Unit 1 Reading Guide: The Colonial Era Chapter 2, Section 1 1. Which Spanish conquistador conquered the Aztec, bringing Mexico into the hands of the Spanish empire? 2. According to Hernando Cortes, what was the cure for the disease of the heart he and his men suffered? 3. Who were the mestizos? 4. Why did the Spanish abandon their exploration of Florida in 1562? 5. What event, taking place in 1588, ended Spanish domination of the Atlantic, enabling England to begin the colonization of North America? Chapter 2, Section 2 6. What crop helped the English settlement at Jamestown to survive and prosper? 7. Why did the Powhatans kill the livestock of the Jamestown settlers? 8. What was the major difference between an indentured servant and a slave? 9. When did the first Africans arrive in Virginia? 10. Identify one cause and one effect of Bacon s Rebellion in Virginia Chapter 2, Section 3 11. Why did the Separatists (Pilgrims) leave England? Why did the Puritans leave England? 12. Which group established the Plymouth Colony? Which group established the Massachusetts Bay Colony? 13. What was the most important criteria for an adult male to be able to vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony 14. In what way was the population of the Massachusetts different from that of Virginia? 15. Why was the colony of Rhode Island created? 16. What was one cause and one effect of King Phillip s War? Chapter 2, Section 4
17. Why did William Penn established the colony of Pennsylvania? 18. What European country established a colony at what is today New York City? 19. Which English colony was a haven for Catholics thanks to the Act of Toleration (1649)? Chapter 3, Section 1 20. What effect did the British policy of mercantilism have on the colonies? 21. What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts? 22. As a result of salutary neglect, England relaxed enforcement of the Navigation Acts as long as their American colonies remained: 23. In English North America, who paid the salaries of the colonial governors? Chapter 3, Section 2 24. What was the plantation system that developed in the Southern colonies? 25. What was the main cash crop of Virginia and North Carolina? Of South Carolina and Georgia? 26. What was the middle passage? 27. Why was the Georgia colony created? 28. What was the goal of the Stono Rebellion in 1739? 29. Why didn t the Northern colonies become as dependent on slavery as the Southern colonies? Chapter 3, Section 3 30. What conditions kept New England farms small during the colonial period? 31. What was colonial British North America s largest group in 1755? 32. How many people were hanged during the Salem Witch Trials episode? 33. Why was literacy so important in New England? 34. What effect did the Great Awakening have on the British colonies?
Unit 2 Reading Guide: The American Revolution Chapter 3 Section 4 1. France and Great Britain came into conflict in the 1750s, fighting to control what part of North America? 2. About how many European settlers lived in New France by 1754? 3. Who commanded the Virginia militia on the expedition to force the French from Fort Duquesne? 4. Who won the French and Indian War? 5. Why did the British government issue the Proclamation of 1763?
6. What act was passed by the British government in 1764 to increase tax revenues by taxing the American colonists and to limit the British policy of salutary neglect by increasing law enforcement in smuggling cases? Chapter 4 Section 1 Part I 7. Who was the first to die at the Boston Massacre? 8. What was the purpose of the Stamp Act of 1765? 9. Who were the Sons of Liberty? 10. The first successful joint colonial action, taking place in October 1765, was known as the: 11. According to the Declaratory Act of 1766, what governing body had the full right to bind the colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever? 12. What was the basic difference between the Townshend Acts and the Stamp Act? Chapter 4 Section 1 Part II 13. What was the primary task of the committees of correspondence? 14. The Tea Act of 1773, which lowered the price of tea, was an attempt to save what company from bankruptcy? 15. The Tea Act led to what event? 16. The Intolerable Acts of 1774 were designed to punish which British colony? Why? 17. Where and when did the First Continental Congress meet? 18. Why did the British march on Lexington and Concord in April 1775? 19. Who was given the responsibility of warning the colonists of the British march? Chapter 4 Section 2 20. Who was the royal governor of New Jersey at the beginning of the American Revolution? 21. Who was given command of the Continental Army in June 1775? 22. What was the deadliest battle of the American Revolution? 23. What was the response of George III when he received the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775? 24. Who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense?
25. What English philosopher was the source of much of Jefferson s inspiration when writing the Declaration of Independence? 26. When did the Continental Congress vote to adopt the Declaration of Independence? 27. Which side did most Native Americans support during the American Revolution? Chapter 4 Section 3 28. Why were the American victories at Trenton and Princeton (both in December 1776) important to the American war effort? 29. How was the American victory at Saratoga (October 1777) a turning point in the Revolution? 30. While the British were wintering at Philadelphia during the winter of 1777 1778, the Americans were camped where? 31. Why was inflation a problem during the American Revolution? Chapter 4 Section 4 32. Who commanded the British forces in the southern colonies during the American Revolution? 33. Why didn t the British withdraw from Yorktown under the protection of the British fleet (the world s most powerful)? 34. What countries were represented at the Paris Peace Conference?
Chapter 5 Section 1 1. Define Republic: 2. In what state did women property owner) have the right to vote until 1807? Unit 3 Reading Guide: The New Nation (Articles of Confederation, Constitution, & Presidencies of Washington & Adams) 3. Republican Motherhood expected women to raise the next generation of patriots by: 4. Which act of Congress established the system of surveying western lands? 5. Which act of Congress established the procedure for admitting new states? 6. Why didn t the national government during the Articles of Confederation era repay the national debt created during the Revolution? 7. What European nation, in 1784, refused to allow Americans to use the port of New Orleans? Chapter 5 Section 2:
8. Why were Daniel Shays and the other Massachusetts farmers rebelling in 1786? 9. Why did some states object to Madison s Virginia Plan? 10. The New Jersey Plan was favored by which group of states? 11. Which agreement settled the debate between Virginia and New Jersey plans? 12. What compromise was made to in order to solve the issue of counting slaves for representation and taxation? 13. A federal government divides powers between: 14. Which level of government controls reserved powers? 15. Which group is responsible for electing the president and vice-president? Chapter 5 Section 3: 16. Which group favored the ratification of the Constitution? 17. What was the primary complaint of the Anti-Federalists regarding the ratification of the Constitution? 18. When did the Constitution become a reality? 19. Identify three groups of Americans whose rights were not protected by the Bill of Rights:
Chapter 6 Section 1: 20. Who was unanimously elected by the Electoral College as the first President of the United States? 21. What act of Congress established the federal courts? 22. What are the president s chief advisors called (collectively)? 23. Which cabinet officer favored a strong central government ruled by the upper class? 24. Which cabinet officer distrusted a strong central government and favored stronger state and local governments? 25. Why did many Southerners dislike Hamilton s plan for the national government to assume state debts? 26. Who came up with the idea of creating The Bank of the United States? 27. Why was the national capital moved from New York City to a new city (named Washington) along the bank of the Potomac River? 28. What two political parties came into existence during the presidency of George Washington? 29. Most producers of whiskey were: Chapter 6 Section 2: 30. What was the position of George Washington regarding war between France and Great Britain? 31. Pinckney s Treaty of 1795 was an agreement between the USA and what European power? 32. The Battle of Fallen Timbers gave the USA control of what present day state? 33. In what way was the election of 1796 seen as a sign of sectionalism? 34. The XYZ Affair involved the USA and what European nation? 35. The Alien and Sedition Acts were adopted by Congress in an attempt to weaken which political party? 36. Who wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
Unit 4 Reading Guide: Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracies Chapter 6 Section 3 1. Why did settlers in the new states tend to support Democratic Republican candidates? 2. Who appointed the midnight judges? 3. Define JUDICIAL REVIEW: 4. Which Supreme Court ruling established the principle of judicial review? 5. What was the cost of the Louisiana Purchase and who was sent to explore it? Chapter 6 Section 4 6. What was the purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807? 7. Who was president when the United States declared war on Great Britain in 1812? 8. Why did Andrew Jackson s victory at New Orleans have no impact on the outcome of the War of 1812? 9. What treaty ended the War of 1812? Chapter 7 Section 1 10. Who came up with idea of using interchangeable parts in the manufacturing process? 11. What two events turned America s attention toward the development of domestic industries? 12. What were the three parts of the American Plan? 13. What two important transportation routes helped increased connections between regions? 14. Who was president during the Era of Good Feelings and also proposed the Tariff of 1816? Chapter 7 Section 2
15. What Supreme Court ruling gave the federal government the sole power to regulate interstate trade? 16. In McCulloch v Maryland, why was a law taxing the Bank of the United States declared unconstitutional? 17. How did the United States gain Florida in 1819? 18. What is the Monroe Doctrine? 19. What were the three parts of the Missouri Compromise of 1820? Chapter 7 Section 3 20. Why was the election of 1824 called the corrupt bargain? Who was involved? 21. What was the spoils system? 22. What group of American Indians were the victims of the 1830 Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears? Chapter 7 Section 4 23. Why did John C. Calhoun call the Tariff of 1828 the Tariff of Abominations? 24. Why did South Carolina threaten to secede (or withdraw) from the federal union in 1832? 25. Who wanted the Force Bill of 1833 and why did he want it? 26. What new political party, favoring the American System, was created in 1834? 27. Why did banks refuse to accept paper currency in 1837, leading to the Panic of 1837?
Chapter 8 Section 1 28. The Second Great Awakening, which began in the 1790s, was what type of movement? 29. Why was western New York state referred to as the burned over district? 30. Define TRANCENDENTALISM: 31. Whose work included a firm belief in civil disobedience? 32. What type of communities were New Harmony and Brook Farm? 33. Who was the leader of the education reform movement in Massachusetts in the 1830s? Chapter 8 Section 2 34. Define ABOLITION 35. Who created The Liberator, a newspaper calling for the immediate emancipation of slaves? 36. Who was Frederick Douglass? 37. Who led a violent slave uprising in Virginia in 1831? 38. Define ANTEBELLUM: 39. According to Southern slave owners, how did slavery help blacks? Chapter 8 Section 3 40. What was the goal of the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848? 41. According to the cult of domesticity, what were the only proper activities for married women? 42. Why were the Grimke sisters unusual in the abolitionist movement? 43. What was the goal of the temperance movement? 44. Who was Sojourner Truth? Chapter 8 Section 4 45. How did the textile industry become industrialized? 46. Why did mill owners hire women rather than men? 47. Why did most immigrants avoid moving to the southern USA upon arriving in America? 48. Why did so many Irish immigrants arrive in the United States between 1845 and 1854? 49. What two factors caused the Irish to face bitter prejudice in the United States?
Chapter 9 Section 1 50. Define CAPITALISM: 51. What is specialization in agriculture? 52. What invention allowed ships to travel both ways on the Mississippi River? 53. What was the nation s first major canal? Which U.S. city became the center of American commerce because of this? 54. What did John Deere and Cyrus McCormick create that changed American agriculture?
Unit 5 Reading Guide: The Late Antebellum Era (1840-1860) Chapter 9 Section 2 1. What did the term manifest destiny mean? 2. The Oregon Territory served as the gateway for trade with: 3. The Black Hawk War of the 1830s forced Indians to leave which states? 4. In what state did Joseph Smith establish the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints? 5. Who led the Mormon Church after the murder of Joseph Smith? 6. Fifty Four Forty or Fight referred to what territory? Chapter 9 Section 3 7. Who led the first American settlers into Texas in 1821? 8. Why did Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna arrest and imprison Stephen Austin? 9. How many of the 187 Americans defending the Alamo survive the Mexican attack? 10. At what battle did Santa Anna surrender to the Texans led by Sam Houston? 11. Why did Northern Congressmen oppose the annexation of Texas in 1836? Chapter 9 Section 4 12. What three things was John Slidell sent to Mexico to negotiate? 13. What Congressional amendment to an appropriations bill in 1846 attempted to prohibit slavery in any lands acquired from Mexico? 14. What was the "Spot Resolution" that was proposed when Congress received President Polk's war message? 15. Which American general captured Mexico City during the Mexican War? 16. What treaty ended the Mexican War in 1848? 17. What major idea did the Free-Soil Party support? 18. Who were the Forty Niners? Chapter 10 Section 1 19. What role did immigrants play in the industrialization of the North? 20. In what 3 Southern states were African-Americans in the majority of the state s population? 21. Which section of the United States opposed the passage of the Wilmot Proviso in 1846? 22. Define secession: 23. The Compromise of 1850 would allow the admission of which state? 24. The Compromise of 1850 allowed for the passage of a new federal law which was an attempt to please the South which law? 25. Define popular sovereignty: Chapter 10 Section 2 26. Why was Anthony Burns under federal guard in Boston on June 2, 1854?
27. What was the function of the Underground Railroad and who was Harriet Tubman? 28. What was Harriet Beecher Stowe s contribution to the abolitionist movement? 29. Which act of Congress repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and replaced it with popular sovereignty in the territories of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 30? 30. Why did the Territory of Kansas have two governments? 31. Why were five men murdered at Pottawatomie? Chapter 10 Section 3 32. What issue divided the Whig Party, eventually causing its destruction? 33. What was the major goal of the Know-Nothing Party? 34. Why did the Republican Party form in 1854? 35. Who was elected president in 1856? Chapter 10 Section 4 36. Who was Dred Scott? 37. Why did the Supreme Court rule the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional as a result of the Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) decision? 38. What was Buchanan s position regarding the Lecompton Constitution? 39. How did the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858 bring national attention to Lincoln? 40. What was the impact in the North and the South after John Brown was hanged in 1859? 41. Who were the major candidates for president in 1860? Northern Democrat: Southern Democrat: Republican: Constitutional Union: 42. Which state was the first to secede following Abraham Lincoln s electoral victory? 43. Who was elected President of the Confederate States of America? Unit 6: Civil War and Revolution Chapter 11 Section 1 Which four Southern states seceded after the bombardment of Fort Sumter? Which four slave states remained in the Union throughout the war? What four advantages did the Union enjoy over the Confederacy? The Southern strategy at the beginning of the Civil War was to fight what type of strategy? The first major battle of the Civil War (a Southern victory) was: The commander of the Army of the Potomac following the defeat at Bull Run was: What two ironclad ships fought to a draw in 1862, signaling the end of wooden naval ships? Chapter 11 Section 2 What position did Great Britain take towards the fighting in America during the Civil War? Why did President Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation not immediately free any slaves?. Who were the Copperheads?. Why did draft riots take place in New York in 1863? Chapter 11 Section 3. By the end of the Civil War, what percentage of the Union Army was African American?
. Why did the Confederacy face a food shortage during the Civil War?. What impact did the Civil War have on the economy of the North?. Who was described as the angel of the battlefield? Chapter 11 Section 4. What 1863 Union victory is often called the turning point of the Civil War?. Why was the Union victory at Vicksburg an important battle?. What as the importance of the Gettysburg Address?. Who was given command of all Union forces in March 1864?. Why was General Sherman s army so harsh as it marched through South Carolina?. Where did Lee surrender to Grant?
Chapter 11 Section 5. About how many Americans (Union and Confederate) died as a result of the Civil War?. Which Constitutional amendment abolished slavery?. How long did President Lincoln have to enjoy the Union victory before he was assassinated? Chapter 12 Section 1. What was the goal of Lincoln s Ten Percent Plan of Reconstruction?. Who were the Radical Republicans in Congress during the Reconstruction Era?. Name 2 ways the Freedman s Bureau offered assistance to slaves after the Civil War. Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Freedmen s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866?. What protection did the Fourteenth Amendment offer to African Americans during Reconstruction?. Why did the Reconstruction Act of 1867 split the former Confederacy into military districts?. Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached by Congress?. What protection did the Fifteenth Amendment offer to African Americans during Reconstruction? Chapter 12 Section 2. Who were the scalawags? Who were the Carpetbaggers?. Who made up the largest group of Southern Republicans during Reconstruction?. Why was illiteracy at such a high percentage among African Americans at the end of the Civil War?. What was sharecropping? Chapter 12 Section 3. What was the goal of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)?. How did white Democrats win control of Mississippi, Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana?. Who was President during the Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring scandals?. How did Rutherford Hayes election bring an end to Reconstruction?