Table of Contents Preface xvii 1 Crime and Corrections 1 Corrections and Criminology... 1 A Profile of Crime in the United States... 3 Uniform Crime Reports... 4 Victimization Studies... 5 Nonreporting and Underreporting of Crime... 6 Society s Historical Reaction to Crime... 8 Retaliation... 8 Retribution... 9 Reformation... 9 Prevention... 10 Goals of Corrections... 11 Summary... 12 Key Terms... 12 2 Corrections and Criminal Justice: An Overview 13 Social Functions of Criminal Justice... 13 Role of Law in Society... 14 Substantive and Procedural Law... 15 Sources of Law... 16 Legislatures... 16 Constitutions... 17 Case Law... 18 Administrative Law... 19
x Contents Components of the Criminal Justice System... 19 Law Enforcement... 19 Judicial Process... 20 Corrections... 22 Criminal Justice as a System... 24 Barriers to System Success and Achievement... 24 Summary... 26 Key Terms... 27 3 Punishment 29 Justice: Equity or Equality?... 29 Evolution of Punishment... 30 The Primitive... 30 Vengeance... 31 The Classical-Positivist Dilemma... 33 The Classical View of Crime... 33 The Positivistic View of Crime... 34 Radical Views... 34 Ideologies of Corrections... 35 Retribution or Vengeance... 35 Deterrence... 36 Contrasting Views... 37 Rehabilitation... 39 Reintegration... 40 Incapacitation... 40 Just Deserts... 41 Summary... 42 Key Terms... 43 4 History of Corrections 45 The Historical Perspective... 46 The First Penitentiary... 47 Forerunners of the Penitentiary... 47 The House of Corrections... 48 The Hospice of San Michel... 48 The Maison de Force... 48 Galley Ships... 48 The Penitentiary Emerges: The Walnut Street Jail... 49 The Pennsylvania System... 50 The Auburn System... 50 After Auburn and Pennsylvania... 51
Contents xi The Reformatory Movement... 52 Southern Prisons... 53 Beginning of the Modern Era of Corrections... 56 Development of Alternatives to Incarceration... 58 Benefit of Clergy... 58 Judicial Reprieve... 59 Filing of Cases... 59 Founding of Probation... 59 Origins of Parole... 61 Alexander Maconochie... 62 Sir Walter Crofton... 63 Parole in the United States... 64 Summary... 66 Key Terms... 66 5 Administration of the Prison 67 Administrative Goals for Prisons... 67 Security... 68 Segregation... 68 Discipline... 68 Treatment... 68 Working to Achieve Administrative Goals... 69 The Prison Staff... 70 Prison Administrative Management... 72 Autocratic Wardens... 73 Bureaucratic Wardens... 74 Delegative Wardens... 75 Participatory Management... 76 The Prison s Influence on Staff... 77 The Other Prisoners... 77 Prison Staff Subculture... 78 Summary... 79 Key Terms... 80 6 The Prisoner 81 Prison Populations... 82 Experiences of Long-Term Imprisonment... 85 Elderly Inmates... 86 Gangs... 88
xii Contents Transgender Inmates... 91 The Culture of Prison... 92 Separating the Inmate from the Subculture... 93 Penetrating the Subculture... 95 Prison Economic Systems... 96 The Ex-Prisoner... 97 Summary... 99 Key Terms... 99 7 Prisoners Rights 101 Prisoners Rights in a Historical Context... 101 Judicial Intervention... 102 The Prisoners Rights Movement... 104 The Rights of Inmates... 106 Freedom from Cruel and Unusual Punishment... 107 Visitation... 110 Use of the Mail... 110 Religious Rights... 111 Medical Care... 113 Privacy and Searches of Inmates... 114 Rights Related to Prison Disciplinary Procedures... 115 Access to the Courts... 116 Evolution of Inmates Rights... 117 Summary... 119 Key Terms... 120 8 Prison Violence 121 Forms of Prison Violence... 122 Physical Violence by Inmates on Inmates... 122 Physical Violence by Inmates on Staff... 125 Physical Violence by Staff on Inmates... 126 Sexual Violence... 127 Self-Inflicted Physical Violence... 130 Economic Violence... 131 Psychological Violence... 132 Explanations for Violence in Prison... 133 Violent Inmates... 133 Prison Gangs... 134 Adaptations to Deprivation... 136
Contents xiii Overcrowding... 136 High Incidence of Mental Illness... 138 Organized Disturbances and Riots... 139 Explanations for Prison Riots... 141 Environmental Conditions... 141 Spontaneity Model... 142 Conflict Model... 143 Collective Behavior and Social Control Model... 144 Rising Expectations and Relative Deprivation Model... 145 Summary... 145 Key Terms... 146 9 Corrections for Women 147 Women Inside Prisons... 147 Currently Incarcerated Female Offenders... 148 Correctional Entities and Institutions... 149 Women Inside Jails... 150 Social Ties and Pseudo Families... 152 Challenges with Women as Correctional Clients... 155 Sexual Violence Inside Jails and Prisons... 155 Institutional Programs... 157 Medical Services... 158 Maternal Bonds... 158 Summary... 159 Key Terms... 160 10 Jails and Local Corrections 161 Contemporary Jails... 161 Evolution of Local Correctional Efforts... 162 Local Correctional Populations... 167 Demographic Variations... 167 Geographic Variations... 168 Jail Administration and Management... 168 City and County Government Administration... 168 State Government Administration... 169 Cooperative Administration... 170 Private Corrections... 171 Problematic Aspects of Jails... 172 Substandard Physical Facilities... 173
xiv Contents Minimal Programming Opportunities... 175 Staffing Deficiencies... 175 Recruitment and Retention... 176 Training... 177 Staff Turnover... 177 Poor Inmate Health... 178 Substance Abuse... 179 Suicide... 179 Mental Health... 180 Additional Forms of Local Corrections... 181 Day Reporting Centers... 181 Diversion Centers... 182 Home Incarceration... 182 Summary... 183 Key Terms... 184 11 Community Corrections 185 Community Corrections versus Institutional Corrections... 185 Arguments Against Community Corrections... 186 Arguments for Community Corrections... 187 Probation... 189 Conditions of Probation... 190 Special Types of Probation... 191 Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP)... 192 Nonreporting Probation... 193 U.S. Probationers... 193 Legal Rights of Probationers... 194 Revocation of Probation... 195 Due Process Rights... 196 Parole and Other P-Words... 197 Contemporary Parole... 198 U.S. Parolees... 200 The Parole Process... 200 Granting Parole... 201 Conditions of Parole... 202 Parole Revocation... 203 Shock Incarceration... 205 Aftercare for Former Inmates... 207 Problems Facing Former Inmates... 207 Contemporary Aftercare Programs... 208 Summary... 210 Key Terms... 211
Contents xv 12 Correctional Programs 213 Health Care... 215 Counseling and Therapeutic Programs... 218 Substance Abuse Treatment... 221 Sex Offender Programs... 224 Therapeutic Communities... 226 Education... 228 Vocational Education... 230 Religious Programs and Faith-Based Initiatives... 231 Family-Based Programs... 234 Recreation and Arts Programs... 236 Perceptions of Programs... 238 Summary... 240 Key Terms... 240 13 Corrections Staff 241 Jobs in Corrections... 241 Selection and Training of Prison Staff... 243 Correctional Officer Culture, Expectations, and Work Environment... 246 Authority and Interactions of Correctional Officers... 248 A Typology of Correctional Officers... 250 Correctional Officers and Job Stress... 252 Recent Developments in Organization of Prison Staff... 253 Professionalization... 254 Summary... 256 Key Terms... 256 14 Contemporary Challenges in Corrections 257 Biggest Challenges in the Eyes of Correctional Administrators... 258 Overcrowding... 260 Financial Challenges... 264 Siting of New Correctional Facilities... 266 Evidence-Based Corrections... 269 Summary... 274 Key Terms... 274 Index 275