GLOBAL REGENTS REVIEW UNIT 7-8 Cold War Middle East Developing Countries Chinese Communist Rev Latin America Trade Communism Collapses Terrorism Current Technology Environmental Concerns
After WWII Europe was divided West- democratic East-communist (occupied by Soviet Union) Iron Curtain-imaginary line between Western & Eastern Europe
After WWIII con t Germany and Japan were occupied Germany divided in 4 between: Gr Brit, France, USSR, USA Japan occupied by USA Both countries moved towards democracy
Superpowers Rise Up United States Soviet Union (USSR) Other European countries too devastated to become superpowers
Cold War State of hostility between USA & USSR NOT an actual fighting war Disagreed about Politics & economics the spread of communism
Truman Doctrine Containment- limiting communism to where it already was (USSR, E Europe) USA would resist the spread of communism with money & military
Marshall Plan Economic help to strengthen democratic governments Offered to E Europe (incl. Turkey) but Stalin rejected it
Germany Split Germany was split in 4 after WWII Gr. Britain, France & US combined their zones into West Germany (democratic) USSR controlled E Germany (communist) Berlin Wall split the capital city of Berlin into W Berlin- democratic E Berlin- communist
Alliances (again!) in the Cold War NATO- W European nations & USA Warsaw Pact USSR & E Europe
Races to the Top Arms race- increasing military to prepare for an attack Space race-competition for space technology (man on the moon, spy satellites)
Other Cold War Conflicts Korea was divided in half North- Communist South-Democratic Korean War- try to keep communism from spreading the South Still divided today North still communist & South democratic
Vietnam N-communist S-democratic Vietnam War- attempt to keep communism from spreading to the South 1975- Vietnam reunited under communist rule
Cambodia Supported the N Vietnamese (communists) in the Vietnam War Khmer Rouge (group) took control of Cambodian gov t Pol Pot (leader) led a campaign of terror where millions were killed (aka the killing fields ) Killed for disloyalty-being too western
Congo/Zaire Indep. in 1960 New premier asked for help putting down a rebellion USSR offered assistance 1965 Mobutu takes over-dictator Anti-communist Supported by West (USA, Gr. Brit) Renamed country Zaire In power until late 1990 s
Cuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro-communist dictator Supported by Soviet Union USSR had missiles pointed at US USA demanded USSR withdraw the missiles On the brink of nuclear war USSR withdrew missiles
Essential Questions How did the division of Germany & Europe after WWII lead to the Cold War? How was the Cold War fought?
Develop ED or ING Developed Nations industrialized educated advanced technology England, France, US, Italy DevelopING Nations Limited resources Latin America, African nations, former colonies
Economies of Developing Nations Market Economy Ownership: individuals Decisions: private businesses/industry Controls: supply & demand Govt Associated: democracy aka: capitalism
Command economy Ownership: gov t Decisions: gov t planning agencies Controls: gov t Gov t Associated With: communism Aka: communism
Essential Questions Why would many former colonies still be developing nations? What is the difference between a market economy and a command economy?
Oil Became most imp. energy resource after WWII OPEC- Organiz. of Petroleum Exporting Countries Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, S Arabia, Venezuela Controls production, supply, distribution and pricing Oil crisis in 1973 due to OPEC stopping exports to US and European countries
Recovery in Europe & Japan W Germany recovered from WWII due to Marshall Plan European Union (EU)- Trade organization of European countries New money unit- Euro Japan recovered due to: technology educated & skilled workforce $ went into the economy instead of the military
Chinese Communist Revolution Mao Zedong communist leader in the 1930 s Called Chairman Mao. Wrote the Little Red Book Led the Long March after Chiang Kai-Shek forced them out Won the support of the peasants Promised land reform Called for nationalism and an end to foreign influence
Chinese Communist Revolution Great Leap Forward 1958 Purpose: increase agricultural production How/what: forced people to live on communes (remember collectivization in USSR?) Results: failure/famine
Chinese Communist Revolution Cultural Revolution 1966 Purpose: renew loyalty to communism What/How: Red Guards (students) attack professors Shut down schools/universities Results: China becomes isolationist Economy slows down People fear being arrested
Mao Dies.And Dian Xiaping takes over in 1976 Wants reform: Farming Industry Science & tech Defense Got rid of the communes Allowed individuals to lease land for themselves Welcomed foreign investment
Results of Deng s Reforms Economy improved More food Trade increased Chinese people wanted more freedom. Gov t willing to make changes to the economy but NOT to the govt. Tiananmen Square 1989 protestors wanted political reforms gov t attacked protestors
Essential Questions How were Mao and Stalin similar? What were the results of Mao s reforms? Why is China still communist today?
Imperialism Collapses European countries lose their colonies, colonies gain independence India Leader: Ghandi How: civil disobedience Effect: India indep. in 1947 India split into Pakistan (Muslim) & India (Hindu) caste system still exists but less important now
Imperialism Collapses South Africa Leader: Nelson Mandela & African National Congress (ANC) How: fought against apartheid legal separation of races/segregation Effect: elected Pres. 1994 Set up Truth & Reconciliation Committees to investigate & punish violators of human rights
Imperialism Collapses Ghana Leader: Kwame Nkrumah How: strikes and boycotts (non violence) Result: independence in1957 renamed Ghana, organized Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Essential Questions How did many former colonies achieve independence?
Middle East Today Religions in the Middle East Islam Judaism Christianity Resources Oil Limited water supplies cause tension Governments Democracy- Turkey, Israel Monarchy- Jordan, S. Arabia Dictators- Iraq, Syria, Theocracy (partial)- Iran
Middle East Today Islamic Traditions Influence Legal systems Shar ia- Islamic Law Gov t Society Personal Life Can be anti- Western
Israel and Palestine After WWII and the Holocaust, Jews wanted to return to Palestine. Arabs and Jews claimed the same land-palestine. Zionism- movement deciated to setting up a Jewsih state in Palestine. 1947- Israel was estb. as a Jewish state Jews live in Israel. Arabs live in Palestine. Conflicts continue over land & religion. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_anoisdszc
Palestinian & Israel at War 1948 Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and S Arabia invaded Israel. Israel won. Palestine Liberation Organization Led by Yasir Arafat Terrorist organization with a goal to destroy Israel 1956 War over Suez Canal with Egypt. Israel won. 1967 Six Day War. Israel invaded others land. Took over the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt.
Camp David Accords 1979 Agreement between Egypt & Israel land for peace Israel returns Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
Iranian Revolution Iran Led by the Shah- dictator who modernized Iran Supported by West (USA, Gr Brit) 1979 Overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini-made it an Islamic Republic Current issues with Iran Iran very hostile to the West Theocracy-Islamic law Shari a Human rights violations esp. with girls and women
Iraq Has engaged in wars over oil Former dictator Saddam Hussein 1980 Iran/Iraq War Disputed borders and shipping routes 1991 Persian Gulf War Iraq invaded Kuwait for oil USA supported Iraq 2003 Iraq War US invaded Iraq over weapons of mass destruction and human rights violations Saddam Hussein executed Led to Al Queda operations in Iraq
Essential Questions What are some of the continuing issues in the Middle East today? Why has peace been so hard to achieve in this region?
Collapse of Communism USSR 1970 s Détente-lessening of tension betw USSR & USA 1979 USSR invaded Afghanistan to keep a communist gov t in power. Angered the USA. Mikhail Gorbechev 1985 developed new policies in USSR Glastnost- openess, ended censorship Perestroika- economic reforms moved towards a market economy
Effects Ends Cold War USSR dissolved and indep. states gain power (ex Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Belarus, Russia USSR no longer a superpower Economic hardships (food shortages, lack of medicine)
Impact on E. Europe USSR had controlled E. Europe since after WWII East Germany Berlin Wall falls 1989 Free elections 1990 Poland- free elections in 1989 Lech Walesa leader Hungary- communist party breaks up 1989 Czechslovakia- free elections 1989 Yugoslavia free elections 1990
Berlin Wall Falls Berlin Wall separated E Berlin (communist) and W Berlin (democratic) Came down in 1989 Reunited Germany 40 years after WWII Significance: ended the Cold War
Essential Questions How did Gorbechev s policies of glastnost and perestroika bring about the end of the USSR and communism? How was the Fall of the Berlin Wall symbolic of the end of the Cold War?
Latin America Argentina Leader: Juan Peron How: nationalistic, social welfare, boosted wages Problems: repressive military Today: democratic elections but still unstable http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtf4ss3o6p8 Guatelama leader: 1954 military and wealthy landowners gained power Issues: rights of indigeneous people (Maya) 1996 peace accord
Latin America con t Nicaragua Leader: Sandinistas vs Contras Sandinistas-communists, wanted reforms, nationalistic Contras-supported by the US Issue communist repression and civbil war Today: 1990 free elections Mexico Leader: Calderon Issues: drug cartels, unequal wealth, Spanish imperialist social system Today: drug lords have a lot of power, mass killings
North vs. South Northern Countries Developed Wealthier W Europe, N America, Japan Southern Countries Asia Africa Latin America
Problems in Developing Countries Geography- lack of fertile land, limited natural resources, natural disaters Population growth- esp. China w/c limits family size Economics- past economic systems have hurt countries (encomienda, communism) Trade deficits- countries import more than export Political instability-coups common, strong military
Essential Questions How did being former colonies impact the governments and economies of Latin America?
Trade Organizations NAFTA- N American free Trade Agreement eliminated trade restrictions between Canada, US, Mexico World Trade Organization- deals with rules of between nations
Terrorism Terrorism- deliberate use of unpredictable violence against civilians Tactics: bombings, kidnappings, assassinations, highjackings Al Queda- Islamic fundalmentalists responsible for 9/11 Palestinians and Israelis-over land disputes N Ireland- Protestants wanted to join United Kingdom (Britain controlled) Catholics wanted to be independent IRA- Irish Republican Army used terror tactice against Brit & Protestants
More Terrorism Yugoslavia Divided into different regions depending on ethnicity & religion Serbians committed genocide against Croatians and Albanians in Bosnia & Herzegovenia
United Nations Promotes peace and security Universal Declaration of Human Rights protects human rights (Remember Fr. Rev Dec of Rights of Man?) Disaster Relief Tsunami in Thailand Earthquake in Japan & Haiti
Current Technology Green Revolution Irrigation, machinery, fertilizers Positives: increase food production, new foods Negatives: forces out small farmers, limited by geography Medicine New drugs, procedures Positives: increase life span Negatives: expensive Computer/Digital Revolutions New devices Positives: new jobs, better communication Negatives: not available to poor, widens gap betw $$ and poor
Environmental Concerns Pollution Acid rain Ozone Climate Change/Global Warming Deforestation Destruction of forests, esp. tropical rain forests Caused by development/building India, Brazil and Insonesia Effects: erosion, extinction, change in weather
Environmental Concerns Desertification Africa Causes: human activity Overgrazing animals, cutting down forests
Natural Disasters & Nuclear Concerns Volcano in Iceland Earthquake in Haiti 2010 Tsunami in Japan 2011 Nuclear Chernobyl in Russia 1986 Japan after the tsunami 2011 N Korea & Iran developing nuclear bombs