Study Guide Committee: Disarmament and International Security Council (DISEC) Topic: The Question of Collaboration between National Crime Agencies Introduction: With rapid technological advancement and globalisation, security emerged as not only a state problem, that is regulated within the borders of a country, but became a field that includes involvement on an international level. Globalization has had a positive impact or a more restrictive effect in security issues like interstate and intrastate wars, genocides, ethnic cleansing, and prohibition of further proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). With globalization is less convenient to make war and is more difficult for them to spread since it is very likely for measures to be taken from the UN and NATO to confine these conflicts and arrive to solutions as soon as possible. In today's globalised world there is more security provided from international organisations; trade and spreading of democracy makes it less likely to go to war, also the possession of WMD makes states more hesitating. However, the new world dynamics helped otherwise domestic issues emerge as international, such as terrorism, spreading of infectious diseases, oil depletion and climate change. As such issues cannot be addressed singlehandedly by states, international security and cooperation of different security entities remains crucial for maintaining world order and resolving major security concerns. Definition of Key Terms: Security agency- a governmental organization which conducts intelligence activities for the internal security of a nation. They are the domestic cousins of foreign intelligence agencies, and typically conduct counterintelligence to thwart other countries' foreign intelligence efforts. Intelligence agency- government agency responsible for the collection, analysis, and exploitation of information in support of law enforcement, national security, military, and foreign policy objectives. Means of information gathering are both overt and covert and may include espionage, communication interception, cryptanalysis, cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. International/Global security- amalgamation of measures taken by states and international organisations, such as the UN and others, to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures include military action 1
and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national security are invariably linked. International security is national security or state security in the global arena. Bilateral agreement is agreement between two parties, that is consisted out of measures and requests both parties have agreed to fulfill, in order to strengthen their relations or regulate joint action. Multilateral agreement is an agreement between multiple parties, signed for the same reasons as bilateral agreements. Intelligence sharing is the ability to exchange intelligence, information, data, or knowledge among Federal, state, local or private-sector entities as appropriate Intelligence sharing also involves intergovernmental bilateral or multilateral agreements and through international organizations. Intelligence sharing is meant to facilitate the use of actionable intelligence to a broader range of decision-makers. Cooperation includes the adjustment of actor s behaviour to the actual or anticipated preferences of others, through a process of policy coordination, that should result in mutual, not necessarily equal, benefit. Contextual Information: Good security today means tackling many non-military threats to nations and their peoples. Since 2001 we have acknowledged the challenges posed by other forms of violence, such as terrorism and piracy. The global crash of 2008 drew attention to the many security ramifications of economic hardship. Climate change poses longer-term threats in all aspects of life. Challenges of this kind ignore international and national borders, making no distinction between political friends and foes. They should remind us of the common security interests that mankind shares, and give a strong impulse for building a cooperative security community. Indeed, all nations have agreed that these are issues of common concern and subjects for cooperation. But this common human agenda has not overcome the divisive effect of other issues mainly military and political that have damaged the atmosphere and slowed down progress in combating international security threats. Why could this be? First, even when non-military risks spread widely, their impact and local experiences of them can be quite different. The natural disasters people fear in Central Asia or the Mediterranean are not the same as in the Nordic region or the Urals. Economic challenges depend on one s structure and level of development; terrorism and crime are huge challenges for some societies and almost unknown in others. People can also have very different subjective views about handling such challenges. Even if they trust their own government agencies to deal with them, it does not mean they would be happy to put their lives in the hands of police from a neighbouring country. Even closely-integrated EU states have diverse legal frameworks for internal security, and may not have a legal base to accept foreign personnel for such tasks. All of these factors result in the incapability of the 2
international community to address transnational threats that derive us from our development goals and undermines our efforts of achieving peace and security. There are various common features of these transnational threats. As the term indicates, they involve criminal groups that cross international borders with ease. Globalisation has allowed them to access a worldwide market for illicit goods, which are sourced in one region, trafficked across another, and marketed in a third. These goods are either moved into major economic markets, or emanate from them. The groups are also often able to take advantage of weak public institutions that have a limited capacity to react, coupled with a widespread culture of corrupt practices. Most notably, law enforcement agencies show reluctance to share intelligence information with neighbouring countries, or there is a lack of harmonized data, norms, standards and legislation yet another opportunity for criminal networks to find loopholes. Responding credibly to these threats must be based on regional law enforcement mechanisms and improved co-operation among national police agencies on transnational organized crime issues. This in turn means that law enforcement staff must increase their expertise on how to efficiently fight drug trafficking, the smuggling of chemicals, cybercrime, and the trafficking of human beings. Finally, programmes are needed to counter extremism and radicalization; train and equip specialists to efficiently screen freight shipments and travellers; and to facilitate the exchange of information on counterterrorism activities. United States of America holds its position as a country with the greatest political capital. USA s national security system is one of the best developed systems of institutions that supply intelligence to the leadership from separate and independent investigations. American president, Donald Trump, issued in 2017. his National Security Strategy, which looked upon China and Russia as revisionist powers, further prolonging the efforts to unite leading world powers in tackling global security questions. Objectively, the commonality of interests between Russian Federation and other states persists with regard to many international security problems, particularly opposing the proliferation of mass destruction weapons, settling and preventing regional conflicts, fighting international terrorism and the drug business, and resolving acute ecological problems of a global nature, including nuclear and radiation safety. At the same time, Russia claims that a number of states are stepping up efforts to weaken its political, economical and military power. Russia emphasises that attempts to ignore its interests when resolving major issues in international relations, including conflict situations, are capable of undermining international security and stability and of inhibiting the positive changes occurring in international relations. In recent years, China has put more emphasis on the need to protect core national interests, more precisely, achieving territorial integrity and sustaining economic development. Following the core national interests, China s defense and security strategy has two concrete goals. The first one is to regain lost territories, and the second one is to protect maritime rights and interests such as development of oil and gas and the safety of China s sea lines of 3
communications. To achieve these goals, China needs to take two measures: accelerating military buildup and modernization and strengthening power projection capabilities. Its security policy is rather hermetic and region-focused, which is derived from the aforementioned. The European Union, thanks to its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), acts as one on the diplomatic scene of the UN. The policy consists of main goals and key points of the EU in this field and enables the Union to claim greater political capital and take a leading role in peacekeeping operations, conflict prevention and in the strengthening of international security. Major Countries and Organizations Involved: United Nations- having been established over the idea of maintaining international peace and security after the Second World War, the UN holds its role as the primary organisaton for international cooperation. Its General Assembly serves as a policy building platform for all member states, shaping the methods of achieving its forming principles, whereas the Security Council exercises its executive right in maintaining peace and security, by posing measures from economic sanctions to full military operations. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime. It operates in all regions of the world through an extensive network of field offices. UNODC is mandated to assist Member States in their struggle against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism. In the Millennium Declaration, Member States also resolved to intensify efforts to fight transnational crime in all its dimensions, to redouble the efforts to implement the commitment to counter the world drug problem and to take concerted action against international terrorism. Main pillars of its work focus on field-based technical cooperation, research and analytical work and normative work (legislation and international agreements). The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF) coordination framework was established by the Secretary-General in 2005, in order to achieve greater unity of purpose and strengthen coordination and coherence in the overall counter-terrorism efforts of the United Nations system. INTERPOL is the world s largest international police organisation, with 192 member countries. INTERPOL declares its main objective to be preventing and fighting crime through enhanced cooperation and innovation on police and security matters. The organisation closely collaborates with major international actors, such as the UN, ECOWAS and the EU, as well as with various governmental institutions that are responsible for achieving security. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is a political and military intergovernmental organisation. Its political role includes promoting democratic values and enabling members to consult and 4
cooperate on defence and security-related issues to solve problems, build trust and, in the long run, prevent conflict. Its military role is committed to the peaceful resolution of disputes. If diplomatic efforts fail, it has the military power to undertake crisis-management operations. These are carried out under the collective defence clause of NATO's founding treaty - Article 5 of the Washington Treaty or under a United Nations mandate, alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organisations. Europol is the European Union s law enforcement agency supporting the cooperation between the national police authorities in the fight against organised crime, terrorism, international drug trafficking and other large-scale international crime. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)- With 57 participating States in North America, Europe and Asia, the OSCE is the world s largest regional security organization. The OSCE works for stability, peace and democracy for more than a billion people, through political dialogue about shared values and through practical work that aims to make a lasting difference. The Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) is an international foundation focusing on executive education that facilitates collaboration in support of peace, security and international cooperation. The objective of the GCSP is to bring people from every industry and nation together so they can learn, exchange ideas and find sustained opportunities in these uncertain times. Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) tackles the most critical security issues in the world today. Founded in 1983, CISAC has built on its research strengths to better understand an increasingly complex international environment. Though scholarly research, fellowships, and teaching, CISAC is educating the next generation of leaders in international security and creating policy impact on a wide variety of issues Relevant UN Treaties and Events: Security Council Resolution 1269 (1999) consists of measures adopted to guide membering states in combating transnational crime, with proposing inter alia cooperation and coordination, and stressing the role of the UN in resolving the threat. Security Council Resolution 1368 (2001) was adopted one day after the 9/11 and called for all members to redouble their efforts to prevent and suppress terrorist acts including by increased cooperation. Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) called for international operational collaboration, especially in identifying potential terrorism threats, exchange of information and bilateral and multilateral cooperation in suppression of terrorist activity. 5
Security Council Resolution 2178 (2014) called for the enhancement of international collaboration in combating terrorism, through increased sharing of information, practices and bilateral agreements. Possible Solutions: The world we live in always seems to contain wars and conflicts. Despite the fact that people always talk about the need for peace, the world is instead filled with fear and constant security threats. Despite the efforts of scholars and other experts to find a way of achieving a peaceful international environment, no real achievement was made. This leads to a natural conclusion that there are certain obstacles that prevent cooperation between states. There are two dominant theories that should be taken into account when deciding what the best medium for international cooperation is: realist and liberalist theory. Realist theory deals with country s desire to obtain power in order to achieve dominance and security. This theory provides an explanation for the distrust amongst nations, explaining international relations as a constant battle and a struggle for survival and justifies actions such as seeking control, increasing military capabilities and forming alliances. Many of these states experience a lack of contact between each other which eventually leads to a lack of trust. In contrast, countries with more similar cultures, values and policies are more likely to cooperate. Liberalists main assumption is that war is not inevitable and there is much more potential to cooperation if the anarchical conditions are reduced. Overall global change is possible. The main obstacle to cooperation for liberalists is simple: not enough international institutions. Liberalist theory argues that achieving mutual dependence of countries can force them to cooperate in fields other than trade. Liberalist view concludes that an ever greater interdependence can positively force countries to cooperate. Common global enemies, such as terrorist organisations and environmental challenges can also push countries towards each other. In order for cooperation to work the international system needs to be filled with democratic states with open markets and institutions like the EU to facilitate security. It is necessary to point out that liberalists agree with realist theory on anarchy, balance of power and self-help international system. First of all the major problem with institutions is that the states will only accept these institutions when it is in their favour and in their national interest. For example the United Kingdom is not accepting the Euro as its currency as it is not in their interest to do so. This suggests that the organisations are not as powerful as states, which leads to realists to come to a conclusion that such organisations cannot facilitate cooperation if a particular state does not want to do so. From the analyses of international relations, it seems, if security is achieved, cooperation will follow automatically. However the concept of security is a sharply contested concept, due to new security issues like environmental degradation, poverty, hunger and diseases and transnational crime and terrorism. If there is no clear explanation of what security is, how can the states achieve it? Will we ever live in a world where cooperation is constant and war and conflict is just the thing of the past? Whatever the answer is, one 6
is clear: in order to address modern threats that go beyond states and their borders, the UN must take the leading role in combining efforts of nations to eliminate these global challenges and fight common enemies, which will in return harmonise voices of countries and calm down tensions amongst them. Bibliography: OSCE on International Security in the 21st century http://www.osce.org/sg/91507?download=true Obstacles to achieving peace and security (different theories) http://www.e-ir.info/2011/02/01/conflict-and-cooperation-in-international-relations/ United States of America, President Trump s National Security Strategy https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-nationalsecurity/trump-strategy-document-says-russiameddles-in-domestic-affairs-worldwide-iduskbn1ec109?il=0 National Security Concept of the Russian Federation http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/- /asset_publisher/cptickb6bz29/content/id/589768 The European Union's Common Security and Defence Policy http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/?uri=uriserv%3aai0026 China s Security and Foreign policies https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/20150227_china_japan_transcript.pdf UNODC https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/index.html CTITF https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/ctitf/en/ctitf-office NATO https://www.nato.int/nato-welcome/index.html INTERPOL https://www.interpol.int/about-interpol/overview 7
Europol https://www.europol.europa.eu/about-europol OSCE http://www.osce.org/whatistheosce/factsheet?download=true GCSP http://www.gcsp.ch/about/discover-gcsp CISAC http://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/about-cisac Security Council Resolution 1269 https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n99/303/92/pdf/n9930392.pdf?openelement Security Council Resolution 1368 https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n01/533/82/pdf/n0153382.pdf?openelement Security Council Resolution 1373 http://undocs.org/s/res/1373(2001) Security Council Resolution 2178 http://www.un.org/en/sc/ctc/docs/2015/scr%202178_2014_en.pdf 8