Name: Chapter 16 Section 1 Notes: The Eisenhower Era The Election of 1952 In 1952, Harry Truman chose not to run for reelection believing as president was enough. The prevented any person from serving more than 2½ terms (10 years) as president. Truman was excluded from the and could have run again. The and wanted Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for president in their party Eisenhower chose to run as a. To the public, Eisenhower was known as. Eisenhower s Democratic opponent was, governor of Illinois. Eisenhower criticized the Democrats handling of the. He promised to go to to end the war if elected. The Democrats said if Eisenhower knew how to end the war,. American voters seemed to trust and admire Eisenhower, with polls showing him well in the lead. Eisenhower s running mate was California Senator. made a name for himself as a strong and led the investigation of. During the 1952 campaign, Nixon was alleged to have a fund made up of gifts from political supporters. While the fund was not illegal, Nixon s critics implied he was. In an unusual move, Nixon went on to address the issue. Nixon admitted to having the fund, but denied using it. He diverted attention to a special gift of a black and white cocker spaniel dog to his daughter, Tricia, named. The saved Nixon s place on the Republican ticket. Eisenhower won a solid victory on election day.
The Cold War Continues Keeping his promise, Eisenhower traveled to Korea in December 1952. It was difficult to get stalled peace talks going. A was agreed in July 1953. Even without Korea, the Cold War dominated Eisenhower s presidency. was Ike s Secretary of State. He worked in the Truman Administration, but like Eisenhower, was critical of the policy of -- instead, wanted to roll it back. favored building more believing the threat of would stop the Soviets. This was a part of the policy of, the diplomatic art of going to the (edge) of war without actually getting into a war. This involved making threats that were strong enough to bring results without actually having to follow through on the threats. Another part of Dulles idea was. The United States would use against the Soviet Union, including, to settle a serious dispute. In 1947, the was created to collect information about and foreign governments. In the 1950s, the was increasingly active. In addition to collecting information, agents also took part in actions against hostile governments. During Eisenhower s first term, helped overthrow governments in and. A terrible period in Soviet history ended with the death of in March 1953. Eventually, was replaced by. Many political prisoners were freed, but the Soviet Union remained a and of the US. 2
In 1955, the Soviets established a new organization the. This was a military alliance of the countries under the control of the Soviet Union. It was similar to NATO, except it was a tool that helped the Soviets their control in. Communist control was and. In June 1956, soldiers violently put down an in, killing dozens. Several months later, a larger uprising occurred in. demanded changes to their harsh, Soviet-style government. Some wanted the return of former leader, a communist who favored a more of government. After was named prime minister, he promised reforms. He also tried to force the Soviet Union to Hungary and declared Hungary would withdraw from the. The Soviets used the demonstrations in, Hungary as an excuse to send in the military. The Soviet response to the sent a powerful message: They were in control of Eastern Europe. Even with the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union held a in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1955. This was the first meeting of the nations, the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France, since the of 1945. Eisenhower proposed an treaty. It would allow the United States and Soviet Union to fly over each other s territory to learn more about the other s military abilities. The Soviets the treaty, already knowing more about the American military than the US knew about theirs. 3
This setback did not shake the faith of the voters in Eisenhower and his handling of. In 1956, Ike was easily re-elected over. The rejection of the open skies proposal did not prevent Eisenhower from seeking information about the Soviet military. The aircraft was flown into Soviet to inspect their. The carried advanced spying equipment. Flying at feet, it was believed to be out of the reach of and. On May 1, 1960, the Soviets shot down a U-2 flown by. was captured, but was exchanged for a in 1962. The greatly damaged relations between the United States and Soviet Union. Cold War Hot Spots In 1954, France lost a bloody struggle to keep control of its Southeast Asian colony of. After losing the battle of, France sought peace with the rebels, some of whom were Communists. Peace talks reflected Cold War rivalries, with being divided into a northern and southern half at the. The north was under the control of Communist leader. As in Korea, the division was supposed to be. The peace agreement allowed Vietnamese voters to choose their own type of government in 1956. Eisenhower found the agreement, believing the election could lead to a Communist victory, possibly leading to the. You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly But when we come to the possible sequence of events, the loss of [Vietnam], of Burma, of Thailand, of the Peninsula, and Indonesia following the possible consequences of the loss are just incalculable to the free world. Eisenhower press conference, April 7, 1954 4
The idea of one country after another falling to Communism is known as the. To address the danger, the United States and its anti-communist allies created the or. SEATO and the United States supported the creation of a new anti-communist government in 1955:. Unfortunately, its president,, angered his own people with harsh leadership. The North Vietnamese wanted to unite all Vietnam under their control. This set the stage for. The was another area with Cold War tensions. NOTE: The British Balfour Declaration of 1917 called for the creation of a Jewish nation in the. Following a United Nations resolution dividing Palestine into an and state, declared its in 1948. Israel s Arab neighbors,,,,, and, immediately attacked. won the war. lands came under the control of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt. In 1954, came to power in Egypt and was willing to seek support for his goal to unite and strengthen the Arab nations. US leaders were unhappy with Nassar s relationship with the Soviet Union and withdrew financial support for the. In response, Nassar took control of the between the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. A British-controlled company owned the. Europe received of its petroleum through the canal. and wanted to continue using the canal and to protect their oil supplies. In addition, Egypt s action blocked only outlet to the Red Sea. Israel Egypt while Great Britain and France to take control of the Suez Canal. When the Soviets threatened to enter the fight on the side of Egypt, Eisenhower was concerned that the United States might be drawn into 5
the conflict. The conflict ended when Eisenhower insisted the Egypt., but Egypt kept control of the Suez Canal. The incident demonstrated the of the United States over its. Eisenhower s concern over Soviet influence in the Middle East led to the in January 1957. This declared the right of the United States to Using the, Ike sent into in 1958 to help put down an popular uprising against government. While Communists did not threaten, Eisenhower wanted to that might involve the Soviet Union. 6