lin- THE DOMESTIC SOURCES OF AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY Insights and Evidence Third Edition Edited by Eugene R. Wittkopf and James M. McCormick ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham Boulder New York Oxford
Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Domestic Politics and American Foreign Policy x xi Parti: The Societal Environment 1 '/ 1. The Erosion of American National Interests 11 Samuel P. Huntington The Disintegration of Identity Loss of the Other Ideologies of Diversity In Search of National Interests Commercialism and Ethnicity Particularism vs. Restraint / 2. The Domestic Core of Foreign Policy 23 Ronald Steel The End of Allies Morality Tempered by Realism Balance of Power The How of Force "Splendid Isolation" Y 3. The Political Foundations of Elites' Domestic and Foreign- Policy Beliefs 33 Ole R. Holsti and James N. Rosenau Findings
vi Contents 0 i J4. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: The People's "Common * Sense" 51 John Mueller 5. The Politics of Military Base Closures 61 Genevieve Anton and Jeff Thomas An American Tradition An Idea Gains Momentum Process and Politics 6. The New China Lobby 71 Richard Bernstein and Ross H. Munro 7. The CNN Effect: Myth or Reality? 85 Warren P. Strobel 8. The Electoral Cycle and the Conduct of American Foreign Policy 95 William B. Quandt The Problem of the Electoral Cycle The Nature of the Problem First-Term Presidents: The Typical Pattern The Pattern of the Second Term Some Illustrative Examples Part II: The Institutional Setting 109 ). Presidential Leadership and American Foreign Policy: Implications for a New Era 123 Glenn P. Hastedt and Anthony J. Eksterowicz Models of Presidential Leadership The Presidency and the International System The Clinton Administration 10. Without Restraint: Presidential Military Initiatives from Korea to Bosnia 141 Louis Fisher Constitutional Principles The United Nations and NATO Truman in Korea
Contents vii Bush in Iraq Clinton in Haiti Intervention in Bosnia A Failure of Checks and Balances 11. Presidential Management of the Executive Bureaucracy 157 Geoffrey Kemp Origins of the National Security Council and Its Staff Why the White House Dominates National Security Decision Making The Importance of the President's Schedule Dealing with Unscheduled Events: Quarrel and Crisis Management Using the Schedule to Influence Policy The Media and Public Diplomacy Dealing with the President's Views How to Improve Policy Planning and Coordination 12. End of An Era: Congress and Foreign Policy after the Cold War 173 James M. Lindsay The Constitution, Foreign Policy, and the U.S. Congress A Return to Isolationism? The New Tug of War Facing the Future 13. Globalization and Diplomacy: The View from Foggy Bottom 185 Strobe Talbott From Bretton Woods to Denver The Imperative for Change The End of Foreign Policy 14. Civil-Military Relations: Causes of Concern 195 Eliot A. Cohen A Politicized Military The Gap Between Society and the Military The Rise of a Centralized Military Staff Solutions If Nothing is Done 15. Information Age Intelligence 207 Bruce D. Berkowitz The Current Approach to Reform An Alternate Agenda for Reform A New Model for Intelligence
viii Contents 16. Trade Policy Decisionmaking: Competing Explanations 217 Stephen D. Cohen, Joel R. Paul, and Robert A. Blecker The Inevitable Diversity of Trade Policymaking The Government as Reactive Decisionmaker The Government as Active Decisionmaker Part III: Decisionmakers and Their Policymaking Positions 231 17. How Could Vietnam Happen? An Autopsy 241 James C. Thomson Jr. 18. Tribal Tongues: Intelligence Consumers, Intelligence Producers 253 Mark M. Lowenthal We All Want the Same Thing The Value of a Free Commodity: Priceless or Worthless? Consumer Behaviors That Matter Producer Behaviors That Matter 19. Trading with Saddam: Bureaucratic Roles and Competing Conceptions of National Security 267 Christopher M. Jones The White House The Action-Channel The Defense Department The Commerce Department The State Department 20. Policy Preferences and Bureaucratic Position: The Case of the American Hostage Rescue Mission 287 Steve Smith The Theoretical Background President Carter The Hawks Presidential Supporters The Doves 21. Are Bureaucracies Important? A Reexamination of Accounts of the Cuban Missile Crisis 303 Stephen D. Krasner The Rational Actor Model The Costs of Coordination
Contents ix The President as "King" The Missile Crisis Increased Risks Not Another Pearl Harbor 22. NATO Expansion: The Anatomy of a Decision 317 James M. Goldgeier Phase One: Bureaucratic Debate and Endorsement of the PFP Phase Two: The President Speaks Phase Three: From Rhetoric to Reality The Ambiguity of the Decision 23. A Fortuitous Victory: An Information Processing Approach to the Gulf War 333 Alex Roberto Hybel A Less than Rational Decision Groupthink and Decisionmaking Aptitudes Attribution, Schema, and Cognitive Consistency Theories Groupthink, Reasoning by Analogy, and the Drive for Cognitive Consistency Power Over Rationality ''24. Presidents, Leadership Style, and the Advisory Process. 351 Margaret G. Hermann and Thomas Preston Characteristics of Presidential Leadership Styles Impact of Presidential Leadership Style on the Advisory System A Typology of President-Adviser Relations The Bush and Clinton Advisory Systems In Index 369 About the Contributors 383