Global Politics of Defense Reform

Global Politics of Defense Reform

Initiatives in Strategic Studies: Issues and Policies James J. Wirtz General Editor Jeffrey A. Larsen T. V. Paul Brad Roberts James M. Smith Series Editors INITIATIVES IN STRATEGIC STUDIES provides a bridge between the use of force or diplomacy and the achievement of political objectives. This series focuses on the topical and timeless issues relating to strategy, including the nexus of political, diplomatic, psychological, economic, cultural, historic and military affairs. It provides a link between the scholarly and policy communities by serving as the recognized forum for conceptually sophisticated analyses of timely and important strategic issues. Nuclear Transformation: The New U.S. Nuclear Doctrine Edited by James J. Wirtz and Jeffrey A. Larsen Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East: Directions and Policy Options in the New Century Edited by James A. Russell The Last Battle of the Cold War: The Deployment and Negotiated Elimination of Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces in Europe Maynard W. Glitman Critical Issues Facing the Middle East: Security, Politics and Economics Edited by James A. Russell Militarization and War Julian Schofield Global Politics of Defense Reform Edited by Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas

Global Politics of Defense Reform Edited by Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas

GLOBAL POLITICS OF DEFENSE REFORM Copyright Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60444-5 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-37207-2 ISBN 978-0-230-61105-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230611054 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Global politics of defense reform / edited by Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas. p. cm. (Initiatives in strategic studies: issues and policies series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0 230 60444 7 1. Civil-military relations. 2. Armed Forces Reorganization. 3. National security International cooperation. I. Bruneau, Thomas C. II. Trinkunas, Harold A. JF195.G56 2008 3229.5 dc22 2007027020 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: March 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents Acknowledgments About the Contributors vii ix Part I Global Trends: Implications for Defense Reform 1 Global Trends and Their Impact on Civil-Military Relations 3 Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas 2 Globalization and the Impact of Norms on Defense Restructuring 21 Anne Clunan 3 International Democracy Promotion and Its Impact on Civil-Military Relations 49 Thomas Bruneau and Harold Trinkunas 4 Changing International Threat Perceptions 69 James Wirtz Part II Case Studies and Conclusion 5 Democratic Consolidation in Chilean Civil-Military Relations: 1990 2005 95 Marcos Robledo 6 Preserving Autonomy in Conflict: Civil-Military Relations in Colombia 127 Douglas Porch 7 From National, Through Regional, to Universal... : Security and Defense Reform in Romania 155 Liviu Muresan and Marian Zulean

vi Contents 8 Global Determinants of Defense Restructuring: The Case of the United States 177 Jim Schweiter and Kim Wincup 9 India: Imbalance under Civilian Control 201 Rajesh Basrur 10 Defense Reforms, Civil-Military Relations, and the Defense of Taiwan 223 Toshi Yoshihara 11 Democratization and the Challenge of Defense Reform in Indonesia 251 Michael Malley 12 The Challenge to Reform Defense 271 David Pion-Berlin Index 285

Acknowledgments This volume would not have been possible without the support of the Center for Civil-Military Relations in Monterey, California. By sponsoring the initial conference in September 2005, the Center has provided the environment and resources needed to sustain this project through to its conclusion, and this would not have been possible without the support of its director, Richard Hoffman. We would also like to acknowledge the constant effort of our copyeditor, Elizabeth Skinner, who worked diligently to ensure that our contributors efforts and thoughts were presented as clearly as possible. We would also like to thank Cristiana Matei for her research assistance on international democracy support programs that is found in chapter 3. Finally, we would both like to thank our families for their support.

About the Contributors Rajesh Basrur is Visiting Research Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He also directs the Centre for Global Studies in Mumbai, India. His publications include Minimum Deterrence and India s Nuclear Security (Stanford University Press, 2006) and South Asia s Cold War (Routledge, forthcoming). Thomas Bruneau is Distinguished Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley. He recently coedited Who Guards the Guardians and How (University of Texas Press, 2006) and Reforming Intelligence: Obstacles to Democratic Control and Effectiveness (University of Texas Press, 2007). Anne Clunan is an Assistant Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley. She has recently authored articles on terrorism financing and coedited a volume on biological weapons attribution. Michael Malley is assistant professor of comparative politics in the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Dr. Malley s research is focused on issues of state formation, state failure and survival, and regime change in Southeast Asia. He has particular expertise in the area of centerlocal relations, decentralization policy, and provincial politics and political economy in Indonesia. He earned his doctorate in political science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Liviu Muresan is the founder and the Executive President of the EURISC Foundation European Institute for Risk, Security and Communication Management (1995). He is an Associate Professor with the Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest where he got

x About the Contributors his Ph.D. in Economics (1978).He has published numerous articles and books on the issues of international security. He has held several positions in the government of Romania. He was Director of the Romanian Agency for setting up the regional SECI Center for Combating Transborder Organized Crime, the Deputy Director of the National Defence College, and he was the first civilian appointed in command position in the Romanian Army (1993 1994). David Pion-Berlin is a Professor of political science at the University of California, Riverside. He has written extensively on Latin America, particularly on civil-military relations, military political thought, human rights, and Argentina. He is the author or editor of numerous volumes, including Transforming Latin America: the International and Domestic Origins of Change (coauthored with Craig Arceneaux) 2005, and Civil-Military Relations in Latin America: New Analytical Perspectives (2001). Douglas Porch is Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He has written extensively on military history. His latest book, The Path to Victory. The Mediterranean Theater in World War II, published by Farrar, Straus, Giroux in May 2004, was a selection of the Military History Book Club, the History Book Club, and the Book of the Month Club, and received the Award for Excellence in U.S. Army Historical Writing from The Army Historical Foundation. Marcos Robledo has been chief advisor to the Minister of Defense of Chile, and since March 2006, serves as advisor on foreign and defense policy to the Presidency of Chile. He is a journalist, and he has lectured international relations at the Political Science Institute of the Catholic University of Chile. He received an M.A. in National Security Affairs from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He has published extensively. Jim Schweiter is an attorney currently practicing with the law firm of McKenna, Long & Aldridge, LLP. He previously served as counsel, general counsel, and minority staff director of the Committee on Armed Services, U.S. House of Representatives, and as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. Harold Trinkunas is Associate Professor of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. He received

About the Contributors xi his Ph.D. in Political Science from Stanford University. He recently authored Crafting Civilian Control of the Armed Forces: Venezuela in Comparative Perspective (University of North Carolina Press, 2005) and Terrorism Financing and State Responses (Stanford University Press, 2007), coedited with Jeanne Giraldo. Kim Wincup has more than thirty years of experience in a variety of positions in the U.S. government in both the executive and legislative branches, as well as in government-related activities in the private sector. This service includes working in the U.S. Congress as Staff Director of two congressional committees, and holding two presidential appointments in the Department of Defense. In 1992, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) and served as Service Acquisition Executive responsible for the management and oversight of the U.S. Air Force s acquisition program. James Wirtz is a Professor in the Department of National Security Affairs, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. He is the author or editor of numerous publications on intelligence, deterrence, the Vietnam War, and military innovation and strategy. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1989. Toshi Yoshihara is an associate professor in the Strategy and Policy Department at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. Previously, he served as a visiting professor in the Strategy Department at the Air War College, Montgomery, Alabama. He received his Ph.D. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Marian Zulean is an adviser with the National Security Department, Office of the Romanian President and Associate Professor at the University of Bucharest and SNSPA. Among his latest international publications are: Civil-Military Cultural Gap in Romania, in G. Caforio and G. Kummel, eds., Military Missions and their Implications Reconsidered: The Aftermath of September 11th, (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 2005); Reforming the Security Sectors in SEE: Lessons Learned and Their Relevance for a Wider Black Sea Area Policy, Connections 3,4 (December 2004); Security Sector Reform in Romania, in E. Cole, Th. Donais, and Ph. Fluri, eds., Defence and Security Sector Governance and Reform in South East Europe Self-Assessment Studies: Regional Perspectives (Nomos, 2004). He has a Ph.D. in (Military) Sociology from Bucharest and holds a Master in International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh.