1.1 The Authorisation, Assessment and Correction Cycle Makers Mandates Voice electoral process, lobbying, voting out of office reporting systems, management review, sanctions Instructions Guidelines and Resources Citizens Services Authorisation Processes Types of Accountability Processes Source: Derived from World Bank (2003).
1.2 Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of Accountability Citizens Elections VERTICAL ACCOUNTABILITY Media & Civic Engagement HORIZONTAL ACCOUNTABILITY Public Administration Reporting Systems Public Audit Executive & Government Legislature Supreme Court of Justice
1.3 Strengthening Voice for Better Accountability Makers Women engage collectively in articulating interests for clearer delegation and monitoring of decision-making Voice Guidelines and Resources that reflect the needs of women Instructions Citizens Services Source: Derived from World Bank (2003).
1.4 Strengthening Choice for Better Accountability Makers mandates Voice Enabling environment for competition Regulation Citizens Choice Choice Choice Citizens use market power to select alternative providers and more adequate services Source: Derived from World Bank (2003).
1.5 Women s Control Over Decisions Women with a final say over decisions, 1-2005 MARRIED WOMEN Own health care Large purchases Daily purchases Visits to relatives What food to cook Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean 33 42 1 63 51 13 16 10 17 18 35 38 46 26 73 48 20 13 14 13 23 30 66 66 76 73 7 74 UNMARRIED WOMEN Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean MARRIED WOMEN Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean 35 50 32 62 72 50 Women with no say over decisions 24 34 13 56 37 23 25 35 17 61 44 26 Own health care Large purchases Daily purchases Visits to relatives What food to cook 51 25 10 54 7 15 5 42 18 52 18 27 43 34 16 46 7 16 43 27 12 47 14 22 15 6 31 37 17 63 51 42 38 66 53 UNMARRIED WOMEN Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean 58 40 47 28 31 67 50 68 3 55 65 52 66 38 65 58 43 58 24 26 32 60 37 48 20 32 48 Notes: This fi gure refl ects the percentage of women who have the fi nal say in making specifi c decisions by type of decision. Regional information for married/unmarried women in HH decision making was based on countries with available information from DHS STATcompiler and organized according to UNIFEM regional groupings. Source: DHS database.
1.6 Gendered Mediation Compromises Women s Engagement in both Voice and Choice -based Accountability Mechanisms Male and elite-dominated parties/political agendas limit opportunities for women s voice Voice Makers Male and elite-dominated policy making can exclude women s concerns Instructions Gendered Mediation Women s capacity to use voice or exercise choice is mediated by men or local dominant interest groups, or is distorted by genderbiased access to politics or markets Source: Derived from World Bank (2003). Delivery Gender-biased services misspecify women s needs for public provision Choice The dashed arrows symbolise weaker accountability due to gender bias
Violence Against Women: Reporting and Charging Rates A A survey of women who experienced some form of violence indicates that in countries in this fi gure, no more than one third of cases of violence are reported, and charges are pressed in very few of the reported cases. Women are more likely to report crimes if they were not committed by a partner, and more likely to report non-sexual violence than sexual violence. Violence, partner Violence, non-partner Physical violence, non-partner Sexual violence, non-partner (as % of SGBV survivors in study) (as % of SGBV survivors in study) (as % of SGBV survivors in study) (as % of SGBV survivors in study) Mozambique 2 7 3 17 3 16 2 13 Czech Republic Philippines* Denmark Australia Costa Rica 3 8 4 10 5 15 4 8 2 11 5 13 4 3 12 3 14 5 25 1 6 4 14 7 16 6 27 2 7 2 17 4 10 4 20 6 Poland* 10 31 3 16 5 25 4 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 Charged Reported Notes: Percentages of the cases reported to the police and percentage with charges brought (convictions by the Criminal Justice System) were calculated as percentages of all victimised women. Information includes physical and sexual violence, perpetrated by partners and non-partners. The original source did not provide complete information for the Philippines. *No information on the percentage of charged cases was reported for Philippines and Poland. Source: Johnson, H., Ollus, N., & Nevada, S. (2007).
A Gendered Perceptions of Corruption by Region: Service Provision Institutions Respondents with high levels of perceived corruption, ratio female to male, 2005 Education Medical Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 1.04 1.0 Latin America & Caribbean 1.10 Developed Regions 1.10 1.30 1.05 0.7 1.21 1.13 1.05 Registry 0.8 0.6 1.08 0.8 1.07 Utilities 0.7 1.12 1.12 1.01 Ratio of female to male is less than 1 Ratio of female to male is 1 or more Notes: The percentages of men and women who perceived high levels of corruption was calculated considering respondents who ranked institutions as very corrupt and extremely corrupt (scores of 4 and 5 out of a range from 1 to 5), or who stated that corruption affects their lives to a large extent. The statistical signifi cance of differences by sex was tested using a t-test of difference in means (applied to the difference in percentages). All the statistics at the country level are weighted using the sample weights provided in the original database; regional averages are weighted using population data for the year 2005 compiled by the UN Population Division. Source: UNIFEM analysis of Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer database (2005). 1.1 FIGURE B Gendered Perceptions of Corruption by Region: Political, Judicial and Security Sector Institutions Respondents with high levels of perceived corruption, ratio female to male, 2005 Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean East Asia & Pacific Developed Regions Pol. parties 0.8 0.8 1.01 1.10 1.01 Legislative Judicial 0.7 1.04 1.06 1.0 1.03 0.5 1.04 1.07 1.1 1.01 Police 0.7 1.04 1.03 1.16 Military 1.16 1.1 1.0 1.14 0. Ratio of female to male is less than 1 Ratio of female to male is 1 or more Notes: See notes in fi gure A Source: UNIFEM analysis of Transparency International global corruption Barometer database (2005). FIGURE C Gendered Perceptions of Corruption by Region: Market- Related Institutions Respondents with high levels of perceived corruption, ratio female to male, 2005 Tax collection Customs Business Sub-Saharan Africa 0.8 0. 1.01 0.5 1.06 1.06 Latin America & Caribbean 1.04 1.12 1.1 East Asia & Pacific 1.04 1.01 1.13 Developed Regions 1.17 1.1 1.06 1.01 0.6 1.03 Media 0.5 1.04 1.08 1.07 1.06 Ratio of female to male is less than 1 Ratio of female to male is 1 or more Notes: See notes in fi gure A Source: UNIFEM analysis of Transparency International global corruption Barometer database (2005).