EUROPEAN YOUTH - 1 - Report
Contents 1. Study Design (p. 3-4) 2. Perception Of The European Union (p. 5-) 3. Political attitudes (p. 21-45) 4. Media Usage (p. 4-54) 5. Outlook Into The Future (p. 55-). Imprint (p. -0)
STUDY DESIGN
Study Design In order to provide insights into the environment, identities, and attitudes of young Europeans towards Europe in 1, the TUI Foundation conducted a survey among young people from France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, and United Kingdom. 1 For this purpose,00 young people aged 1 up to 2 were interviewed via an online survey from February 14 th until May 4 th 1. The participants of the study where recruited through online access panels. n=1.025 n=1.000 n=50 In each country the participants were recruited representatively according to the actual distribution of age and gender in the respective country (representative quotas retrieved from EUROSTAT, https://ec.europa.eu/censushub2/). Results were additionally weighed in terms of age and gender in order to adjust minor deviations. Results that account for all countries are weighed additionally so that every country has the same weight. n=1.000 n=1.025 The participants were asked about four subject areas: 1. Perception of the European Union 2. Political attitudes 3. Media usage 4. Perception of the future n=1.013 n=510 1 Countries sorted in alphabetical order (i.e., France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom). 4
PERCEPTION OF THE EU
Perception of the EU Young Europeans seem to be more aware of Europe being relevant than in 1. A whole series of results point towards Europe (as a topic) becoming more important to young people compared to the previous year. Possibly a more distinct political discours has led to a more positive perception of Europe and the European Union. Compared to 1, the share of young people who describe themselves as citizens of their country exclusively has decreased (1: 34 percent, 1: 42 percent). At the same time, the share of those describing themselves as citizens of their country as well as Europeans has increased (1: 52 percent, 1: 45 percent). Yet, there are differences between countries. In Germany and in Poland, descriptions of the identity of young people have not changed. In Greece, the share of young people with Greek and European identity has only slightly increased. In France, Italy, Spain and the UK, identities shifting from exclusively national to mixed identities is more pronounced. When it comes to how young Euopeans would decide in a hypothetical referendum on the EU membership of their country, young peoples attitudes have become more in favor of the EU than in the previous year. Overall, 1 percent would vote for their country to remain in the EU. That is ten points more than in 1 (1 percent). This finding is consistent across all countries. In France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Spain, the share of those voting for remain increases by more than ten points. Only in Poland (+ seven points) and in the UK (+ five points), the increase of the remain votes is single-digit The perception of the relationship between one s own country and the EU has changed, too. Increasingly, young Europeans perceive this relationship as reciprocical (country and the EU need each other equally; 1: 35 percent, 1: 2 percent). This trend is stems from changes in France, Germany, Poland, Spain and (to a lower extent) in Greece and Italy. Only slight changes compared to 1 are found regarding what the EU stands for. Above all, the EU is considered to be an economic alliance. However, perceiving the EU as an alliance that shares cultural values has increased in Italy (+ seven points) and Spain (+ five points).
Half of young Europeans describe themselves at least partly as European, on third only as citizen of their country. How would you be most likely to describe yourself? don't know/no response other only as a European as a European first, and then as citizen of my country 3 2 5 4 1 3 2 1 2 1 10 4 3 1 2 4 2 4 11 4 43 4 44 3 3 44 53 4 as citizen of my country first, and then as a European as citizen of my country 34 25 3 34 3 4 21 40 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %
In France, Italy, Spain and UK, the share of young people describing themselves as at least partly European has increased. How would you be most likely to describe yourself? don't know/no response 3 2 5 3 3 2 1 2 4 4 1 1 10 10 4 4 2 11 5 3 12 44 3 35 53 3 34 44 44 other 34 42 25 4 3 3 34 3 only as a European as a European first, and then as citizen of my country as citizen of my country first, and then as a European as citizen of my country 23 2 4 21 21 3 1 2 4 2 1 1 10 4 4 4 4 4 40 43 42 2 3 4 42 3 44 4 45 21 2 40 55 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In %
A solid majority of young Europeans approves the EU membership of their country. If a referendum was held tomorrow about the EU membership of your country: How would you vote? 1 15 11 11 0 4 3 1 1 3 1 5 5 4 3 23 [Country] should stay in the EU [Country] should leave the EU I would not vote don't know/no response Base: all respondents, n=00 In %
In all countries, the approval of the EU membership has increased compared to 1. If a referendum was held tomorrow about the EU membership of your country: How would you vote? 10 11 13 4 12 15 11 21 11 12 1 31 don't know/no response 1 1 5 0 3 52 I would not vote [Country] should leave the EU [Country] should stay in the EU 3 10 5 4 5 1 2 1 12 22 23 2 1 5 1 5 3 3 5 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In % 10
Young Italians, Poles, Spaniards and Brits think their country needs the EU more than the EU needs their country. When you think about the relationship between your country and the EU: Which of the following statements do you most agree with? 31 35 1 43 4 14 [country] needs the EU more than the EU needs the [country]. 3 42 3 The EU needs [country] more than [country] needs the EU. 2 3 5 [Country] and the EU need each other equally. 3 1 34 5 Neither the EU nor [nountry] needs one another. 3 15 32 don't know/no response 55 32 4 3 3 1 23 12 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 11
The share of those who think the relationship between their country and the EU is inderdependent has increased. When you think about the relationship between your country and the EU: Which of the following statements do you most agree with? 1 1 31 30 23 35 2 11 [Country] needs the EU more than the EU needs the United Kingdom The EU needs [Country] more than [Country] needs the EU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 3 41 2 2 43 35 42 35 3 3 4 14 1 3 2 13 5 [Country] and the EU need each other equally 1 1 3 3 1 1 34 2 5 Neither the EU nor [Country] needs one another 1 1 3 44 15 1 32 don't know/no response 1 1 55 54 32 22 4 3 1 1 3 2 25 1 23 23 12 15 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In % 12
Human rights is the most important social value for young Europeans. Solidarity is important to French and Spaniards. Which of these social values are most important to you personally? Please select up to 5 values. Part 1/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Human rights Peace Safety and security Tolerance Individual freedom Democracy Solidarity Prosperity and economic success Stability and reliability 1 5 50 4 41 3 2 2 23 52 4 2 2 2 3 5 5 2 51 5 51 50 45 4 43 52 0 44 43 4 51 3 43 3 1 55 3 3 5 43 30 43 43 30 50 4 3 35 35 44 1 3 30 12 44 13 30 40 31 25 21 1 23 1 31 25 23 25 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; description: Top5 (green) und Bottom5 (purple) of the respective country 13
The rule of law is relevant to young Germans, Greeks and Brits. Religion is important to Italians and Poles. Which of these social values are most important to you personally? Please select up to 5 values. Part 2/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Openness to the world The rule of law Intercultural understanding Religion and faith Shared culture Political strength None of these values don't know/no response 22 1 14 12 1 2 30 30 2 1 21 11 25 25 1 1 23 15 1 11 1 10 1 2 2 15 12 4 1 14 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; description: Top5 (green) und Bottom5 (purple) of the respective country 14
For young Europeans, the EU primearily stands for peace. Young French and Germans do not perceive a shared culture. In your view, which of these values does the EU represent? Please select up to 5 values. Part 1/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Peace in Europe Human rights Solidarity Democracy Intercultural understanding Safety and security Prosperity and economic success Tolerance Shared culture 4 3 34 31 31 2 2 23 22 4 5 4 4 42 3 40 41 3 3 44 33 3 3 40 34 31 35 2 2 3 30 3 35 34 23 3 2 2 4 3 41 24 15 3 2 2 2 25 33 21 2 3 21 22 25 31 2 1 22 2 2 2 1 14 13 22 2 2 2 25 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; description: Top5 (green) und Bottom5 (purple) of the respective country 15
To young Brits, the EU represents strength. For young Poles, the EU stands for openness to the world. In your view, which of these values does the EU represent? Please select up to 5 values. Part 2/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Openness to the world Stability and reliability The rule of law Political strength on the global stage Individual freedom 1 1 15 13 2 15 13 2 32 13 14 1 23 15 24 2 1 1 1 15 13 10 25 1 1 15 11 3 12 12 21 14 11 15 Religion and essentially Christian culture None of these values don't know/no response 5 4 3 11 11 4 11 2 1 2 2 2 15 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; description: Top5 (green) und Bottom5 (purple) of the respective country 1
Above all, young Europeans perceive the EU as an economic alliance, then as a coalition with open borders. The EU has many tasks and meanings. In your view, which of the following tasks and meanings best describe the EU? FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Economic alliance Coalition of countries with open borders, where it is possible to travel, live and work freely Alliance to ensure peace in Europe Shared democratic and political principles Alliance with a shared currency 3 3 5 5 2 5 0 5 3 4 2 0 4 2 2 0 1 2 5 2 5 53 0 52 0 55 5 55 4 4 4 1 41 0 2 Military alliance Alliance of friendly countries Alliance of convenience to pursue individual interests Alliance of countries with shared cultural values 3 3 3 33 4 30 41 43 4 30 30 3 32 32 42 51 3 3 2 31 54 2 34 51 24 30 2 30 43 34 33 34 don't know/no response 3 5 2 1 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the respective country 1
The perception of the EU has hardly changed since last year. The EU has many tasks and meanings. In your view, which of the following tasks and meanings best describe the EU? Part 1/2 Economic alliance Coalition of countries with open borders, where it is possible to travel, live and work freely Alliance to ensure peace in Europe Shared democratic and political principles Alliance with a shared currency Military alliance Alliance of friendly countries Alliance of convenience to pursue individual interests Alliance of countries with shared cultural values don't know/no response 3 3 3 41 3 35 33 30 3 0 3 3 5 5 5 5 2 4 0 4 53 4 4 5 4 43 3 3 2 2 30 2 30 2 32 30 31 32 2 2 5 5 2 0 1 1 0 2 4 5 0 2 0 2 5 52 4 4 41 40 32 3 54 52 30 2 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In %; sorted by EU 1; multiple answers possible 1
Young Poles are more likely to perceive the EU as a peacekeeping alliance than in 1. The EU has many tasks and meanings. In your view, which of the following tasks and meanings best describe the EU? Part 2/2 Economic alliance Coalition of countries with open borders, where it is possible to travel, live and work freely Alliance to ensure peace in Europe Shared democratic and political principles Alliance with a shared currency Military alliance Alliance of friendly countries Alliance of convenience to pursue individual interests Alliance of countries with shared cultural values don't know/no response 3 2 43 43 42 43 2 2 43 3 5 0 0 5 1 3 5 2 3 0 4 1 5 5 55 2 41 45 4 51 51 55 34 35 34 32 2 3 2 2 1 5 5 0 30 3 3 42 51 45 33 2 1 2 2 5 55 55 2 34 30 33 3 43 24 24 34 31 1 14 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In %; sorted by EU 1; multiple answers possible 1
One out of three has already participated in an exchange programme. Brits and Poles are below average. Have you ever participated in an exchange programme with other European countries (e.g. at school, university, with clubs or (youth) organisations)? 30 2 3 5 3 31 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 23 2 35 4 1 1 3 yes no don't know/no response Base: all respondents, n=00 In %
Young people who have participated in exchange programmes are more open towards Europe. Have you ever participated in an exchange programme with other European countries (e.g. at school, university, with clubs or (youth) organisations)? Identity Relationship to the EU Approval of the EU Has particpated 2 0 3 Has particpated 33 21 3 45 Has particpated 12 45 Has not particpated 3 4 3 Has not particpated 31 34 Has not particpated 1 as citizen of my country as citizen of my country and as an European only as a European other don't know/no response [country] needs the EU more than the EU needs the [country]. The EU needs [country] more than [country] needs the EU. [Country] and the EU need each other equally. [Country] should stay in the EU [Country] should leave the EU I would not vote don't know/no response Has particpated Has not particpated Approval of democracy Evaluation of democracy Perception as an opportunity 4 5 24 23 All in all, democracy is the best form of government 5 14 Democracy is just as good or bad as other forms of government Other forms of government are better than democracy don't know/no response Has particpated Has not particpated 1 1 4 44 2 2 11 By and large, the political system in [country] works the way it is supposed to. The political system in [country] does not work, but it could be fixed with a few changes. The political system in [country] works so badly that only radical change could fix it. don't know / no response 0% 0% 50% 40% 30% % Has paticipated Has not participated Globalisation Immigration and emigration Open borders within the EU Single currency within the EU (Euro) Basis: respondents who have participated in an exchange programme: n=1; respondents who have not participated in an exchange programme: n=401 In % 21
Young people who have participated in exchange programmes are of higher social and economic status. Have you ever participated in an exchange programme with other European countries (e.g. at school, university, with clubs or (youth) organisations)? Gender Education Perants education (mother and father aggregated) Has particpated 4 54 Has particpated 4 34 1 Has particpated 12 3 4 Has not particpated 52 4 Has not particpated 10 3 51 Has not particpated 1 42 32 male female low level medium level low level medium level high level high level don't know/no response don't know/no response Age Economical status Place of residence Has particpated 44 5 Has particpated 24 1 35 31 Has particpated 5 22 1 Has not particpated 43 5 Has not particpated 3 3 2 4 Has not particpated 54 23 1 to years 21 to 2 years 1 - poor household 2 3 4 5 - rich household don't know/no response urban suburban rural don't know/no response Basis: respondents who have participated in an exchange programme: n=1; respondents who have not participated in an exchange programme: n=401 In % 22
POLITICAL ATTITUDES
Political Attitudes Approval of democracy as a form of government has grown compared to the previouus year. Overall, 5 percent of young Europeans think that democracy is the best form of government. Another 24 percent show an ambivalent attitude towards democracy. Finally, six percent think that other froms of government are better than democracy. Compared to the previous year, aproval of democracy has increased by six points (1: 52 percent). Looking into specific countries, approval of democracy has grown signifincantly in Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Nevertheless, young Europeans share a strong demand for political change. Overall, not even one out of five (1 percent) thinks that the political system works the way it is supposed to. Almost half of young people (45 percent) thinks that the political system needs change. Another 2 percent believes that only radical change can fix the political system. While the share of young people who think that the system works the way it is supposed to is above average in Germany (3 percent), the share of those demanding for radical change is high in Greece (52 percent), Italy (43 percent) and Spain (35 percent) in particular. From a young Europeans perspective, fighting terrorism (44 percent), protecting the environment and the climate (34 percent) and regulating immigration (33 percent) are the most important tasks the EU should take care of. Promoting economic growth (3 percent), reducing social inequality (25 percent) and fighting terrorism (2 percent) are the most important tasks on a national level. Tasks related to security and environmental policies are perceived as supranational tasks, those related to economic and social policies are percieved as national tasks. Promoting education and science is also considered a national tasks. Despite the EU being strongly engaged in educational and scientific policies, this tasks is being assigned to the national sphere (EU: 1 percent, national: 2 percent). 24
Almost two out of three think that democracy is the best form of government. French and Poles are more skeptical. When you think of democracy as a form of government: Which of the following statements do you agree with? 5 24 12 44 30 1 1 3 13 1 5 5 2 4 34 12 5 21 5 1 3 21 All in all, democracy is the best form of government Democracy is just as good or bad as other forms of government Other forms of government are better than democracy don't know/no response Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 25
The approval of democracy as a form of government has increased especially in Italy, Poland and Spain. When you think of democracy as a form of government: Which of the following statements do you agree with? 12 13 1 13 15 3 5 1 1 22 24 12 2 1 30 2 don't know/no response 5 52 44 42 2 Other forms of government are better than democracy Democracy is just as good or bad as other forms of government All in all, democracy is the best form of government 12 10 13 10 21 21 2 21 3 35 34 24 1 3 5 5 45 4 5 5 53 42 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In %; 2
A vast majority demands change one out of four even supports radical change. When you think about the political system in your country, which of the following statements do you most agree with? 1 45 2 10 By and large, the political system in [country] works the way it is supposed to. 1 45 22 15 The political system in [country] does not work, but it could be fixed with a few changes. 3 42 11 3 52 5 The political system in [country] works so badly that only radical change could fix it. 5 4 43 5 don't know / no response 13 4 2 12 11 51 35 4 25 44 11 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 2
Almost half of young Europeans has participated in an online petition, one out of three has posted a political online comment. If you think back over the last twelve months, which of the following things did you do to express your opinion? Part 1/2 Have you... voted at the last election or referendum in your country? FR DE GR IT PL ES UK 55 5 54 0 4 5 55... participated in an online petition? 43 41 3 3 3 5 5... publicly expressed my opinion in another manner?... posted a comment online about a political topic on social media? 31 34 44 44 3 4 40 33 32 3 32 30 41 3... signed a petition? 22 33 2 33 21 4 1... reported a comment about a political topic on social media?... been involved in an advocacy group at a school, university or company? 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 22 30 3 30 3 13 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the respective country 2
Compared to other Europeans, young Germans and Brits are less likely to take part in demonstrations. If you think back over the last twelve months, which of the following things did you do to express your opinion? Part 2/2 Have you FR DE GR IT PL ES UK... took part in a demonstration? 23 22 14 3 2 15 41... actively participated in a public initiative or a local project?... been involved in an non-governmental organisation?... been involved in a church community or churchbased group?... been involved in a group you organised yourself? 21 15 12 1 10 2 23 2 30 14 1 14 2 1 15 2 1 11 15 15 1 11 12 13 1 12 10 14... personally contacted a politician? 11 10 12 12 1... donated to a political party or organisation? 12 10 5 5 13 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the respective country 2
Young people with high socioeconomic status are more likely to participate online than others. If you think back over the last twelve months, which of the following things did you do to express your opinion? (Auszug) 0% 0% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% % % 10% 10% 0% low education level middle education level high education level 0% low standard of living middle standard of living high standard of living Posted a comment online about a political topic on social media Reported a comment about a political topic on social media Participated in an online petition Signed a petition Took part in a demonstration Posted a comment online about a political topic on social media Reported a comment about a political topic on social media Participated in an online petition Signed a petition Took part in a demonstration Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 30
National Terrorism, immigration and climate change are most important for the EU, economics and inequality for nation states.. Which of the following tasks are most important for the country / the EU over the next 5 years? Please select the 3 tasks that are most important in your opinion. A B C D E F G H I J K L Regulating immigration Promoting economic growth Reducing social inequality Protecting human rights and civil rights Strengthening the euro as a common currency Fighting terrorism Increasing solidarity within [the own country / between the EU-Members] Protecting the environment and climate Making democratic decisions more transparent for the public Increasing public participation in decisions Promoting education and science Promoting the internet, digitalisation and new technologies 13 1 1 10 11 13 1 1 10 12 33 30 2 3 25 35 30 2 2 34 2 2 44 50% 40% 30% % 10% Attribute of tasks for european & national Level I L J E K G C B A H D 0% 0% 10% % 30% 40% 50% EU F Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; multiple answers possible EU National 31
Terrorism and climate change are considered European tasks, economics and inequality are considered national tasks. Which of the following tasks are most important for the country / the EU over the next 5 years? Please select the 3 tasks that are most important in your opinion. Part 1/2 Fighting terrorism Protecting the environment and climate Regulating immigration Protecting human rights and civil rights Promoting economic growth Reducing social inequality Promoting education and science Increasing solidarity within [the own country / between the EU-Members] Increasing public participation in decisions Strengthening the euro as a common currency Promoting the internet, digitalisation and new technologies Making democratic decisions more transparent for the public Other don't know / no response 44 2 34 2 33 30 30 2 2 3 25 35 1 2 1 1 13 1 13 10 12 10 11 1 1 5 4 45 4 3 3 25 25 30 23 22 25 30 41 12 1 1 15 15 10 1 1 3 2 43 40 2 32 2 21 12 12 2 3 30 1 11 1 15 12 21 2 11 10 1 1 43 14 25 15 41 44 2 2 31 53 23 2 30 22 21 1 24 14 10 10 2 1 3 2 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In %; sorted by most important EU tasks; multiple answers possible EU National 32
Promoting education and science is considered to be a national task rather than a European task. Which of the following tasks are most important for the country / the EU over the next 5 years? Please select the 3 tasks that are most important in your opinion. Part 2/2 Fighting terrorism Protecting the environment and climate Regulating immigration Protecting human rights and civil rights Promoting economic growth Reducing social inequality Promoting education and science Increasing solidarity within [the own country / between the EU-Members] Increasing public participation in decisions Strengthening the euro as a common currency Promoting the internet, digitalisation and new technologies Making democratic decisions more transparent for the public Other don't know / no response 3 1 3 24 45 4 2 24 3 54 25 32 21 32 14 11 13 1 13 11 11 1 2 1 2 2 23 4 25 2 34 25 4 15 21 1 33 1 23 1 12 5 11 14 13 1 2 4 3 1 45 32 34 2 23 1 34 30 35 4 35 4 1 24 14 1 12 1 1 5 11 1 3 2 2 3 33 35 31 21 33 2 23 34 24 3 14 21 1 1 11 10 5 2 1 12 1 2 13 11 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In %; sorted by most important EU tasks; multiple answers possible EU National 33
Transparency is important to young Spaniards, young Poles are more affine for technocratic decision making. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Part 1/3 Political decisions should always be based on public welfare, and not on personal interests. 3 5 1 0 1 4 2 5 5 Political decisions should be as transparent as possible, even if this means that it takes longer for decisions to be made. The rights of minorities also need to be protected against majority decisions. 2 5 5 0 54 3 10 12 12 53 55 4 54 5 44 5 0 11 10 10 12 12 12 10 11 It would be better if important political decisions were made by independent experts, and not by elected politicians. 43 45 3 3 42 5 4 3 1 1 21 21 12 1 2 Agree (partly/ totally agree) Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; Top2Boxes [ partly agree + totally agree ] and Bottom2Boxes [ partly disagree + totally disagree ] are shown Disagree (partly/ totally disagree) 34
In Germany and France, four out of ten accept violating the rules of democracy. In Greece, this is true for one out of two. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Part 2/3 One always has to accept democratic decisions, even if they go against one s own interests. 43 40 51 41 52 34 3 50 22 24 13 24 1 2 25 1 No progress is being made because political decisions always have to be compromises. 41 44 41 3 4 3 35 44 1 13 1 25 1 1 1 Sometimes it is important to violate the rules of democracy in order to make important changes possible. 3 2 34 31 42 50 40 35 3 41 24 2 2 2 23 41 41 3 Members of Parliament should vote according to their consciences, even if the majority of the public currently have a different opinion. 2 22 2 1 2 21 2 52 42 4 40 3 2 Agree (partly/ totally agree) Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; Top2Boxes [ partly agree + totally agree ] and Bottom2Boxes [ partly disagree + totally disagree ] are shown Disagree (partly/ totally disagree) 35
Young Europeans reject non-transparent decision making. However, this attitude is less yet less pronounced in France. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Part 3/3 It should be easier for the government to implement its objectives, even if that means the rights of the opposition need to be restricted. 3 35 45 23 22 1 33 32 3 41 45 2 31 21 24 1 There are no major differences between the ideas and beliefs of the parties. 42 32 40 42 43 40 3 55 22 25 21 2 2 21 1 Sometimes it is better for political decisions to be made behind closed doors. 51 4 0 1 52 5 34 1 25 1 12 15 1 13 4 25 Agree (partly/ totally agree) Disagree (partly/ totally disagree) Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; Top2Boxes [ partly agree + totally agree ] and Bottom2Boxes [ partly disagree + totally disagree ] are shown 3
Populist attitudes Measuring populist attitudes, the survey contained 15 questions that map three dimensions of populism: 1. Anti elitism 2. Belief in unrestricted popular sovereignty 3. Understanding the people as being homogenous and virtuous Young Europeans were classified as having populist attitudes when Junge Europäer wurden dann populistische Einstellungstendenzen zugeschrieben, wenn 1. Approving 12 out of the set of 15 questions in total and 2. Approving at least two questions of each of these three dimensions The share of young people with populist attitudes ranges from seven percent in Germany to 23 percent in Poland. Young Europeans with populist attitudes do not necessarily reject democracy as a form of government. However, they ecidently have a different idea of democracy and political procedures. Almost two out of three young people with populist attitudes (3 percent) think that democracy is the best form of government. For comparison: Among young people without populist attitudes, only 5 percent think that democracy is the best form of government. Yet, young people with populist attitudes are far more critical about how democracy is organized and how the democratic system works. 3 percent think that the political system works so badly that only radical change could fix it (young people without populist attitudes: 2 percent). Having populist attitudes goes along with distrusting representatives of the political system (e.g., political parties: 1 percent vs. 1 percent; public broadcasters: 52 percent vs. 42 percent). Political opinions of those having populist attitudes provide guidance regarding perceived shortcomings of the political system and the preferred type of democracy. 4 percent think that democratic processes should be as transparent as possible even if this is more time consuming. At the same time, 4 percent would prefer technocratic decisions (decisions made by non-elected experts) over decisions made by (elected) politicians. 5 percent think that political processes are gridlocked due to the need to compromise. 35 percent would accept if the rights of the opposition would be restricted and if democratic rules would be violated, respectively. Apparently, populist attitudes go along with perceiving immigration as a problem. 3 percent consider this to be one of the most important policy area on a national level, another 3 percent on European level. Almost half of those with populist attitudes (43 percent) perceives immigration as a threat (young people without populist attitudes: 2 percent). 3
Definition, measurement and coding of populist attitudes Anti elitism Belief in unrestricted popular sovereignty Understanding the people as being homogenous and virtuous The Members of Parliament quickly lose contact with the public. The differences between the public and the elites are far bigger than the differences between members of the public. People like me have no influence over what the government does. Politicians do not care much what people like me think. Politicians talk too much and get too little done. The public should have the final say in political issues, by means of referendums. The public should be asked during all important decisions. The public should make the most important political decisions, not politicians. The politicians in Parliament should comply with the will of the people. The common people all pull together. Common people are united by their good and honest character. Common people share the same values and interests. Although the [people] may have their differences, they all think the same way when it matters. The [people] are fundamentally upright and virtuous. The [people] are a cohesive unit, and not just a whole lot of individual people. Approval of at least 2 questions Approval of at least 2 questions Approval of at least 2 questions Approval of 12 out of 15 questions in total Items according to Schulz, A., Müller, P., Schemer, C., Wirz, D.S., Wettstein, M. & Wirth, W. (1). Measuring Populist Attitudes on Three Dimensions. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. 3
Young Europeans with populist attitudes Populist attitudes among young Europeans 21 3 1 2 14 23 1 4 11 Populist attitudes No Populist attitudes Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 3
Young Europeans with populist attitudes ask for a different type of democracy. When you think of democracy as a form of government: Which of the following statements do you agree with? When you think about the political system in your country, which of the following statements do you most agree with? Young europeans with populist attitudes 5 24 Young europeans without populist attitudes 13 24 don't know/no response Other forms of government are better than democracy Young europeans with populist attitudes 5 Young europeans without populist attitudes 11 3 2 don't know / no response Works so badly that only radical change could fix it 3 5 Democracy is just as good or bad as other forms of government 43 45 Does not work, but it could be fixed with a few changes All in all, democracy is the best form of government 13 1 By and large, works the way it is supposed to Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 40
Young Europeans with populist attitudes are more likely to give up on essential constituents of democracy. Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? 0% % 40% 0% 0% 100% Political decisions should be as transparent as possible, even if this means that it takes longer for decisions to be made. 0 4 It would be better if important political decisions were made by independent experts, and not by elected politicians. 3 4 No progress is being made because political decisions always have to be compromises. 3 5 It should be easier for the government to implement its objectives, even if that means the rights of the opposition need to be restricted. 35 Sometimes it is important to violate the rules of democracy in order to make important changes possible. 25 35 There are no major differences between the ideas and beliefs of the parties. 35 Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 41
Immigration and fighting terrorism are clearly more important to young people with populist attitudes. Which of the following tasks are most important for the [country] over the next 5 years? Which of the following tasks are most important for the EU over the next 5 years? Promoting economic growth Regulating immigration Fighting terrorism Reducing social inequality Protecting the environment and climate Protecting human rights and civil rights Increasing public participation in decisions Promoting education and science Solidarity Promoting the internet, digitalisation and new technologies Making democratic decisions more transparent for the public Base: all respondents, n=00 In % Strengthening the euro as a common currency Other don't know / no response National Level 42 3 3 2 3 2 34 35 2 2 25 2 22 1 22 2 1 10 12 10 11 0 2 1 5 EU 1 1 2 14 13 1 1 1 1 10 10 14 12 Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes 2 2 32 24 2 31 35 2 30 3 42 53 42
Young people with populist attitudes are less likely to trust politics and public broadcasters than others. How much do you trust the following organisations and groups? Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes Political parties 1 1 Government 1 4 1 52 Parliament 1 2 1 4 Public broadcasters 22 52 21 42 Churches 2 4 50 Private media 23 45 15 44 Banks 30 44 24 43 Large companies and corporations 2 3 1 42 Trade unions 2 3 23 33 Institutions of the EU 34 3 33 2 Courts 40 32 3 2 The police 5 1 51 1 Science and scientists 0 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % I do not generally trust / not trust them at all I do generally trust / trust them completely 43
Young people with populist attitudes are more likely to talk about political topics in social networks. If you think back over the last twelve months, which of the following things did you do to express your opinion? Participated in an online petition Posted a comment online about a political topic on social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Signed a petition Reported a comment about a political topic on social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) Been involved in an advocacy group at a school, university or company Took part in a demonstration Actively participated in a public initiative or a local project Been involved in an non-governmental organisation (e.g. human rights group, environmental group, aid organisation) Been involved in a church community or church-based group Been involved in a group you organised yourself Personally contacted a politician (by telephone, post, email or social media) Donated to a political party or organisation Publicly expressed my opinion in another manner 42 45 3 34 31 35 30 2 2 2 2 23 25 21 21 1 1 14 13 12 11 11 41 3 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes 44
Peace, security and freedom are more important as social values to young Europeans with populist attitudes. Which of these social values are most important to you personally? Please select up to 5 values. Human rights 1 2 Openness to the world 21 23 Peace 5 3 The rule of law 1 1 Safety and security 4 5 Intercultural understanding 1 14 Tolerance 3 4 Religion and faith 1 12 Individual freedom 3 42 Shared culture Democracy 3 3 Political strength Solidarity 2 2 None of these values 1 1 Prosperity and economic success 2 2 don't know/no response 1 2 Stability and reliability 2 23 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes 45
There are no differences regarding usage of the Internet in general. Yet, sources used differ significantly. Where do you generally obtain the most information about politics? Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes 1 1 Use the Internet for political information 3 1 Do not use the Internet for political information Facebook Websites of (daily) newspapers and news magazines YouTube News websites of non-journalistic service providers Independent blogs Twitter Forums Websites of public broadcasters Email newsletters Websites of tabloid newspapers Other sources don't know / no response The Internet is not used as a source for political information 1 2 2 2 23 1 22 1 1 1 1 13 14 15 11 1 1 35 34 43 54 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes 4
Young Europeans with populist attitudes perceive immigration to a much larger extent as a threat than others. Do you view the following phenomenon as a threat to or an opportunity for your own life? Young europeans with populist attitudes Young europeans without populist attitudes Donald Trump as President of the USA 15 54 11 5 Political parties that reject the EU 1 44 11 44 Immigration and emigration 25 43 31 2 The United Kingdom leaving the EU ( Brexit ) 1 34 13 35 Open borders within the EU 52 2 53 1 Single currency within the EU (Euro) 4 23 4 1 Globalisation 44 44 1 Digitalisation 5 14 55 Threat Opportunity Base: all respondents, n=00 In % 4
MEDIA USAGE
Media Usage Predominantly, young Europeans use the Internet (2 percent) and TV 3 percent) for obtaining information about politics. Other sources are less relevant (personal conversations: 41 percent, radio: 34 percent, newspapers and news magazines: 30 percent). Regarding information behaviour on the Internet, social networks are highly relevant. Almost half of young people (44 percent) use Facebook for obtaining information about politics. Websites of newspapers and news magazines (34 percent) are ranked second, followed by YouTube (2 percent). Other online sources are far less relevant. In general, young people are skeptical towards media outlets. Trust in public broadcasters is on average at best. In France, Germany, Italy and the UK, trust in public broadcasters is on average. In Greece, Poland and Spain, young people s trust in public broadcasters is below average. In Germany and the UK, young people trust public broadcasters more than private media (Germany: 35 percent vs. 1 percent, UK: 33 percent vs. nine percent). In France, Spain, Italy and Greece, trust in public broadcasters and private media is on the same level. In Poland, however, young people show greater trust in private media (24 percent) than in public broadcasters (13 percent). When it comes to trust in specific types of media, newspapers and news magazines are still strong brands even in a digitized age. Printed versions of newspapers and news magazines (3 percent, most trusted) and their respective websites (35 percent, third most trusted) are trusted sources. Outlets of public broadcasters are also highly trusted (radio: 3 percent, second most trusted; TV: 33 percent, fourth most trusted; websites: 30 percent, fifth most trusted). However, trust in outlets by public broadcasters varies by countries (highly trusted in France, Germany and the UK; less trusted in Greece, Italy, Poland). Given Facebook being highly relevant as a source for political information, it is noteworthy that young Europeans do trust Facebook only to a low extent (1 percent). In France. Germany, Spain and the UK, Facebook is one of the least trusted source. In Greece, Italy and Poland, trust in Facebook is on average. 4
Trust in science, the police and courts is highest. European institutions are ranked fourth. How much do you trust the following organisations and groups? Part 1/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Science and scientists 2 43 1 43 5 5 The police 14 3 2 12 3 53 2 30 5 4 50 4 Courts 30 30 1 105 43 5 30 30 31 23 54 Institutions of the EU 2 31 1 13 33 3 24 42 32 3 30 Banks 5 2 25 1 4 2 22 1 23 43 13 2 Trade unions 3 34 14 2 34 1 24 21 32 Churches 15 24 2 5 2 1 23 1 2 11 24 I trust them completely I generally trust them Neither agree nor disagree I do not generally trust them I do not trust them at all don't know / no response Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by Top2Box total [ I trust them completely + I generally trust them ]; Description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the Top2Boxes of the respective country 50
Young Poles distrust public broadcasters more strongly than private media outlets. How much do you trust the following organisations and groups? Part 2/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Public broadcasters 3 1 31 25 1 4 25 35 11 1 13 15 33 Large companies and corporations 3 1 35 2 14 5 22 11 1 2 23 1 12 Parliament 3 1 2 2 23 5 2 35 13 13 15 23 Government 3 15 24 2 2 4 2 32 14 15 11 Private media 314 33 2 1 22 1 1 24 15 Political parties 2 25 32 31 4 12 14 3 I trust them completely I generally trust them Neither agree nor disagree I do not generally trust them I do not trust them at all don't know / no response Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by Top2Box total [ I trust them completely + I generally trust them ]; Description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the Top2Boxes of the respective country 51
When it comes to political information, the Internet is the most important source for young Europeans. There are many ways to stay informed about current political events. Where do you generally obtain the most information about politics? Please select all the sources that you use. FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Internet 2 2 3 0 4 Television 3 5 5 3 5 5 4 Personal conversations 41 32 4 50 1 54 4 40 Radio (Daily) newspapers and news magazines (print editions) 34 30 3 42 2 2 54 25 25 34 34 1 43 2 3 1 Other sources 5 5 Tabloid newspapers 5 5 5 don't know / no response 4 4 1 2 3 2 11 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; Description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the respective country 52
Facebook is crucial as a source for political information. Where online do you usually find the most information about politics? Part 1/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Facebook 44 45 2 5 51 2 3 2 Websites of newspapers and news magazines 34 2 3 34 30 3 40 33 YouTube 2 2 2 32 30 35 2 15 News websites of non-journalistic service providers 13 1 2 21 23 21 14 Twitter 1 25 12 10 13 12 3 25 Independent blogs 1 10 3 23 15 Websites of public broadcasters 15 25 11 5 23 10 25 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; Description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the respective country 53
Other sources are of far less importance when it comes to political information. Where online do you usually find the most information about politics? Part 2/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Forums 13 10 21 1 1 14 Emails newsletters 10 14 Other sources 10 Websites of tabloid newspapers 4 4 11 4 10 don't know / no response 2 2 2 1 2 3 0 2 The Internet is not used as a source for political information 1 24 1 12 1 10 21 2 Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by total; multiple answers possible; Description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the respective country 54
Public broadcasters are highly trusted in France, Germany and the UK. How much do you trust the following information sources in general? Part 1/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK (Daily) newspapers and news magazines (print editions) 31 35 1 50 54 2 3 2 32 2 Public television broadcasters 30 35 15 43 53 24 30 2 2 43 Websites of newspapers and news magazines 5 30 35 1 40 51 25 30 33 30 32 Public television broadcasters 2 31 1 125 44 53 14 2 22 24 4 Websites of public broadcasters 5 25 3 1 34 4 21 1 21 24 40 YouTube 5 21 3 21 31 1 2 32 34 23 1 Private radio broadcasters 3 23 3 1 34 2 21 25 34 23 I trust them completely I generally trust them Neither agree nor disagree I do not generally trust them I do not trust them at all don't know / no response Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by Top2Box total [ I trust them completely + I generally trust them ]; Description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the Top2Boxes of the respective country 55
While using Facebook heavily as a source for political information, young Europeans have little trust in it. How much do you trust the following information sources in general? Part 2/2 FR DE GR IT PL ES UK Private television broadcasters 3 3 21 12 33 22 13 2 2 22 21 News websites of non-journalistic service providers 3 1 3 22 23 15 1 22 2 21 15 Twitter 4 1 34 22 13 11 23 11 15 22 23 2 1 Facebook 314 35 2 1 5 23 15 2 1 10 Tabloid newspapers 212 30 25 10 22 11 13 15 1 13 12 Websites of tabloid newspapers 210 32 2 1 10 1 10 12 12 13 12 12 I trust them completely I generally trust them Neither agree nor disagree I do not generally trust them I do not trust them at all don't know / no response Base: all respondents, n=00 In %; sorted by Top2Box total [ I trust them completely + I generally trust them ]; Description: Top3 (green) und Bottom3 (purple) of the Top2Boxes of the respective country 5
OUTLOOK INTO THE FUTURE
Outlook into the Future In 1, young Europeans perceive immigration less frequently as an opportunity (1: 30 percent, 1: 34 percent) and more frequently as a thread (1: 2 percent, 1: 2 percent) than in the previous year. Especially in Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece and Poland, attitudes have changed compared to 1. Regarding issues related to the EU, country-specific changes are obeserved. Compared to 1, the EURO is more likely to be considered as an opportunity in Germany (1: percent, 1: 5 percent), Greece (1: 41 percent, 1: 3 percent), Italy (1: 54 percent, 1: 4 percent) and Spain (1: 3 percent, 1: 5 percent). Political parties that reject the EU are evaluated more skeptical in France, Italy, Greece, Poland, Spain and the UK. The share of young Europeans who think that BREXIT is an opportunity has decreased. In Germany (1: 3 percent, 1: 33 percent) and in the UK (1: 53 percent, 1: 4 percent), more young people consider BREXIT as a thread than in the previous year. The perception of globalisation has also changed in specific countries. While the perception of globalisation is consistent with those of the previous year on an overall level (1: 44 percent opportunity, 1 percent threat; 1: 43 percent opportunity, 1 percent threat), young Germans (1: 53 percent opportunity, 1: 4 percent opportunity) as well as young French (1: 3 percent opportunity, 1: 2 percent opportunity) are more positive towards globalisation than in 1. For young Greeks, the globalisation has become less threatening (1: 24 percent threat, 1: 3 percent threat). Young Poles, however, have become far more insecure about the globalisation and perceive it less frequently as an opportunity (1: 40 percent opportunity, 1: 4 percent opportunity). The Trump presidency is consistently perceived as a threat (eleven percent opportunity, 5 percent threat). Solely young Poles think that the Trump presidency is rather an opportunity (2 percent) than a threat (25 percent). 5
Digitization is perceived as an opportunity, especially by young Germans, Italians, Poles and Brits. Do you view the following phenomenon as a threat to or an opportunity for your own life? Part 1/2 Digitization 5 45 3 0 5 4 10 11 15 12 Open borders within the EU 53 4 5 4 52 5 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 12 22 Single currency within the EU (Euro) 4 4 41 54 33 3 12 1 11 1 13 34 2 Globalisation 44 3 53 35 53 40 53 3 1 1 12 24 15 1 14 13 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % Opportunity Threat 5
Regarding immigration, young Europeans are divided. Except among young Poles, Trump is perceived as a threat. Do you view the following phenomenon as a threat to or an opportunity for your own life? Part 2/2 Immigration and emigration 30 30 30 33 34 3 3 41 2 23 2 24 22 30 1 1 The United Kingdom leaving the EU ( Brexit ) 35 2 3 2 30 34 3 53 14 13 13 14 15 22 Political parties that reject the EU 44 3 4 3 4 44 4 42 12 11 10 12 12 1 13 Donald Trump as President of the USA 5 5 5 53 2 0 5 11 12 25 Base: all respondents, n=00 In % Opportunity Threat 0
Compared to last year, digitization is more likely to be seen as an opportunity, immigration more as a threat. Do you view the following phenomenon as a threat to or an opportunity for your own life? Digitization Open borders Globalisation Single currency within within the EU the EU (Euro) 11 13 11 12 10 10 11 1 1 1 1 23 24 2 2 2 2 5 52 53 52 44 43 4 43 don't know / no response Threat Neither Opportunity Immigration and The United Kingdom Political parties that Donald Trump as emigration leaving the EU reject the EU President of the USA 12 12 13 13 2 2 35 35 44 41 5 33 32 3 3 31 31 23 30 34 14 1 12 15 11 1 Base: all respondents, 1: n=00, 1: n=000 In % 1