the Ku Klux Klan? 41). Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. 42). How did the election of 1876 bring about the end of Reconstruction? 43). Who assassinated President Lincoln? When? Where? 44). What is the Compromise of 1877? How did it end Reconstruction?