The United States in a Menacing World CHAPTER 35 LECTURE 1 AP US HISTORY

The United States in a Menacing World CHAPTER 35 LECTURE 1 AP US HISTORY

FOCUS QUESTIONS: How did the American people and government respond to the international crises of the 1930s? How did war mobilization transform the American economy and government? What were the major aspects of Allied military strategy in Europe and Asia? What were the major effects of World War II on American society, including minorities and women? What new issues did the US government confront in defeating Germany and Japan in 1945?

THE LONDON CONFERENCE What is this conference? An economic conference for 66 nations held in the summer of 1933. What is the purpose of this conference? For world leaders to find a global solution to the Great Depression (a worldwide event). Why did America NOT attend this conference? Roosevelt was fearful of the idea of currency stabilization. This would have limited his ability to fight the depression in America. Roosevelt was unwilling to enter into international cooperative measures that might hurt the American people. As a result, the conference adjourned accomplishing NOTHING! This move strengthened American Isolationism.

WHAT IS THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY? 19 th Century British ideas concerning Europe (Pre-WWI) had been splendid isolationism Americas reaction to Italy, Germany, and Japan who are growing MORE aggressive = ambivalence What is Roosevelt s priority? The American economy! Roosevelt showed LITTLE interest in international concerns. Why the Good Neighbor Policy? Roosevelt DID extend an international interest in Latin America Latin America DID NOT like American imperialism. The Good Neighbor policy was simply that one nation COULD NOT intervene in the affairs of another nation. American troops were withdrawn from Haiti and the Dominican Republic Roosevelt terminated the PLATT Amendment (no right for the US to intervene in Cuba. By 1933, Cuba would see a powerful leftist regime take control. The US would provide indirect support to Fulgencio Batista in 1934.

What happened to Batista? America would help overthrow this leader in 1959 heard of Fidel Castro? Are there other Latin American nations that change because of the Good Neighbor policy? Mexico nationalized several US and British oil companies. America DID NOT invade The oil rightfully belonged to Mexico. Mexico and the Oil companies tried to negotiate a compromise for compensation. Will the Western Hemisphere ever be united again? YES! World War II! FDR would achieve hemispheric solidarity lasted through the Cold War

SECRETARY HULL S RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENT Secretary of State Cordell Hull believed that trade was a two-way street, and he had a part in Congress passing the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934. What did this Act do? This activated low-tariff policies while aiming at relief and recovery by boosting American trade. This act revised the Hawley-Smoot law lowering tariff rates as much as half (as long as other countries would do the same). This reverses the high tariff policy that had hurt America during the Great Depression. After World War II, America would enter into a free-trade economic system based on this Agreement.

THE RISE OF AGGRESSIVE STATES IN EUROPE AND ASIA

A JUST AND LASTING PEACE? Failures of the World War I Peace settlement Treaty of Versailles did not create a lasting peace Germans saw nothing fair in the treaty. The Treaty of Versailles actually led to economic depression in many countries This depression contributed to the rise of dictatorships in Europe and Asia. Nations were expected to pay large war debts: Increased the problems of hunger, homelessness, and unemployment in many of the nations of Europe.

Germany resented clauses forcing them to admit responsibility for starting WWI. Germany was not guaranteed any form of security The Treaty of Versailles took away: major portions of land Alsace & Lorraine Rhineland Saar Basin Danzig (Gdansk) the rights of the German citizens Soviet Union resented having land taken: to create: Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania.

NEW DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS: Austria Italy Czechoslovakia Greece Bulgaria Romania The treaty of Versailles did NOTHING to support the new democratic governments These governments will collapse rapidly!

ITALY & The Rise of Mussolini Mussolini established the totalitarian regime in Italy. 1919, Mussolini pushed war veterans to fight the politicians starting Fascism. Mussolini wanted Italy to be a great world power. 1921, Fascist party gained 35 parliament seats. 1922, Mussolini leads a revolution in Italy. Mussolini called himself Il Duce which means the Chief.

WHO WAS STALIN? Son of a shoemaker Studied to become a priest Began to read Marxist literature here. He began to spend most of his time working against the monarchy Played a role (small role) in the 1917 revolutions Stalin rises through the Bolshevik party ranks Eventually, the choice of leadership will be between Stalin and Trotsky

WHAT WOULD STALIN DO FOR THE USSR? The Five Year Plan Soviet Union was established in 1922. Lenin died in 1924 Stalin took control of the country. USSR became completely socialistic: collectivization of farming state owned industries Stalin did not want another German defeat Constructed iron, steel, coal and machinery factories Trained the peasants to work in the factories Whole cities were constructed around industry Side effect = environmental change/damage By 1939, Stalin had established a central totalitarian government. Totalitarian governments remove all citizen rights and destroy opposition.

WHO WAS HITLER? Son of Alois and Klara Heidler. Path to power: Adolph Hitler followed a power path similar to Mussolini. End of WWI, Hitler became a drifter. After struggling to find a job and support, Hitler joined the military again and was sent to spy on the Nazi Party. One of the leaders of the Beer Hall Putsch. Survived and was arrested. Tried for treason. After Arrest: During his jail time, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf or My Struggle Nazism was based on extreme nationalism! Hitler s party was elected in 1932. Time Magazine s Man of the Year in the 1930s.

Dangerous Alliances: In 1936, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy allied themselves in the Rome-Berlin Axis. Would this be the only alliance? NO! Japan would join this alliance! Japan s role in the world: Japan slowly gained strength and refused to cooperate with the world. After the Washington Naval Arms conference, Japan began to arm itself quickly. During the London Conference, Japan walked out! Italy on the attack: In 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia, conquering it! The League of Nations failed to take effective action against either Japan or Italy! America s reaction = ISOLATIONISM!

PRIMARY SOURCE READINGS: In the American Spirit, please read pgs. 346-352 Roosevelt Pleads for Repeal of the Arms Embargo (1939) Senator Arthur Vandenberg Fights Repeal (1939) Charles Lindbergh Argues for Isolation (1941) The New York Times Rejects Isolation (1941)