The Advisory Function of the International Court of Justice 1946-2005 Bearbeitet von Mahasen Mohammad Aljaghoub 1. Auflage 2006. Buch. xxx, 285 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 35732 2 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1370 g Recht > Europarecht, Internationales Recht, Recht des Auslands > Internationales Recht > Völkerrecht schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.
Table of Contents Foreword by Awn Al-Khasawneh...VII Foreword by Istvan Pogany... IX Preface... XI List of Abbreviations... XXI Glossary of Terms...XXIII Table of Cases...XXV Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments... XXIX Introduction...1 1 Origin and Purpose of the Advisory Function... 1 2 General Features of the Existing Literature... 3 3 The Contemporary Relevance of the Advisory Function... 6 4 The Structure of the Work... 7 5 Methodology and Methodological Issues... 9 CHAPTER ONE The Advisory Function of the International Court of Justice in an Historical Context...11 1 Introduction... 11 2 Advisory Opinions in General... 12 3 The Advisory Function Prior to the Inception of International Courts... 14 4 The Advisory Function and the Permanent Court of International Justice... 15 5 The Advisory Function at the Drafting Stage... 16 6 The PCIJ Advisory Opinions and the Nature of the Requests for Advisory Opinions... 22 7 Sources of Requests for Advisory Opinions During the League Era... 23 8 Assimilation of the Advisory Procedure to the Contentious Procedure Before the PCIJ... 23 9 Voting in the League Council and Assembly to Request Advisory Opinions... 25 10 The PCIJ and the ICJ: Their Institutional Status... 25
XIV Table of Contents 11 The Advisory Function of the ICJ: How Much Is It Changing?... 28 12 The Drafting Stage... 28 12.1 The Rights of the General Assembly and the Security Council to Request an Advisory Opinion... 30 12.2 Proposals That Were Not Adopted... 32 13 Concluding Remarks... 34 CHAPTER TWO The Advisory Jurisdiction of the ICJ: Compliance with Requests and the Court s Discretion in Giving Advisory Opinions...35 1 Introduction... 35 2 The Jurisdiction of the ICJ... 35 2.1 Distinction Between Jurisdiction and Competence... 36 2.2 The Court s compétence de la compétence... 37 3 The Elements of Jurisdiction to Give an Advisory Opinion... 38 3.1 Jurisdiction ratione personae... 40 3.1.1 Organs with an Original Right to Request Advisory Opinions: The General Assembly and the Security Council... 40 3.1.2 Organs with a Derivative Right to Request Advisory Opinions: Other UN Organs and the Specialised Agencies... 45 (i) Authorised Organs... 46 (a) The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)... 48 (b) The Trusteeship Council... 48 (c) The Secretariat... 49 (ii) Specialised Agencies... 51 3.2 Jurisdiction ratione materiae, or Subject Matter Jurisdiction... 56 3.2.1 The Political Nature or Motivation of Questions Referred for Advisory Opinions... 58 3.2.2 Factual Questions... 61 3.2.3 Abstract Questions... 61 4 The Advisory Jurisdiction as Subject to the Court s Discretion... 63 5 Concluding Remarks... 67
Table of Contents XV CHAPTER THREE The Role of the ICJ as the Principal Judicial Organ of the UN and the Implications of This Role for the Court s Advisory Function...69 1 Introduction... 69 2 Organisations in General: A Theoretical Perspective... 70 3 The United Nations Organisation... 71 4 Coordination: A Theoretical Perspective... 73 5 The Organisational Relationship Between the ICJ and the UN: Its Implications for the Court s Readiness to Participate in the UN Activities... 76 6 Judicial Review as a New Direction... 79 6.1 The Complexities of Judicial Review... 81 6.2 Judicial Review Within the Coordination Context... 83 6.3 The Advisory Function as a Route for Judicial Review : Some Case Studies... 86 6.3.1 The 1960 IMCO Case... 87 6.3.2 The 1962 Certain Expenses of the UN Case... 88 6.3.3 The 1971 Namibia Case... 89 6.3.4 The 1992 Lockerbie Case... 91 7 Concluding Remarks... 93 CHAPTER FOUR The Judicial Character of the ICJ s Advisory Function and the Problem of Consent...95 1 Introduction... 95 2 The Court as an Organ of the UN and the Nature of Its Judicial Character... 96 2.1 The Court s Judicial Character and States Consent... 97 2.1.1 Publicists View of Consent as a Precondition for Exercising Jurisdiction... 98 2.1.2 The Court s Case Law on Consent as a Precondition for Exercising Jurisdiction... 100 (i) The Court s Case Law on Consent in Disputes Pending Between Two or More States... 101 (ii) The Court s Dicta on Consent in Disputes Pending Between a State and an International Organisation... 106 2.2 Forum Prorogatum in Advisory Proceedings... 112
XVI Table of Contents 3 Judicial and Political Restraints and the Judicial Function... 113 4 The Judicial Character of the Court and Its Effect on the Authority of Advisory Opinions... 116 5 Concluding Remarks... 120 CHAPTER FIVE Procedural Aspects of the Advisory Function of the ICJ...123 1 Introduction... 123 2 Sources of the Procedural Rules Governing Advisory Proceedings... 124 3 The Composition of the Court when Exercising Its Advisory Function... 125 3.1 National Judges and Judges Ad hoc in Advisory Cases... 126 3.2 Impartiality and Independence of Judges... 129 4 The Process of Requesting an Advisory Opinion... 132 4.1 Initiating the Request... 132 4.2 Participation in Advisory Proceedings... 135 4.3 The Role of the Secretary General in Advisory Proceedings... 137 4.4 Written and Oral Proceedings... 138 5 The Legal Bases Relied Upon by the Court for Decision-Making... 143 5.1 Sources of the Applicable Law... 144 5.1.1 International Conventions... 145 5.1.2 International Custom... 146 5.1.3 General Principles of Law... 147 5.1.4 Judicial Decisions and the Teachings of the Most Highly Qualified Publicists... 148 5.1.5 Resolutions of the General Assembly as a Supplementary Source of International Law?... 151 5.2 Deliberation by the Court and the Giving of Advisory Opinions... 153 6 Concluding Remarks... 154 CHAPTER SIX The Contribution of Advisory Opinions to the Development of the Law of International Institutions and to Public International Law...155 1 Introduction... 155 2 Advisory Opinions and the Development of the Law of the United Nations... 156
Table of Contents XVII 2.1 The International Legal Personality of the United Nations... 156 2.2 The Doctrine of Implied Powers... 159 2.3 Succession of International Organisations... 161 3 The Contribution of ICJ Advisory Opinions to the Rules Governing the Interpretation of Treaties... 164 3.1 The Interpretive Function of the ICJ... 164 3.2 The Special Legal Position of the UN Charter... 166 (i) The Principle of Natural and Ordinary Meaning of the Words in Their Context... 167 (ii) Functional or Teleological Interpretation Principle... 168 (iii) The Use of Travaux Préparatoires as Supplementary Means of Interpretation... 169 (iv) Subsequent Practice as a Guide to Interpretation... 172 4 The Contribution of Advisory Opinions to the Interpretation and Application of Agreements Between the UN, Its Agencies and Member States... 173 4.1 The Court s Interpretation of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN... 173 4.2 The Court s Interpretation of the Headquarters Agreement Between the UN and the US... 177 5 The Contribution of Advisory Opinions to the Clarification of the Functions and Powers of UN Political Organs... 178 5.1 Concurrent and Exclusive Functions of the General Assembly and of the Security Council... 179 5.1.1 Peace-Keeping Operations: Concurrent Roles of the General Assembly and of the Security Council... 179 5.1.2 The Exclusive Competence of the Security Council to Take Coercive Action... 182 5.1.3 The Exclusive Competence of the General Assembly over the UN s Budget... 183 6 The Joint Competence of the Political Organs... 185 7 The Contribution of Advisory Opinions to the Development of International Human Rights Law... 186 8 The Contribution of Advisory Opinions to the Development of International Humanitarian Law... 196 9 The Contribution of Advisory Opinions to the Development of International Environmental Law... 198 10 Concluding Remarks... 200
XVIII Table of Contents CHAPTER SEVEN The Attitude of United Nations Member States Towards the Use of the Advisory Procedure...201 1 Introduction... 201 2 Quantitative Significance... 202 3 Historical Background, Preparatory Work and Attitudes... 203 4 The Role of Law and International Adjudication in International Affairs... 205 5 Assessment of Frequently Cited Reasons for the Reluctance to Use the Court... 207 5.1 International Law Applied by the Court Is of Western Origins... 207 5.2 The Court s Unpopular Judgments and Advisory Opinions... 211 5.2.1 The 1966 South West Africa, Second Phase Case... 211 5.2.2 The 1996 Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflicts Case... 214 5.3 The Risk of Losing and the Unpredictability of the Court s Decision... 214 5.4 The Composition of the Court and the Impartiality of the Judges... 215 5.5 The Slowness of the Judicial Procedure and the Cost of Litigation... 217 6 Concluding Remarks... 221 CHAPTER EIGHT The Reception of Advisory Opinions...223 1 Introduction... 223 2 The Possibility of Non-compliance and Its Effect on the Court s Discretion to Render Advisory Opinions... 223 3 Guidance as the Primary Motive for Requesting Advisory Opinions... 225 4 The Interests Which Are Served by Compliance with Rendered Advisory Opinions... 227 5 Review of Actions Taken by Requesting Organs upon a Rendered Advisory Opinions... 228 6 Concluding Remarks... 236 CONCLUSION The Advisory Function of the ICJ: Concerns, Limitations and Future Role...237 1 Introduction... 237 2 The Complexities of the Institutional Connection Between the Court and the United Nations... 238
Table of Contents XIX 3 The Usefulness of the Advisory Opinion to the United Nations Organisation... 240 4 Reasons for the Limited Recourse to Advisory Opinions... 247 4.1 Voting Procedure and Lack of Coordination... 247 4.2 The Autonomy of the Political Organs... 249 4.3 Limited Interdependence Between the UN Organs... 249 4.4 The Effect of the Cold War... 250 5 Suggestions for Improving the Advisory Function... 251 6 Towards the Future... 253 7 Suggestions for Further Research and Concluding Remarks... 256 Selected Bibliography...257 Appendix 1...279 Appendix 2...283