MULTICULTURALISM AND INTEGRATION IN EUROPE AND BEYOND (S. 196)

Harvard University Spring 2017 MULTICULTURALISM AND INTEGRATION IN EUROPE AND BEYOND (S. 196) Instructor: When? Where? Office hours: Course Website: Paul May, paulmay@fas.harvard.edu Wednesday, 12:00pm-1:59pm Lowell Hall B-12 (FAS) Wednesday, 3-5pm, Room E202, 1737 Cambridge Street, WCFIA https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/26253 COURSE DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES This course examines state policies and practices in relation to multiculturalism. We will focus on the practical implications of an increasingly diverse population in the context of postcolonial immigration in Western countries. We will examine what diversity means, what actual consequences it has, and how political institutions at various levels have responded to it. The aim is to provide students with the theoretical and empirical knowledge needed to grapple with these questions intelligently. Areas to be studied include education, employment, and religious accommodation; these will be placed in the context of current debates about national identity, economic crisis, and globalization. The course utilizes case studies of contemporary events including Brexit, terrorism, and controversies about free speech. It will include as primary sources newspaper reports and other media coverage, citizenship tests, and recorded interviews with political figures. The main focus will be Western Europe, because it is a laboratory : denationalization tendencies have progressed further in Europe than anywhere else in the world as we see in the evolution of the European Union. But we will also reference cases from other parts of the globe. Students will be confronted with leading scholars on the subject, who necessarily have differing viewpoints. Discussion in class is strongly encouraged in order to develop critical thinking. 1

STUDENT EVALUATION Participation (20%): For each lecture, there are three readings. Every participant must read the texts, not only the person who is presenting. Each week, one student will be required to present the day s three readings. To do so, every student will have to pick a date in the calendar. Presentations will be of 15 minutes length, and will entail a short overview of each reading, followed by a brief summary of the main problematics raised by the texts. The goal of these presentations is to set the terms for a discussion in class; that is why they are crucial for the quality of the debate. 10% of the total grade is related to the individual presentation, and 10% to general participation in class. Book review 1 and 2 (10% and 10%): Students will have to write two book reviews (10% each) from the following list: Kwame Anthony Appiah. 2007. The Ethic of Identity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Irene Bloemraad. 2006. Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating Immigrants and Refugees in the United States and Canada. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Joseph Carens. 2015. The Ethics of Immigration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Christian Joppke. 2013. Legal Integration of Islam: A Transatlantic Comparison. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Anna Korteweg and Gökçe Yurdakul. 2014. The Headscarf Debates: Conflicts of National Belonging. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Jacob Levy. 2000. The Multiculturalism of Fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Benjamin Moffitt. 2016. The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Liav Orgad. 2016. The Cultural Defense of Nations: A Liberal Theory of Majority Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Anne Phillips. 2009. Multiculturalism Without Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Martin A. Schain. 2012. The Politics of Immigration in France, Britain, and the United States: A Comparative Study. London: Palgrave MacMillan Book reviews must be 1000 words in length, and include a short presentation of the author, a summary of the book, and a critical section evaluating the content: how is this work important to understanding current issues related to multiculturalism? What are its strengths and weaknesses? This entails identifying the central points of the readings and critically analyzing and evaluating them. Mid-term paper (30%): Papers have to be 10-12 pages in length (Times New Roman, size 12, double space). Choose an author that we have discussed in class during units 1 through 6. Use this author to analyze one specific multicultural policy. How does he / she provide useful tools to understand one particular controversy about multiculturalism? Possibly, students 2

can use an author and show how his/her approach is insufficient to understand a specific question related to the politics of identity. Students will be graded on the quality of their argumentation: if they think it s necessary, they can be very critical towards the authors discussed in class. However, argumentation has to be clear and well considered. This assignment encourages a critical approach to the material, and the confrontation of different points of view. Students have to come up with their own topic, but before starting their essay, they have to validate their choice with me. Example 1: Use Will Kymlicka s framework about national minorities to discuss the relevance (or irrelevance) of linguistic rights for minorities in a given country. Example 2: Use Ayelet Shachar s framework about joint governance to evaluate the extent to which religious tribunals can be reconciled with liberal democracy. Final paper (30%): Papers have to be 10-12 pages in length (Times New Roman, size 12, double space). During units 7 through 12, we have covered the following three topics: the mechanisms of immigration (lessons 7 and 8), the place of Islam in the West (9 and 10), and the rise of populist movements across the West that leads to a multiculturalism backlash (11 and 12). For the final paper, students have to define a subject of their interest that is related to one of these three topics and write a research paper about it. Papers have to integrate the literature we have read in class, but should also include other authors relevant to the topic discussed. The scope of the assignment is wide-ranging. This paper has to be personal, so students have to design their own research topic. Before starting their essay, however, they have to refine their choice with me. This final paper can be based on the analysis of newspaper articles, the academic literature, or the study of how mainstream media deal with a specific topic. Special attention will be paid to the way students problematize the subject. Examples of possible research topics could include: The place of immigration during the public debate on the Brexit referendum. Explain how the topic of immigration reveals an ideological dividing line between the proponents of Brexit and their adversaries (known as Remain ). Is populist a relevant concept to understand the rise of far right and far left political parties across Europe? What are the justifications of restrictive immigration policies, according to the US mainstream media? Compare these reasons with the academic literature on the subject. Do national differences, with their varied models of integration, play a significant role in the integration of Muslims in the West? 3

SCHEDULE Week 1 (January 25) Introduction In this introductory lesson, we will discuss an overview of the course s objectives, requirements and expectations. We will also start to define key concepts related to the course (multiculturalism, integration, immigration). We will see why multiculturalism, immigration and integration are important to understand crucial political issues in today s world, such as globalization, the evolution of democracy, and the future of the nationstate. We will also detail the requirements of the course, and how students will be evaluated. No readings. Week 2 (February 1) - Theories of Multiculturalism (1 of 2): The Liberal vs Communitarian Debate The debate between liberals and communitarians constitutes a milestone in the conceptualization of multiculturalism. Since its birth at the end of the 17 th century with the writings of John Locke, the liberal school of thought emphasizes the need to foster the autonomy of the individual, and to protect political liberties from the State. In 1971, John Rawls developed a new liberal theory of social justice inspired by Immanuel Kant s contractualism. In opposition to Rawls individualistic vision of the self, communitarian philosophers in our time, such as Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor, emphasized the importance of the community for political life, and for human self-definition. They contested three core elements of liberalism: the individual vision of the self, the neutrality of the liberal state, and the priority of the right over the good. John Rawls. 2001. Justice as Fairness, a Restatement. Cambridge: Belknap Press; part 1: pp. 1-38. Charles Taylor. 1995. The Politics of Recognition (ch. 12), in Philosophical Arguments. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; pp. 225-256. Michael Sandel. 1998. Liberalism and the Limits of Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2nd edition); pp. 1-14. Week 3 (February 8) - Theories of Multiculturalism (2 of 2): Liberalism reconsidered In the 1990s, several authors have tried to overcome the division between liberals and communitarians. Multicultural thinkers, such as Will Kymlicka and Bhikhu Parekh, strive to reconcile the principles of liberalism with the defense of a specific cultural tradition. They show that a proper understanding of liberalism needs to imply the collective dimension of human fulfillment. From that point, a series of multicultural policies can be drawn: linguistic, cultural, and ethnic minorities can have access to different kinds of rights in order to maintain their culture a meaningful undertaking for them. Multiculturalists also advocate a demand for special protection under the law for certain sub-national groups, such as national minorities and Aboriginal people. 4

Avishai Margalit and Moshe Halbertal. 1994. Liberalism and the Rights to culture. Social Research, vol 61, no3, pp. 491-510. Will Kymlicka. 1996. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Chap 2 and 3; pp. 10-48. Bhikhu Parekh. 2002. Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Chap 10: Politics, Religion and Free Speech ; pp. 295-335. Week 4 (February 15) - Critiques of Multiculturalism (1 of 2): The Conservative and Liberal critiques Philosophers of multiculturalism have faced much criticism from a wide range of political horizons. In this fourth lesson, we will focus on the critiques from the liberal left and from the conservatives. Brian Barry criticizes multiculturalism in the name of the liberal egalitarian tradition of the Enlightenment. He argues that the defense of equality is incompatible with the promotion of cultural rights and the rights of groups. Walter Benn Michaels develops a similar argument, and thinks that the emphasis on diversity is a distraction from the struggle against economic inequality. Samuel Huntington, who had an important impact on public debate in the United States and abroad, asserts that the multiplication of cultures within the same State represents a risk of erosion for the political community. Brian Barry. 2001. Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Chap 2: The Strategy of Privatization ; pp. 19-62 Walter Benn Michaels. 2016. The Trouble with Diversity Today. New York: Picador. Introduction ; pp. 1-19 and Afterword ; pp. 201-218. Samuel Huntington. 2005. Who are we? The Challenges to America's National Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster. Chap 7; pp141-177. Week 5 (February 22) - Critiques of Multiculturalism (2 of 2): The Feminist Critique Multiculturalism and feminism have a number of elements in common. The two schools of thought shed light on the role of social structures and representations in the perpetuation of relations of domination. From this point of view, they are two potential allies in the enterprise of redefining political liberalism. Yet we will see that the theorists of multiculturalism have received a sharp criticism from some fringes of the feminist movement. Susan Moller Okin argues that there is a tension between the commitment to gender equity and the multicultural tendency to accommodate the customs of cultural and religious minorities. Communities that might benefit from multicultural policies sometimes have a conservative stance on gender roles. To overcome this issue, Ayelet Shachar suggests implementing a "joint governance" between minority groups and the State. For their part, Moira Dustin and Anne Phillips focus on the role of women s activism, and a greater willingness on the part of government to draw groups into consultation to overcome this issue. Susan Okin. 1999. Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Princeton: Princeton University Press. Part 1; pp. 9-24. 5

Ayelet Shachar. 2001. Multicultural Jurisdiction and Women s Rights. Cambridge University Press. Chap 6; pp. 117-145. Moira Dustin and Anne Phillips. 2008. Whose agenda is it? Abuses of women and abuses of culture in Britain. Ethnicities, vol. 8, no. 3, pp.405-424. Week 6 (March 1) Global Migration Trends (1 of 3): Understanding Immigration Policies This unit is dedicated to a better understanding of the mechanisms and actors of global migration. It is not the poorest segments of the world population who migrate, but people who have access to some sort of capital. Medium income countries such as Mexico or Turkey are among the ones with the higher proportion of national abroad. Some scholars, such as Saskia Sassen, argue that, because of the globalization, States have lost control of several aspects, such as financial matters and political matters such as immigration. In this lesson, we will see the great variety of actors that are involved in the global migration process. This lesson will have an historical component, with the text Anthony Messina, explaining the mechanisms of immigration in Europe since WW2. Douglas Massey will help us in identifying the different factors that the current literature identifies as account for the evolution immigration in a post-fordist economy. Saskia Sassen. 1996. Losing Control? Sovereignty in the Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press; pp. 1-30. Anthony M. Messina. 2007. The Logics and Politics of Post-WWII Migration to Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 4: Immigration and state sovereignty ; pp. 97-137. Douglas S Massey. 1999. Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis. In Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, edited by C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz and J. DeWind. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; pp. 34-52. Week 7 (March 8) - Global Migration Trends (2 of 3): The Dilemma of Controlling Borders International border control is a relatively recent phenomenon in world history. In the past, many states had open international borders either in effect or due to a lack of any legal restriction. Today, governments have to cope with political pressure to control their borders and to prevent the entry of unwanted immigrants. The efficiency of these measures is however unclear. In this lesson, we will explain what the mechanisms of immigration control are. Through the texts of Arash Abizadeh and David Miller, we will also focus on the ethical dilemmas of immigration, and notably the tension between individual rights and State sovereignty. We will also see according to what principles States extend citizenship rights to aliens a right they historically have reserved for citizens (David Earnest). Arash Abizadeh. 2008. Democratic Theory and Border Coercion: No Right to Unilaterally Control Your Own Border. Political Theory, vol. 36, pp. 37 65. David Miller. 2016. Stranger in our Midst: The Political Philosophy of Immigration, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Chap 4: Closed Borders, pp. 57-75. 6

David Earnest. 2006. Neither Citizen nor Stranger: Why States Enfranchise Resident Aliens. World Politics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 242-275. Book Review # 1 (10%) - DUE WEDNESDAY MARCH 8 AT 5:00PM MARCH 15: NO CLASS (SPRING BREAK) Week 8 (March 22) - Global Migration Trends (3 of 3): Refugees and Undocumented Migrants Undocumented migrants, refugees and asylum seekers: the three terms are often conflated, but each has a distinct meaning that carries different international obligations. This lesson sheds light on these three definitions. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative data, Randall Hansen outlines the main elements of the debate on forced migration. Timothy Hatton shows that, in the last 20 years, developed countries have struggled with a rising tide of asylum seekers, a trend that has now reversed. He founds that tougher policies towards refugees account for only about a third of the decline in applications. Betts and Collier situate Europe's current refugee crisis in a global framework, offering a concrete diagnosis for a system that has, for too long, been institutionally broken. Randall Hansen, State Controls: Borders, Refugees, and Citizenship, in The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies, ed. Elena Fiddian- Qasmiyeh, Gil Loescher, Katy Long, and Nando Sigona (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014). Timothy J. Hatton, The Rise and Fall of Asylum: What Happened and Why? The Economic Journal 119 (2009): pp.183-213. Alexander Betts and Paul Collier, Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System, Allen Lane, 2017. Chapter 5 and 6. Writing Assignment # 1 (30%) - DUE WEDNESDAY MARCH 22 AT 5:00PM Week 9 (March 29) - National Models of Citizenship (1 of 2): Philosophies of Integration in Context Citizenship and immigrant integration policies in Western countries are shaped by distinctive national integration models. In his famous book about Citizenship and nationhood, Rogers Brubaker explores the differences between the German and the French model of citizenship. Marc Morjé Howard shows that various international and domestic pressures have led to liberalization in a number of countries, which leads him to discuss the relationship between democratic processes and liberal outcomes. Christian Joppke questions the relevance of national integration models, and shows a convergence between different European countries. Although the importance of national integration has decreased with urban segregation, cultural pluralization, European integration and globalization for citizens and immigrants, one can nevertheless say that national models of immigrant integration are still relevant to study. 7

Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992): pp. 1-34, 179-190. Michael Howard..2006. Comparative citizenship: An agenda for cross-national research. Perspectives on Politics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 443 455. Christian Joppke. 2007. Beyond National Models: Civic Integration Policies for Immigrants in Western Europe. West European Politics, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1-22. Week 10 (April 5) - National Models of Citizenship (2 of 2): Muslims in the West The arrival of Muslim immigrants into Western societies challenges national established arrangements between religion and the secular State (Richard Alba and Nancy Foner). Through the examples of the Netherlands, Britain, and France, this lesson describes how controversies about religious accommodation have arisen in different national contexts. One other question is the balance between respect for freedom of association and religious expression, on one hand, with commitment to advancing individual autonomy and equality, on the other (Christian Joppke). We will see in which ways the emergence of Muslim social actors could be seen as a sign of public agency and a specific mode of public action. Case studies will include the legislation restricting the use of the veil, controversies over graphical imagery, and the debate around Sharia law (Tariq Modood). Richard Alba and Nancy Foner. Stranger No More: Immigration and the Challenges of Integration in North America and Western Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press; pp. 118-142. Christian Joppke. 2015. Secular State Under Siege. Cambridge: Polity; pp. 128-171. Tariq Modood. 2006. British Muslims and the Politics of Multiculturalism. In Muslim and Citizenship: A European Approach, edited by Tariq Modood, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ricard Zapata Barrero. London: Routledge; pp. 57-87. Week 11 (April 12) The Backlash Against Multiculturalism (1 of 2): The Rise of Far Right and Populist Parties Across the West Since the referendum on Brexit and the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, commentators have discussed the rise of populism in Western democracies. This evolution would originate from the joint effects of the relative decline of the middle class in postindustrial economies and to the growing resentment towards transnational elites. According to John Judis, immigration and multiculturalism also play an important role in this phenomenon, because of the majorities desire to restrict national borders. We will discuss the accuracy of the concept of populism, as well as its tricky definition: in which ways does it allow us to capture the novelty of the current situation? A segment of the lesson will also be devoted to different available strategies when dealing with elected populist governments (Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser and Paul Taggart). 4 Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser and Paul Taggart. 2016. Dealing with Populists in Government: A framework for Analysis. Democratization, vol. 23, no. 2; pp.201-220. 8

John B. Judis. 2016. The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Tranformed American and European Politics. New York: Columbia Global reports. Introduction ; p.12-17 and chap 3 and 4; pp. 62-108. Ronald F. Inglehart, University of Michigan and Pippa Norris, Harvard Kennedy School. 2016. Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. Faculty Research Working Paper Series. Book Review # 2 (10%) - DUE WEDNESDAY APRIL 12 AT 5:00PM Week 12 (April 19) - A Backlash Against Multiculturalism (2 of 2): Is Multiculturalism dead? In the wake of the speeches of Angela Merkel and David Cameron announcing the death of multiculturalism, commentators have diagnosed a decline of accommodation policies towards religious, cultural and ethnic minorities across the West (Vertovec and Wessendorf). In this last lesson, we will see the extent to which this assertion is true. While some authors, such as Christian Joppke, argue that there is a growing rejection of multicultural policies, others, such as Irene Bloemraad and Matthew Wright, have a more mixed approach. We will see how the debate over immigration and multiculturalism reveals new ideological dividing lines in many Western countries. The last section of this lesson will be devoted to a broader discussion of the impact of postcolonial immigration on current public debates and the evolution of democracy. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf. 2010. The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices. London: Routledge, chap 4; pp. 72-91 and chap. 9; pp. 170-189. Irene Bloemraad and Matthew Wright. 2014. Utter Failure or Unity out of Diversity? Debating and evaluating policies of multiculturalism. International Migration Review, vol. 48; pp. 292-334. Christian Joppke. 2004. The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy. The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 55, no. 2; pp. 237 257. Week 13 (April 26) - Wrapping up Writing Assignment # 1 (30%) - DUE WEDNESDAY MAY 9 AT 5:00PM 9