The New Nation
I. Articles of Confederation A. The A.O.C. were the nations 1 st Constitution 1. Adopted by congress during the rev. war 2. Set up a loose alliance among the 13 states 3. it reflects a fear of an overly powerful govt. Purposefully weak central govt. B. How did it work? 1. Unicameral (1-house) legislature 2. The states had more power than the national govt.! C. Powers of the national government: 1. Make and borrow money 2. sign treaties with Indians and govern western territory 3. Appoint military officers 4. Create a postal system
I. Articles of Confederation D. Powers NOT given to national government: 1. Power to tax people or states 2. Power to make laws directly affecting people or states 3. Power to supervise international trade E. Passing new laws and ammendments 1. In Congress, each state got 1 vote (yes or no) 2. New laws: took a 9/13 states to pass new laws 3. Ammendments: took a UNANIMOUS vote!
I. Articles of Confederation F. SC during the Articles of Confed. 1. SC govt. ordered all remaining loyalists to LEAVE 2. problems for SC farmers: a. Borrowing $ from brits to rebuilt farms (DEBT) b. Bad rice harvests c. Brits stopped buying SC indigo d. Brits closed their ports to American trade, hurting SC 3. SC govt. banned importation of new slaves so planters wouldn t increase debt
I. Articles of Confederation G. Trouble from other nations 1. British kept soldiers in the Ohio River valley after treaty 2. British encouraged Native Americans to attack settlers 3. Spain closed the Mississippi River to American traffic 4. Spain encouraged indian attacks in SC/GA 5. Under the AOC, America could do NOTHING H. Trouble in America 1. Massachussetts: State govt. took land from indebted farmers 2. Many of these farmers were war vets who had not been payed 3. SHAYS REBELLION in MA: farmers revolt! FEAR SPREAD!! 4. Fear of rebellion caused call for stronger govt.
II. A NEW CONSTITUTION A. Constitutional Convention 1. Delegates from all 13 states met in PHILLY in 1787 to revise AOC 2. SC Delegates: a. John Rutledge b. Charles Pinckney c. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney e. Pierce Butler
II. A NEW CONSTITUTION B. Compromises: 1. The GREAT COMPROMISE: a. Small population states: wanted each state to have a set number of representatives in congress b. Big pop. States: wanted each state to have PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION (based on population) c. Compromise: BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE (house and senate) 2. Commerce Compromise: a. Northern states wanted govt. to regulate trade b. Southern states feared this would their exports c. Compromise: Govt. can tax IMPORTS but NOT EXPORTS
II. A NEW CONSTITUTION 3. 3/5 compromise a. Northern States: Didn t want slaves counted as part of population for representation b. Southern states: wanted slaves to be counted as part of their population c. Compromise: Slaves would count as 3/5 of population for representation
III. Ratification Debate A. In order for Constitution to pass: 1. Delegates had to sign it (they did) 2. Constitution had to be RATIFIED by 9/13 of STATE LEGISLATURES 3. RATIFY= To give final approval/ to make official B. SC Ratifies the Constitution 1. Lowcountry representatives supported ratification 2. backcountry reps feared the power it gave to Federal Govt 3. SC was the 8 th state to ratify the constitution (MAY 23, 1788)
IV. Articles of the US Constitution A. There are seven articles (Chapters) in our Constitution 1. Each article focuses on a specific topic 2. Each art. Subdivided into SECTIONS B. Articles: 1. Legislative Branch 2. Executive Branch 3. Judicial Branch 4. Powers given to the States 5. Ammendment process 6. Makes Constitution Supreme law of the land 7. Ratification
V. Bill of rights A. Many people feared new constitution would allow govt. to take away their basic rights B. States (like SC) refused to ratifty until a BILL OF RIGHTS was passed C. The first 10 amendements to our constitution= bill of rights D. These Rights protect the Citizens from their own overpowerful govt. E. Chief Architect of B.O.R.: James Madison (Federalist)
IV. Debating the Constitution A. Two Groups emerged with differing opinions on Constitution: 1. Federalists (supported strengthening federal govt) 2. Republicans (supported limiting power of fed. Govt) B. Topics they debated: 1. Hamilton s Economic Plan: a. Fed. Govt would take state s debt b. Protective Tariffs on foreign-made goods c. Creation of a National bank
IV. Debating the Constitution 2. Excise Tax (sales tax on American made goods) 3. Support for French a. After Revolution, an undeclared war betw. US/France b. Federalist- Anti French c. Republicans- Pro-French d. Alien and Sedition acts- Banned all French immigrants and limited FREE SPEECH in support of French!! 4. Interpretation of the Constitution (Loose or Strict?) a. Loose Interp.- flexible understanding of how the wording should be understood (could allow govt. to expand its power?) b. Strict Interp.- Constitution should be followed literally, exactly as it was written (would limit govt. power)
VII. Changes in South Carolina A. Important SC ers during early period: 1. John Rutledge: Supreme Ct Chief Justice 2. Charles C. Pinckney: a. Ambassador to france during XYZ affair- famously refused to pay a bribe to 3 French agents named X, Y, and Z b. Federalists candidate for President and Vice President! 3. Thomas Pinckney: Ambassador to Spain- Got spain to recognize SC and allow use of Miss River
VII. Changes in South Carolina B. Population Shifts: 1. Lowcountry traditionally held power (federalists) 2. Backcountry- quickly growing! (republican) 3. New law- land was taxed according to its value! a. Wealthy plantation owners= taxed MORE b. Backcountry farmers= taxed LESS 4. Creation of COUNTIES and COUNTY COURTS!! 5. BIG!!- CAPITAL MOVES FROM CHARLESTON TO COLUMBIA!! a. Columbia was a PLANNED TOWN b. Original capital building- designed by white house architect.
VII. Changes in South Carolina C. In 1790, SC adopted a NEW STATE CONSTITUTION! 1. General Assembly met in Columbia SC (new Capital) 2. There were more lowcountry reps at the convention 3. According to new constitution: a SC legislative branch had more power than Gov r b. Church of Engl.= no longer official church of SC c. Primogeniture abolished (where oldest son inherits property of family)
III. Cotton becomes KING! A. Industrial Revolution 1. Textile factories- mostly in Northern States and Britain 2. More factories= more demand for wool/cotton B. 2 kinds of cotton in SC 1. Long staple cotton a. sea-island cotton b. easy to remove long black seeds c. grows in only in lowcountry.- limited area
III. Cotton becomes KING! 2. Short staple cotton a. grows ALL OVER SC! b. Hard to remove seeds- labor intensive c. Not originally profitable because of seed removal C. Eli Whitney s Cotton Gin 1. Invented a device that would remove seeds from cotton 2. 1 person could clean cotton 50 times faster! 3. This allowed short staple cotton to be profitable
III. Cotton becomes KING! D. Impact of Cotton Gin on SC: 1. within 1 year, SC cotton exports increased 1,000%!! 2. More than half the WORLD S COTTON CAME FROM SC! 3. lots of small farmers became wealthy over night! 4. more than half of SC cotton was sold to BRITAIN 5. increase in cotton= increase in SLAVERY throughout SC
IV. Cotton increases Slavery A. In South Carolina 1. 1790-107,000 slaves 2. 1860-402,000 slaves B. In Greenville: 1. 1790-606 slaves 2. 1860-7,000 slaves C. A nationwide problem: 1. Southern Slave labor kept cost of cotton down, which helped northern factories 2. northerner ship-owners profited by importing slaves
IV. Cotton increases Slavery D. The Plantation System 1. Large plantations were self-sufficient a. BIG HOUSE- overseer s house b. Slave quarters c. Gardening fields d. Store houses e. Workshops f. Mills g. Hospitals i. Docks
I. Louisiana Purchase A. Thomas Jefferson becomes president (REPUBLICAN!) 1. Goal- CUT GOVT SPENDING! 2. PROBLEM- France offered to sell a HUGE chunk of land to U.S. for 15 million dollars! ($.03 per acre- VERY GOOD DEAL!) 3. Does Jefferson refuse the deal and stay true to his republican beliefs or buy the land and be a Hypocrite? 4. Jefferson, bought the land, going against his own belief that doing this would be UNCONSTITUTIONAL 5. This DOUBLED the land of the USA!!
II. The War of 1812 A. War between Britain and France (early 1800 s) 1. Britain and France were at war (Napoleonic Wars) 2. The U.S. was NEUTRAL but traded with BOTH sides 3. Both sides captured U.S. sailors 4. EMBARGO ACT: U.S. cut off trade with BOTH nations 5. Effect? a. Little effect on brit/france- they hardly noticed us. b. Backfired by hurting OUR trade!
II. The War of 1812 B. British offend the U.S. 1. Brits continue capturing our Sailors and forcing them to serve in their navy (impressment) 2. Brits encouraged natives to go to war with U.S. 3. Brits FIRED on an U.S. ship C. WAR HAWKS- young U.S. senators who successfully convinced Pres. James Madison to declare WAR against Britain! 1. John C. Calhoun- SC 2. Langdon Cheves-SC 3. William Lowndes-SC
II. The War of 1812 D. THE WAR 1. U.S was NOT PREPARED for war a. Brits stopped U.S. from taking over Canada b. Brits invaded/burned Washington DC! 2. Treaty of Ghent- ENDED THE WAR a. Neither side gained or lost any territory b. Britain stopped kidnapping our sailors
II. The War of 1812 E. The battle of New Orleans 1. This was the final battle of the war 2. Andrew Jackson and a mixed militia/regular army defeated the british army 3. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed 2 weeks before this battle! 4. Because news of Jackson s victory reached americans BEFORE news of the treaty, he became the HERO OF THE WAR OF 1812!
II. The War of 1812 F. Real Result of the War: 1. Relatively few deaths on either side 2. A Surge of NATIONALISM in U.S. called ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS a. We WON!- RESPECT!! b. The Federalist party disappeared (they hadn t supported war) c. The Republican party took on many of the goals of the old federalists (like stronger federal govt)