Topic 2: Industry and Immigration (1865-1914)
Background : Industrial Revolution Gilded Age or, Age of Big Business, or, Rise of Capital IR and production increase = rich, very rich industrialists Robber Barons -unethical, manipulative business leaders Causes: new production & manufacturing; westward expansion = increased markets; new inventions and mechanization; gov t policies (tariffs, tax-free, courts); cheap immigrant labor Effects: rise of cities (urbanization) and increased immigration; move westward and NA dislocation; exploitation and labor unions; new work patterns (8-5 pm); double work for women (increased rights?)
Section 1: The Expansion of Industry: As the settlers continued to push west, America was still largely agricultural that will all change 1920 s leading industrial power in the world 1) Natural Resources Oil, coal, iron, streams, farmland Coal was cheap resource Cleveland + Pittsburg 2) Governmental support Coin money, tariff on imports, patents Laissez Faire government leaves the business sector alone Adam Smith people control supply and demand (The Wealth Of Nations) 3) Urbanization 1800 5 Million people 1900 76 Million 4) Technological innovations Inventions, transportation, communication, factory systems
2.1 Innovation Boosts Growth American Industry Grows Agrarian society Industrial Power North becomes and industrial power (Civil War) Factories became the new economy Railroads, Guns, Medical supplies Natural Resources Fuel Economic Growth Cleveland + Pittsburg Workforce Grows Increase in immigrants Free Enterprise = Entrepreneurship Run a business for profit Laissez-Faire Policy Little government involvement
American Industry Grows 1. Natural Resources Oil Edwin Drake - drill for oil (1859) Leads to growth and new innovations Steel Bessemer Process Henry Bessemer Remove carbon from Iron» Faster and cheaper way to produce steel 2. Workforce Grows Immigrants from Europe + Asia Push and Pull Factors Push : Political tensions, religious discrimination, crop failure Pull: Jobs, - Land of Opportunity!!! MERICA! 3. Free Enterprise Rags to Riches Entrepreneurs business for a profit Free Enterprise run a business with minimal regulation 4. Laissez-Faire Business to operate without government regulation $ off of laborers low wages
New Uses For Steel: Steel will change the construction industry and America s economy Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm equipment, bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge- 1883),and the first skyscrapers Brooklyn Bridge: NYC Growth of cities Jobs, urban society/culture Great Lakes CLEVELAND, Minnesota, Pittsburg Increase trade Rest of the world look to America for trade $$$$
Innovation Drives Economic Development Innovation = Growth Inventions Patent grant by the federal government giving the developer exclusive rights to develop and sell New Inventions = growing economy Thomas Edison 1,000 Patents Light Bulb Central Power plants powered entire cities» Extends the day» George Westinghouse funded project. Samuel Morse Morse Code (1844) Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876) Men Who Built America - Edison
Innovation Drives Economic Development The telegraph could send a message exponentially faster than standard mail. Infer How did telecommunication innovations improve the standard of living in the United States?
Innovation Drives Economic Development Railroads expanded across the country in the mid-nineteenth century. Analyze Maps What effect did railroads have on the production and distribution of goods?
Industrialization and the New South South Mostly agrarian society» Lack industry after the Civil War New Industries Develop Northern investors help the South develop Nashville, Tennessee + Birmingham Alabama» Steel producing cities Railroads Link America Southern rail system expands Used southern inmates to build railroads Southern Economy lags behind Repair after the Civil War Lacked education and innovation Low wages discourage workers Farm issues Cotton fields were abundant export to other nations
The Effects of Industrialization Dominating World Markets America dominates world trade Food and goods Railroads increase transportation Daily Life Changes Farms became mechanized = less demand for labor Farmers seek factory jobs Population to urban centers increase Work was daunting long hours, no safety, little pay Environment Industry starts to hurt environment Erosion/mining National Park Service Yellowstone Park - 1872
The Effects of Industrialization From freight yards such as this massive complex in New York City, American industry transported food and other goods nationwide, greatly increasing Americans' access to consumer products.
Big Business Rises Topic 2 Lesson 2
Capitalism Def: type of economy in which industries are privately owned, and the prices, production and distribution of goods are determined by competition in a free market for the purpose of profit Own private property, owner creates company; make a product for $3, sell for $5 = $2 Profit
Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business Family owned businesses -> group ownership Corporation meets new needs Corporation number of people share ownership of a business Main goal is to maximize profits People invest in companies Lose or gain money based on the success of the company Corporations increase in America Gaining advantage Advertisements America and around the world Low wages Employees paid little to nothing Low cost production Own natural resources / new cheaper ways to produce products Merge Companies Monopolies
Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business The expansion of markets and new methods of production and distribution encouraged the growth of corporations. Analyze Charts Contrast the differences between a family-owned business and a corporation.
Big Business Monopolies: Companies that controlled the majority of one industry: Rockefeller s Standard Oil Carnegie s U.S. Steel Vanderbilt s railroads Trusts -A group of separate companies placed under the control of a single managing board Critics called these practices unfair and the business leaders Robber Barons
Rationalizing Big Business Social Darwinism Used Darwin s theory to explain business, promoted by Harvard professor William Graham Sumner Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest Laissez-faire -policy that US had followed since inception to not allow govt. to interfere with business Govt. should not interfere Gospel of Wealth -belief that the wealthy are chosen by God to be successful and were therefore responsible to look out for the well being of those less fortunate. Many Industrialist shared wealth although rarely through direct welfare. Started museums, etc. Captains of Industry: a positive idea that industrial leaders worked hard and deserved their wealth
Carnegie s Smart Plan: Vertical integration - buying out his suppliers coal fields, iron mines, ore freighters, and rail lines Horizontal Integration buying out companies that produce similar products
Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business Management innovations such as horizontal and vertical integration allowed American businesses to remain competitive in the age of industrialization. Contrast What differences do you see between horizontal and vertical integration?
Andrew Carnegie A Scottish immigrant, Andrew Carnegie helped build the American steel industry Carnegie Steel Co. (originally started as an ironworks foundry) 1900 Carnegie Steel produced more of the metal than all of Great Britain Richest man in the world at the time One of the first philanthropists, gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions for "the improvement of mankind." (Gospel of Wealth) Carnegie Hall, NYC Carnegie-Mellon University Over 2,500 public libraries $350 million by the time he died Carnegie was unusual because he preached for the rights of laborers to unionize and to protect their jobs. However, Carnegie's steel workers were often pushed to long hours and low wages-- Homestead Strike of 1892
John D. Rockefeller He was a co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, became the world's richest man and the first American worth more than a billion dollars Often cited as the richest person in history Like Carnegie, was a philanthropist under the Gospel of Wealth: An abolitionist Creator of Spelman College Major donator to the University of Chicago and other major medical universities Owned a large portion of real estate in Manhattan, NYC
Cornelius ( The Commodore ) and W.H. Vanderbilt Originally a steamboat entrepreneur, C. Vanderbilt became a railroad magnate Initially did not think his son was fit for the job W.H. became president of Central and Hudson River Railroad, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, the Canada Southern Railway, and the Michigan Central Railroad An active philanthropist, giving extensively to a number of philanthropic causes: Funded the Metropolitan Opera Funded College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. In 1880, he provided the money for Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee
J.P. Morgan Industrialist and financier who started U.S. Steel from Carnegie Steel and other companies Became 1 st billion- dollar corporation Bailed out the U.S. economy on more than one occasion
"The Great Race for the Western Stakes, 1870," Cornelius Vanderbilt versus James Fisk
Pros and Cons of Big Business Pros Business flourished Laissez-Faire + Free enterprise Factories, Mills, RR s, Jobs, Development of Technology and innovation International Economic leader Philanthropists Captain of Industry Cons Mergers created powerful business empires Oil, Steel, Coal, RR s Small businesses out Monopolies set high prices Government let it happen Laissez-faire Robber Barons
Business and Government Big Business controlled the economy Laissez-Faire style of economy RR Companies fixed rates / incentives to politicians Unfair to customers Unfair to workers Low wages, unsafe conditions Attempts to Regulate Business Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) 1887 Monitor Railroad rates Can t discriminate passengers by special rebates Prohibit the amount they charge for short and long hauls Rates should be reasonable and just Long legal processes and railroads didn t comply Only had the power to investigate Not enough people to enforce the law
Business and Government Cont d Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 The government had to respond the robber barons were getting way to powerful. Stifle competition = monopoly, bad for capitalism Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a monopoly (Trust) This was tough to govern big companies would just split up into smaller companies
The Changing Relationship Between Government and Business The Sherman Antitrust Act tried to create a fair marketplace in which the needs of businesses, workers, and consumers were addressed. Analyze Charts Why might some businesses disagree with the Sherman Antitrust Act?
Organized Labor Topic 2 Lesson 3
Workers Endure Difficulties Hardships of Factory Work Immigrants were the workforce Keep cost down, willing to take any job Sweatshops filthy workplaces 12 hrs/day, 6-7 days/week, no benefits, little vacation, dangerous» Entire families forced to work = more income $ Children in the workplace Needed for specific jobs Cheap labor Families needed additional income 20% of kids 10-16 worked in factories Physical harm
Pullman and the Sleeper car George M. Pullman Factory owner Pullman Palace Car Company Built Sleeper/ dinning / parlor cars Pullman built a town for his employees» Housing, parks, factory Provided his employees with basic needs Doctor offices, shops and athletic fields» Pullman Company controlled the town No loitering on front steps, no alcohol. Violent strike due to low pay and high rent Slashed wages, outlawed saloons
Workers Endure Difficulties Cont d Company Towns Building/town owned by business Rented out to employees Stores employees bought goods from owners» High interest rates» Wage Slavery
Workers Demand Change Reformers look for changes Help workers Business owners feared this threat Workers/Business viewed as property Socialism wealth is distributed equally to everyone Karl Marx The Communist Manifesto Denounced capitalism and workers will overthrow it» Most American oppose the idea» Labor reformers barrow idea to make changes
The Growth of Labor Unions Collective Bargaining Negotiating as a group with their employers Higher wages, better conditions, lower rent Strike workers refuse to work Local, state, region, country, groups. Unions- National Trades Union 1833 Changes start 10 hr days, 6 days a week (mid 1800 s)
The Growth of Labor Unions Different labor unions continued to advocate for worker's rights.analyze Tables How were all of these labor unions similar? What were some ways in which they differed?
Labor Unions Knights of Labor 1869 Social gains for unskilled and skilled workers» Uriah Stephens Recruited women + African Americans Terence V. Powderly took over KoL Used collective bargaining, strikes, boycotts American Federation of Labor - 1886 Samuel Gompers Skilled workers, 100 s of different specific crafts, Union Dues Wages, Hours and conditions Outcomes 1. Companies learned to treat their employees better 2. Unions became more powerful
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) rally in protest in Union Square in New York City, New York.
Haymarket Strike May 1886 Haymarket Square Chicago Strikers and police exchange violent attacks Protestor threw a bomb 8 anarchists tried for murder 4 executed Haymarket Riot People feared the Knights of Labor / Strikers Homestead Strike Homestead Penn. Andrew Carnegie steel plant workers strike Hires Henry Frick Pinkertons (private police force) Several workers killed. Public opinion turns against unions.
Impact of Labor Unions Business owners backed by courts against unions Unions denied legal protection Collective bargaining, strikes became strategies
The New Immigrants Topic 2 Lesson 4
Push Factors: negative home conditions loss of job, lack of professional opportunities, overcrowding, famine, crop failure war, Pull Factors: jobs, professional opportunities Land (Westward expansion) Freedoms in America Religious, Economic, Political Ethnocentrism: tendency to view one s own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups
Why Did The Immigrants Come Here? Between 1870 & 1920, about 20 million Europeans immigrated to the U.S. PROMISE OF A BETTER LIFE New ships helped more people immigrate 1. Escape religious persecution Russians forced Jews out 2. Improve their economic situation (jobs) (Birds of passage) Birds of Passage people who moved to America temporarily to earn money then return back to their homeland. 3. Experience greater freedom in the U.S. Religious and Political Freedom 4. Escape difficult conditions (famine, land shortages from rising population) European Population doubled Cheap American crops forced European farms to close Industrialization and farming no need for peasant farming
Old vs. New Immigrants Old immigrants: 1800 1880 10 million immigrants came from northern and western Europe (GB, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavian countries) Mostly Protestants New Immigrants: 1891 1910 70% of the 12 million immigrants entering the US came from southern and eastern Europe (Hungary, Russia, Italians, etc) Mostly Catholic, Jewish, Greek Orthodox Also thousands of Chinese, Japanese, Arabs Increase of Immigrants to America caused social, economic and political problems
New Immigrants Seek Better Lives The number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe increased at the turn of the twentieth century. Analyze Graphs From what region did immigration decrease during the time period shown on the graph?
Life in the New Land Life in the New Land A difficult Journey Steamship trip to cross Atlantic took one week, crossing the Pacific took three weeks Steerage section: lowest level of the ship Cheapest price, louse-infested bunks, poor food, disease, and death Contract Laborers: worked as slaves in exchange for their passage being paid to reach the U.S.
Ellis Island: Ellis Island - NY History Channel Video Most European immigrants to the U.S. arrived in New York and had to pass through immigration station located on Ellis Island in New York Harbor Immigrants were carefully health screened and could only bring 100lbs of belongings 1. Check for serious health problems Diseases, tuberculosis 2. Document checks Cant commit a felony Able to work Some money Name change Schon Vergessen Sean Ferguon Only 2% were prohibited from entering the country
Here Are The Exact Questions Used: 1.What is your name? 2. Have you ever been to the America before? 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the answer was yes, then asked where they lived. 4. Is there anyone who came to meet you at Ellis Island? 5. Who paid for your passage? 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer was yes then immigrant was told: Let me see it.) 7. Do you have a job waiting for you in America? 8. Do you have a criminal record?
Angel Island: Not all immigrants came through Ellis Island Angel Island - Immigration station for the Asian immigrants arriving on the West Coast- San Francisco. Chinese, Japanese Inspection process more difficult than on Ellis Island. (filthy conditions, harsh questioning)
Social Issues Affecting Immigrants Tough Decisions where to live? Work? Fit into American Culture Language, Customs, money» (ethnic neighborhoods) Little Italy, China Town, Americanization Movement Helping immigrants learn American lifestyle Melting Pot Blend of different cultures/ethnicities Nativism Prefer native born citizens over new immigrants Competition for jobs Chinese Exclusion Act Prohibited Chinese laborers / limited civil rights of Chinese immigrants Hurt Economy of western states Chinese = cheap labor
Lasting Effects of Immigration Immigrants transform American Society Fueled industrial growth Work force, Cheap Source of labor Elected Politicians Immigrants become politicians social reform Ethnic Traditions became a part of American Life Food, Music, Inventors Labor source helped American economy grow Became active in Unions and Labor movement
Immigrants Affect American Society Immigrant contributions to American culture included the introduction of new foods. Hypothesize How might the popularity of foods have encouraged acceptance of many immigrant groups?
A Nation of Cities Topic 2 Lesson 5
Americans Migrate to cities Urban vs. Rural Urbanization increase in population Factory buildings, sweat shops, walked to work, trolleys» Lived in apartment buildings/tenement Apartments Rural Farm / country side Farmers, worked around the growing seasons Causes for Urbanization Cities became magnets for immigrants Factory jobs, opened shops, office work, women found jobs teachers, clerks, sewing Cheap places to live Tenement Apartments Ethnic neighborhoods» Walking Cities Cities became over crowded
Americans Migrate to Cities Urbanization increased both the number and population of cities in the United States in the late nineteenth century.analyze Maps What trends do you see in the population growth of cities in the east? In the west?
Americans Migrate to Cities The percentage of the population living in urban areas increased relative to those living in rural areas over several decades.analyze Graphs What factors account for the demographic shift from rural to urban areas over these decades?
Movement North Immigrants Need for jobs, Join families, ethnic neighborhoods Transportation Affordable housing Farmers Technology transformed farm work, Job opportunities in cities Entire families had to work to provide income African Americans Escape racism in the south Still some racism in the North Job opportunities Larger migration around WWI Great Migration
Urban Problems Cities couldn t keep up with high population Dirt Roads Little paved roads Chicago 1400 miles of dirt roads Tenement Houses Cheap housing was needed Often located next to factories» Convenience Sanitation was a problem 1 restroom per floor, sewage in the streets, factories next to apartments, no windows 2. diseases spread African Americans lived in segregated buildings Sewer systems Chicago River was a river of sewage Garbage Garbage piled up in the streets Fire Department
Tenement Houses Jacob Riis described conditions in the tenements and helped lobby NYC to pass laws that set standards for housing
Fire Problems: The city had limited supply of water. Most city apartments were made of wood People also used candles and kerosene lamps for lighting. Paid fire departments were first created in 1853 (Cincinnati) The automatic fire sprinkler was also created in 1874.
Technology Improves City Life Cities Expand Population boom = causes problems Water, pollution, crime, poverty, over crowdedness Skyscrapers increase population vertical expansion Elisha Otis- elevator Economic Development Mass transportation Electric cable cars Subway system Boston 1897» Suburbs start to emerge upper and middle class families
Technology Improves City Life Mass transit powered by electricity quickly developed in many urban areas. Analyze Graphs What effect did innovations in mass transit have on urbanization?
New Ways of Life Topic 2 Lesson 6
Industry and Immigration (1865-1914) Lesson 6 New Ways of Life Learning Objectives Explain how technology, new types of stores, and marketing changed Americans' standard of living. Analyze mass culture and education in the late 1800s. Describe new popular cultural movements in the late 1800s.
A Mass Culture Develops The rise in literacy rates corresponded to increased attendance in public schools. Analyze Graphs What factors contributed to rising school enrollment rates?
A Boom in Popular Entertainment Amusement parks attracted large crowds. Compare How do you think today's amusement parks compare to those of the Gilded Age?