AP European History / GPHS / Frye Test 6 Study Guide Covering Palmer, sections #62-92 [through Stalin s rise, early USSR] Nationalism Nationalists encouraged loyalty to the nation in a variety of ways, including romantic idealism, liberal reform, political unification, racialism with a concomitant anti- Semitism, and chauvinism justifying national aggrandizement. The Crimean War demonstrated the weakness of the Ottoman Empire and contributed to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe, thereby creating the conditions in which Italy and Germany could be unified after centuries of fragmentation The Crimean War - Cause, outcome Florence Nightingale A new breed of conservative leaders, including Napoleon III, Cavour, and Bismarck, coopted the agenda of nationalists for the purposes of creating or strengthening the state. Cavour s Realpolitik strategies, combined with the popular Garibaldi s military campaigns, led to the unification of Italy. Bismarck employed diplomacy, industrialized warfare and weaponry, and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms to unify Germany. After 1871 Bismarck attempted to maintain the balance of power through a complex system of alliances directed at isolating France. Bismarck s dismissal in 1890 eventually led to a system of mutually antagonistic alliances and heightened international tensions. Unification of Italy Sardinia-Piedmont Camillo dicavour Garibaldi Unification of Germany Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of unified Germany, which subsequently underwent rapid industrialization under government sponsorship. Danish War, Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War Otto von Bismarck & Prussia Realpolitik Reichstag Kulturkampf Social welfare system Kaiser Wilhelm II France Louis N. Bonaparte [2d Republic] aka: NAPOLEON III [2d Empire] Methods of rule [5 P s] Franco-Mexican War 3rd French Republic 1871-1940 the "Commune / communards [Alfred] Dreyfus Affair
The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, which recognized the political power of the largest ethnic minority, was an attempt to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity. Austria s multi-ethnic empire & Ausgleich 1867 In Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through a program of reform and modernization, which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Revolution of 1905. Russia and the Balkans Intelligentsia serfdom Alexander II - Emancipation Act of 1861 Fair trials [judicial reform] 1864 Assassination [1881] Russo-Turkish War 1877-78 Bismarck interferes Nicholas II [r.1894-1917] War with Japan Bloody Sunday Expansion of Russia into Central Asia and Pacific Decline of the Turks (traditionalists vs. modernizers) sick man State of the Ottoman Empire in 19 th century (the sick man ) Capitulations Young Turks Russo-Turkish War / Berlin Conf. Egypt independent 1805.Suez Canal 1869 British take Egypt [1881] 1830 France grabs Algeria 1911-12 Italo-Turkish War: Libya to Italy Attempts to reform [blocked by traditional Muslim leaders and Janissaries] Abdul Hamid II "the Damned" Young Turks Nationalist tensions in the Balkans drew the Great Powers into a series of crises leading up to World War I. New Balkan countries 1 st /2d Balkan Wars Jewish Pale anti-semitism pogroms [Kishniev Pogrom] Theodore Herzl Zionism ( New ) Imperialism (19 th /early 20 th century) Why Europe did it [motives] Why able to do it [means] Modes/methods of imperial control Economic causes and effects of empire for Europe neomercantilism
European national rivalries and strategic concerns fostered imperial expansion and competition for colonies. The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods, as well as strategic and nationalistic considerations, drove Europeans to colonize Africa and Asia, even as European colonies in the Americas broke free politically, if not economically. Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial superiority. The development of advanced weaponry invariably ensured the military superiority of Europeans over colonized areas. Communication and transportation technologies allowed for the creation of the European empires. Advances in medicine supported European control of Africa and Asia by preserving European lives. Napoleon III invades Mexico (Franco-Mexican War) - Maxmillian vs. Benito Juarez Leopold II and the Belgian Congo 1885 Berlin Conference / division of Africa Cecil Rhodes Boer War Sepoy Mutiny (causes and effects) Change after end of B.E.I Co. and takeover by British government (the Raj) Opium War and Treaty of Nanking Taiping Rebellion French Indochina Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 Anglo-Japanese alliance 1902 Boxer Rebellion Imperialism created diplomatic tensions among European states that strained alliance systems. Imperial encounters with non-european peoples influenced the styles and subject matter of artists and writers and provoked debate over the acquisition of colonies. As non-europeans became educated in Western values, they challenged European imperialism through nationalist movements and/or by modernizing their own economies and societies. WW I A variety of factors including nationalism, military plans, the alliance system, and imperial competition (Moroccan Crises) - turned a regional dispute in the Balkans into World War I. New technologies confounded traditional military strategies and led to massive troop losses. The effects of military stalemate and total war led to protest and insurrection in the belligerent nations and eventually to revolutions that changed the international balance of power. The war in Europe quickly spread to non-european theaters, transforming the war into a global conflict. The relationship of Europe to the word shifted significantly with the globalization of the conflict, the emergence of the United States as a world power, and the overthrow of European empires. Triple Alliance - Central Powers Triple Entente - Allies (including turncoat Italy) Francis (Franz) Ferdinand, Gavrilio Princip and the Black Hand
Schlieffen Plan Gallipoli Somme, Verdun 1916 British blockade and effects Lusitania Jutland Zimmerman note Armenian genocide Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Collapse of German, Ottoman, Russian, & Austrian empires Roles of women Rise of US as economic power due to debt VERSAILLES TREATY Wilsonian idealism clashed with postwar realities in both the victorious and the defeated states. Democratic successor states emerged from former empires and eventually succumbed to significant political, economic, and diplomatic crises. The League of Nations, created to prevent future wars, was weakened from the outset by the nonparticipation of major powers, including the United States, Germany, and the Soviet Union. The Versailles settlement, particularly its provisions on the assignment of guilt and reparations for the war, hindered the German Weimar Republic s ability to establish a stable and legitimate political and economic system. When World War I began, Europeans were generally confident in the ability of science and technology to address human needs and problems despite the uncertainty created by the new scientific theories and psychology. The effects of world war and economic depression undermined this confidence in science and human reason, giving impetus to existentialism and producing postmodernism in the post-1945 period. World War I created a lost generation, fostered disillusionment and cynicism, transformed the lives of women, and democratized societies. Role of Wilson, 14 Points opposition to Wilson by Lloyd George & Clemenceau League of Nations Punishments of Germany (Rhine, Saar, reparations, demilitarization) War guilt clause Colonial mandates
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION to RISE OF STALIN 1917-39 In Russia, World War I exacerbated long-term problems of political stagnation, social inequality, incomplete industrialization, and food and land distribution, all while creating support for revolutionary change. Military and worker insurrections, aided by the revived soviets, undermined the Provisional Government and set the stage for Lenin s long-planned Bolshevik revolution and establishment of a communist state. The Bolshevik takeover prompted a protracted civil war between communist forces and their opponents, who were aided by foreign powers. In order to improve economic performance, Lenin compromised with free-market principles under the New Economic Policy, but after his death Stalin undertook a centralized program of rapid economic modernization. Stalin s economic modernization of the Soviet Union came at a high price, including the liquidation of the kulaks, famine in the Ukraine, purges of political rivals, unequal burdens placed on women, and the establishment of an oppressive political system. Reasons for Russian Revolutions Nicholas II Grigori Rasputin Alexander Kerensky [1st Revolution] Provisional Govt Vladimir Lenin Policies, Red Terror Bolshevik [2d] Revolution Leon Trotsky Russian Civil War (Reds & Whites) Allied intervention soviets Russo-Polish War Politburo Rise of Josef Stalin Ukrainian famine Five Year Plans Purges, Old Bolsheviks Kulaks collective farms Cheka Gulag