ABOUT THE STATUTE OF MEMBERS OF THE ROMANIAN PARLIAMENT AND THE NEW CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE DEPUTIES AND SENATORS

ABOUT THE STATUTE OF MEMBERS OF THE ROMANIAN PARLIAMENT AND THE NEW CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE DEPUTIES AND SENATORS Daniela Cristina Valea Assoc. Prof., PhD, Petru Maior University of Tîrgu Mureș Abstract: The legal frame of the statute of members of the Romanian Parliament is provided by the Romanian Constitution, republished, the Regulations of the Chambers of Parliament and different laws. The statute involves some aspects such as: general principle, parliamentary mandate and protective means; the rights and obligations of the members of the Parliament and, also, the forms of liability. Given some legislative gaps or unclear legal rules, but also some cases of inappropriate behavior, there was a need for a new Code of conduct of the members of Romanian Parliament. In this paper we will analyze some aspects regarding the constitutional and secondary regulation of the statute of parliamentary and to what extent the new Code of Conduct meets the requirement of rule of law and democratic regime Keywords: parliamentary mandate; protective means; statute; code of conduct; liability. Introductory considerations on the parliamentary mandate According to the republished Constitution of Romania 1, the supreme representative body of the Romanian people and the only legislator is the Parliament. Starting from the role of Parliament in a constitutional democracy thus established, it is obvious that the members of this institution are also awarded an appropriate status. The statute of the Romanian Members of Parliament is outlined by normative provisions that we find in: the Romanian Constitution (Articles 69-72); Law no. 96 of 21 April 2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, as subsequently amended and supplemented 2, the Code of Conduct for Deputies and Senators 3 ; The Regulations of the Chamber of Deputies 4, the Regulations of the Senate 5 and the Regulations of the joint meetings of the two Chambers of the Parliament 6. 1 Constitution of Romania was adopted in 1991 and revised and republished in Ifficial Journal no. 767 of 31 Octomber 2003. 2 Law no. 96 of 21 April 2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators was published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 380 of 3 May 2006. It was subsequently amended and supplemented several times. The last republication was made in the Official Journal of Romania no. 49 of 22 January 2016. After this date, Law no. 96/2006 has (up to now) undergone further four amendments by: Law no. 30 of 27 March 2017 for the supplementation of Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 212 of 28 March 2017; Law no. 195 of 24 July 2017 for the supplementation of Article 9 of the Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 598 of 25 July 2017; G.E.O. no. 59 of 4 August 2017 on the amendment and supplementation of some normative acts in the field of service pensions, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 648 of 7 August 2017 and Law no. 203 of 27 October 2017 for the amendment of Article 38, 41 and 49 of Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 853 of 30 October 2017. 3 Adopted recently by the Romanian Parliament Decision no.77 of 11 October 2017 on the Code of Conduct for Deputies and Senators, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 805 of 11 October 2017. 4 Adopted by the Decision of the Chamber of Deputies no. 8 of 24 February 1994, as subsequently amended and supplemented, being republished for the last time in the Official Journal of Romania no. 481 of 28 June 2016. After the last republishment, the Regulation was amended by: the Decision of the Chamber of Deputies no. 27 of 4 April 2017 on the supplementation of Article 113 of the Regulation of the Chamber of Deputies, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 238 of 6 April 2017; the Decision of the Chamber of Deputies no. 28 of 4 April 2017 on the amendment of para. 2 of Article 214 of the Regulation of the Chamber of Deputies, published 69

The Statute of the Romanian parliamentarian implies several aspects, such as the general principles, the eligibility, the mandate and the means of its protection, but also the rights and obligations, as well as the various forms of liability of the Members of the Parliament. Since neither the Romanian Constitution nor the regulations of the two Chambers of Parliament define the parliamentary mandate, this role has returned to doctrine. Thus, the parliamentary mandate was defined as being a public dignity resulting from election by the electorate for the purpose of exercising by representation the national sovereignty (the power of the people) and containing powers established by the Constitution and laws 7. According to the Romanian Constitution, the mandate of parliamentarians is a representative mandate 8 which implies the following aspects: - the parliamentarians are the elected representatives 9 of the Romanian people, through which they exercises their sovereignty [Article 1 para. 1 of the Law no. 96/2006]. Thus, the in the Official Journal of Romania no. 238 of 6 April 2017; the Decision of the Chamber of Deputies no. 37 of 9 May 2017 for the amendment and supplementation of the Regulations of the Chamber of Deputies, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 348 of 11 May 2017 (this judgment was challenged with a constitutional challenege which was rejected by the Constitutional Court Decision no. 428 of 21 June 2017, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 626 of 2 August 2017). 5 Adopted by Senate Decision no. 28 of 24 October 2005, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 948 of 25 October 2005, with subsequent amendments and supplements, being republished for the last time in the Official Journal no. 386 of 20 May 2016. After the last amendment, the Regulation was again amended by: the Senate Decision no. 37 of 18 April 2017 on the amendment and completion of the Senate Regulation, approved by the Senate Decision no. 28/2005, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 283 of 21 April 2017; the Senate Decision no. 105 of 3 October 2017 on the amendment and completion of the Senate Regulation, approved by the Senate Decision no. 28/2005, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 791 of 16 October 2017. For the valid form of the Senate Regulation, it is also necessary to consider: the Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 474 of 28 June 2016, by which the provisions of Article 89 para. 8 section 2, indent 13 and Article 146 para. 5 first thesis, para. 8, 10 and 11 of the Senate Regulation were declared unconstitutional, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 590 of 3 August 2016; Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 431 of 21 June 2017 by which the provisions of Article 1491, Article 149 2, par. 6, Article 149 3 and Article 149 4 of the Senate Regulation were declared unconstitutional, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 581 of 20 July 2017. 6 Adopted by the Parliament Decision no. 4 of 3 March 1992, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 34 of 4 March 1994, as subsequently amended and supplemented, eventually republished in the Official Journal of Romania no. 37 of 19 January 2016. After the last republication, the Regulation was amended again by Parliament s Decision no. 38 of 11 May 2017 on the amendment and completion of Article 9 of the Regulation of the joint activities of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 355 of 12 May 2017 (this Decision was challenged with a constitutional challenge which was rejected by the Constitutional Court Decision no. 430 of 21 June 2017, published in the Official Journal no. 655 of 9 August 2017). For the valid form of this regulation there should also be considered: the Constitutional Court Decision no. 31 of 27 January 2016 whereby the provisions of Article 56 para. (2) and (3) of the Rules on the Joint Activities of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate were declared unconstitutional, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 117 of 16 February 2016. 7 See Ioan Muraru, Mihai Constantinescu, Drept parlamentar românesc, All Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2005, p. 288. 8 Also representative is the mandate of the Romanian President, alected by the people as the head of the state see Lucian Chiriac, Drept administrativ. Partea generală, Petru Maior University of Tîrgu-Mureș Publishing House, 2004, p. 126. Also, heve a representative character, even o limited one, the members of the local administrative authorities. More information about the mandate of local elected representatives see Nicolae Roș, Îndrumar practiv-legislativ pentru aleșii locali, Universitară Clujeană Publishing House, 2015, p. 18, pp. 107-116 9 Similar to deputies and senators. See Mircea Criste, Le legislatif et l intervention legislative, in Curentul Juridic Journal, no. 4/2016, p.119. 70

people, holder of the national sovereignty exercise their sovereignty not only when exercising their right to vote but for the full duration of the parliamentary mandate 10. - in the exercise of their mandate, deputies and senators are in the service of the people [Article 69 para. (1) of the Romanian Constitution, republished, and Article 1 para. 2 of the Law no. 96/2006] - Deputies and Senators represent and defend the interests of the nation and not only a limited number of individuals. The representative feature of the mandate excludes any form of individual subordination of the elected person to the elector 11 ; - any imperative mandate 12 is null [Article 69 para. (2) of the Constitution of Romania, republished and Article 1 para. 3 of the Law no. 96/2006] - which implies that it is forbidden to impose certain beliefs or conduct on the parliamentarian, contrary to the satisfaction of general interests resulting from a report of subordination and dependence. The statement of the imperative mandate as null results in its irrevocability, so that parliamentarians cannot be removed from their position by the citizens who elected them 13. The relation that the parliamentarian may have with his citizen or, eventually, with the political party, may be moral, political but not legal 14. Starting from the role of the Parliament and the status of its members, as well as from the legal provisions, the legal literature 15 has established which are the features of the parliamentary mandate: 1. it is an institution of public law; 2. it is representative (at national level); 3. it is general; 4. results only from elections; 5. is irrevocable; 6. has a public dignity feature and renders the holder independence and constitutional protection. Also, according to the Code of Conduct for Deputies and Senators, the guidelines for parliamentary activity and behavior are: representativeness (Article 1); independence (Article 2); objectivity (Article 3); responsibility (Article 4); probity (Article 5); exemplarity (Article 6); respect for the reputation of Parliament (Article 7); the obligation to inform citizens (Article 8); the obligation to submit the wealth and interest statement (Article 9). The number of the Members of the Parliament shall be determined by the number of the population and taking into account the established representation standard. According to Article 5 of the Law no. 208 of 20 July 2015 on the election of the Chamber of Senate and of Deputies, as well as for the organization and functioning of the Permanent Electoral Authority 16, the standard for the election of the Chamber of Deputies is a deputy to 73,000 10 Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 209 of 7 March 2012, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 188 of 22 March 2012. 11 See Mircea Criste, Dreptul constituțional. Un drept al statului, Universul Juridic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2017, p. 168. 12 Imperative mandate involves a legal relationship between the agent and the principal, by virtue of which the former is dependent on the other, a report materialized in: imposing the solutions that parliamentarians should vote for; parliamentarians should give account to electors in their constituency; the electors could remove the parliamentarian from his positions; allowances and other benefits related to the exercise of the mandate should be supported by voters in the electoral constituency that have elected him - see Ioan Muraru, Mihai Constantinescu, Drept parlamentar românesc, 2005, pp. 320 and 321. 13 See Maria Năstase Georgescu, Simona Th. Livia Mihăilescu, Drept constituţional şi instituţii politice, Universul Juridic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011, p. 280. 14 Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 44 of 8 July 1993, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 190 of 10 August 1993. 15 See Cristian Ionescu, Tratat de drept constituţional contemporan, All Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2003, p. 707; Ioan Muraru, Mihai Constantinescu, Drept parlamentar românesc, 2005, pp. 289-301; Marius Andreescu, Andra Păun, Drept constituțional. Teoria generală a statului, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2016, p. 117. 16 Published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 553 of 24 July 2015. Law no. 208/2015 repealed the Law no. 35/2008 (Law of the uninominal vote) for the election of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate and for amending and supplementing the Law no. 67/2004 for the election of the local public administration authorities, 71

inhabitants, and for the Senate election it is a senator to 168,000 inhabitants. The number of inhabitants to be taken into account is the result of the last census of the population, reported by the National Institute of Statistics on 1 January of the year preceding the year in which the election takes place. In the case of early elections, information on the number of people used in the last parliamentary term elections is taken. The Parliament s mandate corresponds to the Parliament s mandate and is 4 years. The parliamentary mandate is effectively exercised, on the basis of the proof of the election, from the moment of the lawful assembly of the Chamber where the parliamentarian takes part, subject to the validation of the mandate and the taking of the oath (Article 70 of the Constitution of Romania republished and Article 2 paragraph 1 of the Law no. 96/2006). The mandate of a parliamentarian ceases on the date of the legal meeting of the new Parliament (either as a result of reaching the full term or following the dissolution of the Parliament) or in case of death, resignation, loss of electoral rights, incompatibility (Article 70 of the Constitution republished). Parliamentary mandate is acquired through elections, by universal election, equal, direct, secret and freely expressed [according to Article 62 para. (1) of the Constitution of Romania, republished], exercised during the organized parliamentary elections. According to Article 5 para. (1) of the Law no. 208/2015, deputies and senators are elected in electoral constituencies (43 in number, constituted according to the provisions of Article 4 of the law), by election list, according to the principle ofproportional representation (Article 5 paragraph 1 of Law no. 208/2015). The candidate declared elected receives the capacity of parliamentarian in accordance with the electoral law, subject to the validation and the oath of faith. For national minorities 17 whose representatives failed to obtain any parliamentary mandate following the elections, the Constitution establishes that they receive a mandate in the Chamber of Deputies, under the terms of the electoral law, respectively if they have succeeded in obtaining, related to whole country, a number of votes equal to at least 5% of the average number of votes validly expressed by country for the election of a deputy [according to Article 56 para. 1 of the Law no. 35/2008]. The deputy mandate thus obtained shall be added to result from the application of the representation norm (according to Article 56 para. 9 of the Law no. 35/2008]. According to Law no. 208/2015, the constituency electoral bureau issues the candidate certificate to the winning candidate [Article 14 para. (1) letter (i)), based on which the parliamentarian will be present at the assembly of the two Chambers in order to have the mandate validated. The conditions to be met in order to be able to run for Parliament [according to Article 16 para. (3), Article 36, Article 37 and Article 40 para. (3) of the Constitution of Romania, republished, and Article 2 of the Law no. 208/2015] are: 1. to have Romanian citizenship and domicile in the country; 2. to have the right to vote 18 ; 3. not to be banned from association in political parties 19 ; of the Local Public Administration Law no. 215/2001 and the Law no. 393/2004 on the Statute of Local Elected, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 196 of 13 March 2008. 17 A national minority means the ethnic group represented in the Council of National Minorities (Article 56 paragraph 3 of Law no. 208/2015) and the organizations of citizens belonging to national minorities receive only during the electoral period the same legal regime as the political parties (Article 56 paragraph 8 of Law 208/2015). 18 Do not have the right to vote: a) retards or mental patients placed under a ban; b) persons who have been forbidden to exercise the right to vote, for a period determined by a final court decision. 72

4. not to have banned the exercise of the right to be elected in the public authorities or in any other public positions, for a period determined by a final court order or by law; 5. to have completed the age of 23 up to the election day in order to be elected in the Chamber of Deputies and the age of 33 to be elected in the Senate. A person can only run for the Chamber of Deputies or only for the Senate and only in an electoral constituency. The rights and obligations of the parliamentarians In exercising their mandate, parliamentarians are given a number of rights and are established a number of obligations through the Constitution, by the Regulations of Chambers and by laws (in particular Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators). Among the rights and freedoms conferred to members of Parliament we find, first of all, those that are specific to the membership of the most important political institution in a democratic state, the Parliament, as a representative assembly. Specific political rights 20, as are named by law, are those rights of the parliamentarian, through which the political content of the representative mandate is achieved. These are: - exercise of the right of legislative initiative or regarding the revision of the Constitution; - initiation and support of simple motions or motions of censor; - the right to initiate and uphold decisions of the Chamber in any matter within its competence; - the right to make political statements, to ask questions, to make interpellations or other such interventions; - the right to request the extraordinary session of the Chamber or of its working structures; - the right to notify the Constitutional Court, based on Article 146 letter a) -c) of the Romanian Constitution, republished; - the right to request the suspension or the prosecution of the President of Romania under the conditions of Article 95 and 96 of the Romanian Constitution, republished; - the right to request the prosecution of the members of the Government, under the conditions of Article 109 of the Romanian Constitution, republished; - the right to exercise parliamentary control in all its forms; - the right to vote; - the right to propose amendments; - the right to speech; - freedom of speech. Secondly, in order to supplement the political content of the parliamentary mandate but also to ensure the protection of the mandate and its holder, other rights and freedoms are also regulated. Thus, we can take into consideration 21 : - the right (and the obligation) to participate in the specific activity of the legislative authority, regardless of its form (meetings, debates, parliamentary activity, parliamentary 19 Cannot be part of the political parties: the judges of the Constitutional Court, the People s Advocate, the magistrates, the active members of the army, the policemen and other categories of civil servants established by the organic law. 20 Article 34 of Law no. 96/2006. 21 See Ioan Muraru, Elena Simina Tănăsescu, Drept constituţional şi instituţii politice, vol. II, All Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2006, p. 198; Maria Năstase Georgescu, Simona Th. Livia Mihăilescu, Drept constituţional şi instituţii politice, 2011, p. 283. 73

committee activities, activities related to the European Union, activity of parliamentary bureaus from the electoral constituencies); - the right to be elected or appointed or to vote for the establishment of the governing bodies (chairman, permanent office) or the work bodies of the Parliamentary Chambers (parliamentary groups, parliamentary committees, friendship groups with other parliaments, delegations of the Romanian Parliament, etc.) ; - to monitor and supervise the enforcement of the laws by those responsible for this task, including by involving, within electoral constituencies, in the activity of various public authorities (eg participation in the meetings of these authorities, the possibility of making complaints or proposals etc.); - the right to ask for necessary information from different public authorities; - the right and the obligation to keep a close connection with the electors (by giving audiences, by requesting to different central or local public administration authorities information on citizens' requests and petitions, or information of public interest); - the right to indemnity, daily subsistence allowances, accumulated service and other services (protocol expenses, free domestic rail freight, settlement of other types of transport expenses, medical assistance, diplomatic passport, old-age allowance). The main duties of the parliamentarians are 22 : - the duty to act in the interest of the entire nation and the inhabitants of the electoral constituencies they represent, respectively of the citizens belonging to the national minorities, which they represent; - the obligation to exercise their mandate in accordance with the principle of separation and balance of power in the state, within the constitutional democracy; - they are forbidden to take on financial or other obligations to individuals or legal entities which are likely to influence the exercise of their mandate in good faith, according to their own conscience; - the duty to exercise their mandate impartially, taking into account the interest of the citizens they represent, - the duty to act with competence and fairness in the exercise of their duties; - must prove transparency in the parliamentary activity; - the obligation to maintain a permanent dialogue with citizens on matters of interest arising from the assumption and exercise of parliamentary mandate; - are obliged to manifest during the exercise of the mandate loyalty to Romania and the Romanian people and have respect for the people; - the obligation not to prejudice the image and reputation of Parliament; - are obliged to comply with the provisions of the regulations, comply with the rules of civilized conduct, courtesy and parliamentary discipline, should not have bad attitudes or use expressions or words that are injurious, offensive, discriminatory or libelous; - the obligation to participate in the work of the Chamber of which they are part of; - the obligation to submit the wealth and interests statements, according to the law; - the obligation to comply with legislation on incompatibilities and the conflict of interest; - it is forbidden to use the name of a deputy or senator in any advertising action concerning any company, financial or industrial company or others for profit. The protection of the parliamentary mandate The mandate of parliamentarians enjoys special constitutional protection in order to ensure the independence and freedom of action of the deputies and senators in the 22 According to Law no. 96 of 21 April 2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, republished in the Official Journal of Romania no. 49 of 22 January 2016 and according to the Code of Conduct for Deputies and Senators. 74

performance of their duties, but also to eliminate possible interferences, pressures or threats against the Members of Parliament 23. Protection of mandate is mainly achieved through incompatibilities and parliamentary immunity. Incompatibilities with the parliamentary mandate Incompatibility is the situation in which, by law, a person is forbidden to cumulate two or more qualities or positions which, by their nature, are contradictory 24. The institution of incompatibilities is based on both the observance of the principle of separation of powers in the state and the independence and efficiency that must characterize the activity of a parliamentarian 25. Firstly, the main incompatibilities with the parliamentary mandate are expressly provided by the Romanian Constitution (Article 71 para. (1) and (2)): a. no one may be at the same time a Deputy and a Senator; b. the capacity of parliamentarian is incompatible with any other public position of authority except for that of member of the Government (for example, the President of Romania, the People s Advocate, judge or prosecutor, judge of the Constitutional Court, member of the Court of Accounts, leading positions specific to ministries, prefect, mayor, deputy mayor 26, etc.) Secondly, other incompatibilities are also established by the law 27 or regulations of the Chambers and generally address incompatibilities with: - the Membership of the European Parliament; - certain private functions (for example, it is forbidden to use the name along with the capacity of a deputy in any advertising activity for a profit-making activity, the position of president, deputy president, general manager, director, administrator, board member or censor in trading companies, including banks or other credit institutions, the position of manager or member of the boards of autonomous regies, of companies and of national companies; the status of trader as a natural person, membership in a group of economic interest, a public position entrusted by a foreign state with the exception of those capacities provided for in the agreements and conventions to which Romania is a party, the position of president, deputy chairman, secretary and treasurer of trade unions and federations, capacities and activities of persons who, according to their statutes, can not belong to political parties); - the capacities and activities of persons who, according to their status, cannot be part of political parties. The state of incompatibility entails the resignation or the termination of the parliamentary status. The Deputy or Senator who, either on the date of entering or in the course of his term mandate, is in one of the situations of incompatibility provided in the Statute of Deputies and Senators or in other special laws, is in tune for a period of 15 days to notify the Permanent 23 See Ioan Muraru, Mihai Constantinescu, Drept parlamentar românesc, 2005, p. 319; Maria Năstase Georgescu, Simona Th. Livia Mihăilescu, Drept constituţional şi instituţii politice, 2011, p. 281. 24 See DEX - Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române[explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language], Romanian Academy, Institute of Linguistics "Iorgu Iordan", Univers Enciclopedic Publishing House, Bucharest, 1998, p. 483. 25 See Mircea Criste, Dreptul constituțional. Un drept al statului, 2017, p. 173. 26 The list is completed by the public authority appointments provided under Article 81 paragraph (2) of the Law no. 161/2003 on certain measures for ensuring transparency in the exercise of public dignities, public functions and in the business area, for the prevention and sanctioning of corruption, with subsequent amendments and supplements, as well as incompatibilities arising from the provisions of Article 821 of the same law. 27 According to Article 16 of Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, republished. 75

Bureau of the Chamber of which he is a party in respect of his incompatibility. After the expiration of this term, the Deputy or Senator will choose, within 30 days, between the mandate of Deputy or Senator and the incompatible office or capacity, resigning according to his option. The resignation of the parliamentarian is notified to the Standing Bureau of the Chamber of which he is a member (Article 17 paragraph 1 of Law 96/2006). On the other hand, in the case of a parliamentarian who has not expressed his choice according to the above mentioned provisions, he remains in a state of incompatibility. The Standing Bureau of the Chamber to which he belongs notifies the Commission that is competent to examine incompatibility with a view to drawing up a report within 15 days of notification. In order to prepare this report, the Standing Bureau of the Parliamentary Chamber calls on the National Integrity Agency a point of view. The Standing Bureau of the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate submits, in the first meeting of the plenum of the Chamber of which the respective parliamentarian is part of, a draft decision establishing the state of incompatibility and termination of mandate (Article 17 paragraph 2 of Law no. 96/2006). Parliamentary immunity Parliamentary immunity is that feature of the parliamentary mandate under which the parliamentarian is protected against any pressure or abuse committed against his or her person and which ensures its independence, freedom and security in the exercise of its rights and obligations under the Constitution and the laws 28. In a particular case, the Constitutional Court has determined that immunity is a constitutional guarantee, a measure of legal protection of the mandate, which is intended to ensure the independence of the mandate holder from any external pressure or abuse 29. Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators defines in Article 20 the parliamentary immunity as being the set of legal provisions that provides for deputies and senators a derogatory legal regime from common law in their relation with the justice and in order to guarantee their independence. Given the role conferred to immunity, of legal protection of the parliamentary mandate, independence, freedom of speech and parliamentary security, the Constitution also provides the necessary safeguards. Immunity is a legal means of protecting the parliamentary mandate, it has an imperative character and is not just a simple right of the parliamentarian to which he could give up. Immunity is of public order, which means it can be invoked at any time and not just by the one interested 30. The parliamentary immunity is found in the vast majority of democratic constitutional systems, yet having the status of exceptional measure 31. The content of parliamentary immunity must be outlined also in relation to the European provisions 32. Thus, the Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament also contain provisions on the waiver of immunity (Rule 6), which states that in exercising its powers as regards privileges and immunities, the Parliament shall in particular pursue its integrity as a democratic legislative assembly and ensure the independence of Deputies in the performance of their duties which are incumbent. Also, according to Rule 7 The Commission may issue a reasoned opinion on the competence of the authority concerned and on the admissibility of 28 See Ioan Muraru, Mihai Constantinescu, Drept parlamentar românesc, 2005, p. 329. 29 See the Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 435 of 26 May 2006, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 576 of 4 July 2006. 30 See Ştefan Deaconu, Instituţii politice, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012, p. 223. 31 See Ştefan Deaconu, Instituţii politice, 2012, p. 218. 32 Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 319 of 19 June 2013, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 404 of 4 July 2013. 76

the request - waiver of immunity (our note) - but it does not rule on the Member s guilt or innocence or on the opportunity or inexpedience of the Member s prosecution for his opinions and actions imputed to him, even if examination of the request allows the Commission to acquire in-depth knowledge of the case. In general, parliamentary immunity takes two forms: a) legal irresponsibility and b) inviolability. Legal irresponsibility. According to Article 72 para. 1 of the Constitution of Romania, republished, the Members of Parliament can not be held liable for the votes or political opinions expressed in the exercise of their mandate (they may be considered as concrete forms of expression: expressed vote, proposed or supported amendments, legislative initiatives, speeches, questions or interpellations, political statements, interventions, reports, opinions, etc.). Legal irresponsibility refers only to acts committed in the exercise of the parliamentary mandate. It is a total, unconditional and perpetual immunity 33 that defends the parliamentarian against any form of legal liability (with the exception of the disciplinary one 34 corroborating the provisions of Article 51, especially letter d) of Law no. 96/2006), both during and after the expiration of the mandate. It cannot be suspended or waived, nor does it exclude liability, regardless the form, for acts or deeds unrelated to the exercise of duties. For opinions, acts or deeds done or committed unrelated to the exercise of the mandate, the parliamentarian will be politically and/or legally responsible according to the common law 35. For example, it has been appreciated in the legal literature that defamation of the country, incitement to discrimination or territorial separatism, calumny or insults prompted by a discourse do not fall within the scope of the exercise of the parliamentary mandate 36. Inviolability Inviolability is a procedural immunity 37 which implies special procedural rules derogatory from those of common law regarding holding someone legally accountable. First of all, it is only about acts committed by the parliamentarian but not those related to the exercise of duties. Secondly, inviolability protects only with regard to criminal liability. Immunity is not a cause of legal liability, but only a way of protecting the parliamentary mandate 38. The special regulations concern the search, detention and arrest of the parliamentarian, the special jurisdiction to prosecute and to sue and the judgment. Thus, parliamentarians may be subject to criminal investigation, or criminally prosecuted for acts that are unrelated to the votes or opinions expressed in the exercise of their mandate, but search, detention or arrest can only be made with the consent of the Chamber of 33 See Mircea Criste, Dreptul constituțional. Un drept al statului, 2017, p. 177. 34 See Cristian Ionescu, Constituția României comentată și adnotată cu dezbateri parlamentare și jurisprudența Curții Constituționale, Title III the Parliament, Universul Juridic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2010, p. 236. 35 See Ioan Muraru in Ioan Muraru, Elena Simina Tănăsescu, Constituţia României Comentariu pe articole, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2008, p. 683. Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 279 of 22 March 2006, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 323 of 11 April 2006. 36 See Cristian Ionescu, Constituția României comentată și adnotată cu dezbateri parlamentare și jurisprudența Curții Constituționale, 2010, p. 241. 37 See Ion Deleanu, Instituţii şi proceduri constituţionale în dreptul comparat şi în dreptul român, Servo Sat Publishing House, Arad, 2003, p. 529; Ioan Muraru in Ioan Muraru, Elena Simina Tănăsescu, Constituţia României Comentariu pe articole, 2008, p. 683. 38 See Maria Năstase Georgescu, Simona Th. Livia Mihăilescu, Drept constituţional şi instituţii politice, 2011, p. 282. 77

Parliament of which they are part after being heard (waiver of immunity procedure) 39. The investigation prosecution fall within the jurisdiction of the Prosecutor s Office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice, and the trial within the jurisdiction of the High Court of Cassation and Justice [Article 72 para. (1) and (2) of the Constitution of Romania, republished]. By way of execution, in the case of a flagrant offense, the parliamentarians may be detained or searched, but the Minister of Justice has the obligation to immediately inform the President of the Chamber of which the parliamentarian is a member to start the waiver of immunity procedure. If, however, the notified Chamber finds that there is no ground for detention, it shall order the annulment of such a measure at once (Article 72 para. (3) of the Constitution of Romania, republished]. The request for detention, arrest or search is addressed to the President of the Chamber by the Minister of Justice. The President of the Chamber shall inform the Standing Bureau of the request in a public hearing and shall immediately forward it to the Legal, Discipline and Immunities Committee for examination, which will establish, in its report, whether there are grounds for the approval of the request. The request of the Minister of Justice, accompanied by the report of the Legal Commission, shall be submitted for debate and adoption to the Chamber where the Deputy or the Senator takes part, within 5 days of the submission of the report. The Chamber decides on the request by secret vote of the majority of its members. The decision of the Chamber shall be immediately communicated to the Minister of Justice and published in the Official Journal of Romania, Part I, within 3 days. The date of communication to the Minister of Justice is the date of entry into force of the judgment 40. Starting from the provisions of Article 72 para. 2 of the Constitution of Romania, republished, it can be argued that the immunity procedure established is circumscribed to the scope of the acts and deeds committed by a parliamentarian but which are not related to the duties of the service, acts and deeds in connection with which there is no need for the special authorization of the Parliamentary Chamber in order the prosecution of a parliamentarian to be started. Thus, the question arises whether it is necessary the approval of the Parliamentary Chamber (waiver of immunity) to initiate criminal proceedings or to take legal action for acts or deeds committed by the parliamentarian in connection with the mandate entrusted to him? It is clear that the text of Article 72 para. 2 of the Constitution of Romania refers strictly to facts that are unrelated to the votes and political opinions expressed in the exercise of the mandate. Per a contrario, when it is considered that certain acts or deeds committed by the parliamentarian in the exercise of or in connection with the mandate entrusted to him by election, circumscribe the scope of the offense (but not limited to this) in order to start the prosecution, or to take legal action, the adjudication of the relevant parliamentary Chamber is necessary. In support of this idea, some of the provisions of the regulations of the two Parliamentary Chambers or doctrinal points 41 of view come to a certain extent. Thus, Article 173 para. 6 of the Senate Regulations stipulates that the application for authorization of arraignment, criminal or contravention type (only the arraignment, not the start of criminal 39 By the Decision of the Romanian Senate no. 23 of 23 May 2015, the measure of detention and preventive arrest of the Senator Vâlcov Darius-Bogdan was approved, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 199 of 25 May, 2015. By the Decision of the Romanian Senate no. 42 of 2 June 2015, the request for approval of the arrest and preventive arrest of Senator Şova Dan-Coman was dismissed, Decision published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 384 of 2 June 2015. The Decision of the Chamber of Deputies no. 6 of 17 February 2016 on the approval of the arrest of the deputy Nicolae Păun, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 126 of 17 February. 40 Article 24 of Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, republished in the Official Journal of Romania no. 411 of 8 July 2013. 41 See Stefan Deaconu, Instituţii politice, 2012, p. 225; Maria Năstase Georgescu, Simona Th. Livia Mihăilescu, Drept constituțional și instituții politice, 2011, p. 282. 78

prosecution our note), (...) shall be addressed to the President of the Senate, by the Minister of Justice. Since such a regulation cannot contravene the Constitution, and by reference to the rest of the Article 173 of the Senate Regulations, it appears that when it comes to any criminal act or contravention committed by a senator but which is related to the mandate specific tasks, the approval of the Senate is necessary, in accordance with the procedure, for the arraignment of the respective Senator. That is the only way one could interpret the provisions of Article 173 para. 6 of the Senate Regulations to find consistency in relation to parliamentary practice. The Regulations of the Chamber of Deputies does not contain such a regulation, taking over the constitutional provisions of Article 72, but Article 221 of this Regulation refers to all the requests for waiver of immunity. Instead, the same Regulation makes explicit reference to the situation of the Members of Parliament who have had the capacity of members of the Government (Articles 157-159), regarding the need for the Chamber of Deputies to approve by secret vote the request of the Prosecutor General of the Prosecutor s Office attached to The High Court of Cassation and Justice for the approval of a request for criminal prosecution of a parliamentarian who is a member of the Government. In the case of parliamentarians who have or had the capacity of a member of the Government the approval of the parliamentary Chamber of which they are or were part is necessary to initiate criminal prosecution or to take legal action, considering the provisions of Article 109 para. 2 first thesis of the Romanian Constitution, republished 42. The request of the parliamentary Chamber s approval, as a precursor to the commencement of criminal prosecution and trial of the parliamentarians, as well as in case of detention, arrest or search, is established in fact as a guarantee that must be observed in the case of the waived parliamentary immunity, a warrant with a role in preventing the risk of being exercised with outrage, abusively or teasingly, as an instrument of pressure or coercion of parliamentarians 43. All requests for the waiver of parliamentary immunity shall be placed on the agenda at the assembly of the notified Chamber. Disciplinary liability of parliamentarians The disciplinary liability of parliamentarians (the disciplinary misconduct that they may commit, as well as the related sanctions) is regulated by the Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators and the Regulations of the two Chambers of Parliament. Article 51 of the Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators stipulates that parliamentary disciplinary offenses are entailed by the following deeds, committed by deputies or senators if, according to the law, they are not crimes: a) violation of the provisions regarding the duties of Deputies and Senators provided by the Constitution and the statute 44 ; b) non-compliance with the provisions of the Chamber s Regulation they are part of and of the Regulation of the joint activities of the Chamber of Deputies and of the Senate; c) abusive exercise of the mandate of senator or deputy; d) the injurious or defamatory behavior towards a parliamentarian or other dignitary in plenary, commission or office meetings or elsewhere, but on the exercise of the parliamentary mandate; 42 See the Romanian Senate Decision no. 4 of 3 February 2016 on the request for criminal prosecution of Mr. Gabriel Oprea, former Deputy Prime Minister for National Security and former Minister of Home Affairs, published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 80 of 3 February 2016. 43 Decision of the Constitutional Court no. 319 of 19 June 2013 published in the Official Journal of Romania no. 404 of 4 July 2013 (see the separate opinion on this decision). 44 In particular, it should be considered: the violation of the oath of faith; absence without leave from the proceedings of the Senate (according to Article 195 of the Senate Regulations). 79

e) violation of the legal provisions regarding the conflict of interests. Disciplinary sanctions are provided in Article 52 of Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators: a) verbal notification; b) calling to order; c) the withdrawal of the speech; d) removal from the hall during the meeting; e) the written warning. The disciplinary sanctions provided in Article 52 letter a) - c) of the Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators (a) verbal notification; b) calling to order; c) the withdrawal of the speech) shall be applied by the President of the meeting. The sanction provided in Article 52 letter d) of Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators (removal from the Chamber during the meeting) shall be applied at the request of the president of the meeting or of a Parliamentary Group by the plenum of the Chamber by the vote of the majority of those present. Deflections that impose the sanctions provided in Article 52 letter e) of Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators (written warning) is established by the Commission that has the competence to analyze the discipline issues at the level of the respective Chamber, at the notification of the president of the meeting, of a parliamentary group or at the notification of a Deputy or Senator. The notification shall be addressed to the President of the respective Chamber no later than 30 days after the date of the act. In case of a conflict of interest, at the request of the Standing Bureau of the respective Chamber, the Commission that has the competence to analyze the discipline issues draws up a report stating that the report of the National Integrity Agency regarding the existence of the conflict of interests is final. The Commission that has the competence to analyze the discipline issues solves the complaint within 10 working days of its registration. The Commission s report shall be approved by a majority vote of the members present at a secret meeting. The Commission s report shall be forwarded to the Standing Bureau of the Chamber concerned, together with the case file. The Standing Bureau of the respective Chamber resolves the case within 3 working days of receipt of the report. The decision of the Standing Bureau of the Chamber shall be submitted to the public hearing of the respective Chamber 45. According to the Senate Regulations [Article 197 para. (2)], the disciplinary sanctions applied may not prevent the exercise of the right to vote. In conclusion, the current regulation of the statute of parliamentarians, especially regarding their rights and obligations and the protection of the mandate, though not voided of criticism, represents an evolution compared to the previous regulation (the original text of the Romanian Constitution of 1991 or the Regulations of the two Chambers occasionally amended by the Constitutional Court), diminishing much of the too protective character of the parliamentarian, regardless of the situation or misbehavior. Moreover, it is not always possible for non-compliance with deontology and parliamentary conduct to be corrected by drafting new normative texts. This is also the case for the much-awaited Code of Conduct for Deputies and Senators, whose adoption was welcomed with reserves in the most recent CVM report 46, reserves that are justified also on grounds other than those mentioned in the report. Thus, a careful analysis of the content of this code, referring to the existing constitutional and legal provisions regarding the statute of the Romanian Member of Parliament, one can notice that it failed to synthesize all the relevant aspects of the behavior of the parliamentarian (Law no. 96/2006 being much superior) and to provide concrete instruments to prevent or eliminate possible misbehavior. 45 Article 51 of the Law no. 96/2006 on the Statute of Deputies and Senators, republished in the Official Journal of Romania no. 411 of 8 July 2013. 46 European Commission - Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on Progress in Romania under the Co-operation and Verification Mechanism, Brussels, 15 November 2017 (https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/comm -2017-751_ro.pdf). 80

The shaping of a parliamentary model demanded by the exigencies of a democratic regime and of the rule of law, in a consolidated democracy 47, is a collective effort, an aspect that must primarily take into account the conscience and professionalism of those invested by election with representation powers, assuming the status of a public dignity and assuming responsibility for the role of member of the supreme assembly in the state. Secondly, we appreciate that it is necessary that the effort should be also made from the other side, from the citizens, that through a higher active social behavior and an increase in the level of political education could establish an effective instrument for the accountability of the parliamentarians and the political class in general. BIBLIOGRAPHY Marius Andreescu, Andra Păun, Drept constituțional. Teoria generală a statului, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2016. Lucian Chiriac, Drept administrativ. Partea generală, Ed. Petru Maior University of Tîrgu- Mureș, 2004. Ionița Cochințu, Dreptul și obligația Curții Constituționale de a interpreta un text constituțional, in Ionița Cochințu, Marian Enache (coord.), In honorem Ioan Vida, Hamangiu Publishing House, Bucharest, 2017 Mircea Criste, Le legislatif et l intervention legislative, in Curentul Juridic Journal, no. 4/2016 Mircea Criste, Dreptul constituțional. Un drept al statului, Universul Juridic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2017 Ştefan Deaconu, Instituţii politice, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012. Ion Deleanu, Instituţii şi proceduri constituţionale în dreptul comparat şi în dreptul român, Servo Sat Publishing House, Arad, 2003. Maria Năstase Georgescu, Simona Th. Livia Mihăilescu, Drept constituţional şi instituţii politice, Universul Juridic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011. Cristian Ionescu, Tratat de drept constituţional contemporan, All Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2003. Cristian Ionescu, Constituția României comentată și adnotată cu dezbateri parlamentare și jurisprudența Curții Constituționale, Title III The Parliament, Universul Juridic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2010 Ioan Muraru, Mihai Constantinescu, Drept parlamentar românesc, 2005. Ioan Muraru, Elena Simina Tănăsescu, Drept constituţional şi instituţii politice, vol. II, All Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2006 Ioan Muraru in Ioan Muraru, Elena Simina Tănăsescu, Constituţia României Comentariu pe articole, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest, 2008 Nicolae Roș, Îndrumar practiv-legislativ pentru aleșii locali, Universitară Clujeană Publihing House, 2015. Other sources European Commission - Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on Progress in Romania under the Co-operation and Verification Mechanism, Brussels, 15 November 2017 (https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/comm -2017-751_ro.pdf). DEX -Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory Dictionary of the Romanian Language], Romanian Academy, Institute of Linguistics "Iorgu Iordan", Univers Enciclopedic Publishing House, Bucharest, 1998 47 see Ionița Cochințu, Dreptul și obligația Curții Constituționale de a interpreta un text constituțional, in Ionița Cochințu, Marian Enache (coord.), In honorem Ioan Vida, Ed. Hamangiu, București, 2017, p. 132. 81