Centre No. Candidate No. Paper Reference(s) 4370/2H London Examinations IGCSE Geography Higher Tier Paper 2H Tuesday 17 May 2005 Morning Time: 2 hours 30 minutes Materials required for examination Ruler, pencil and pen Items included with question papers Nil Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature. This paper is arranged in two sections, A and B. In Section A, answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. In Section B, answer ONE question in the spaces provided. Information for Candidates The total mark for this paper is 150. The marks for parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). There are nine questions in this question paper. There are 36 pages in this question paper. Any pages are indicated. Advice to Candidates Write your answers neatly and in good English. Paper Reference 4 3 7 0 2 H Surname Signature Initial(s) Examiner s use only Team Leader s use only Question Number Blank Section A 1 2 3 4 5 6 Section B 7 8 9 This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. 2005 Edexcel Limited. Printer s Log. No. M23046A W850/4370/57570 3/5/5/4/3/ *M23046A0136* Total Turn over
SECTION A Answer all six questions. 1. Water (a) Study Figure 1, which shows the hydrological cycle of a drainage basin. Precipitation (snow, rain) Evapo-transpiration from trees Infiltration Evaporation from ground Rock Rock Throughflow Throughflow Groundwater flow Groundwater flow River flowing to sea Figure 1 (i) Name one store of water shown in Figure 1. (1) (ii) What is the difference between throughflow and groundwater flow? (2) 2 *M23046A0236*
(iii) Describe the transfer of water through a drainage basin. Start with the input of water as precipitation. (3) (b) (i) What term is used to describe the volume of water in a river channel? (1) (ii) Draw and label a diagram to show how a river is part of a drainage basin. (2) *M23046A0336* 3 Turn over
(c) (i) Explain the main physical causes of river flooding. (2) (ii) Suggest how human activities in a drainage basin can help to cause flooding. (3) (d) For a named river management scheme, describe and explain its purposes. Name of river management scheme:....................................... (6) Q1 (Total 20 marks) 4 *M23046A0436*
2. Hazards (a) Study Figure 2, which shows the island of Montserrat (West Indies) before and after the Soufriere Hills volcano erupted in 1997. BEFORE the volcanic eruption Population: 11,000 AFTER the volcanic eruption The North Undeveloped: few roads, settlements or services. Makeshift camps set up. Port Salem H S Plymout h Airport Soufriere Hills Volcano 50% of the population move to the north of the island Plymouth (capital city) evacuated 50% of the population died or left the island Soufriere Hills Volcano The South Developed: small towns and villages with patches of farmland growing vegetables. N 0 3 km Area evacuated. Villages destroyed. Key Roads H Hospital Forest Volcano S School Villages and patches of farmland Capital city Industry Area affected by lava and ash: population evacuated Figure 2 (i) Compare the impact of the eruption in northern Montserrat with that in southern Montserrat on: 1. Landscape... 2. Population... *M23046A0536* 5 Turn over
3. Transport... (6) (ii) Give one short-term effect and one long-term effect of the eruption. 1. short-term effect... 2. long-term effect... (2) 6 *M23046A0636*
(b) Using an annotated diagram, explain why volcanoes exist at plate boundaries..................................... (6) *M23046A0736* 7 Turn over
(c) Referring to at least one named example, describe how people prepare for and respond to volcanic eruptions. Named example(s)................................................... (6) Q2 (Total 20 marks) 8 *M23046A0836*
3. Production (a) Study Figures 3a and 3b, which show employment in the three economic sectors of a sample of countries. 0 100 10 90 20 80 60 70 50 30 40 Russia Japan USA % tertiary sector 70 60 % secondary sector 50 40 30 80 90 100 0 Brazil Indonesia Nigeria Tanzania 20 100 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 % primary sector Figure 3a Country Percentage of workforce employed in Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector Level of economic development Tanzania 83 6 11 LEDC Indonesia (Less Economically Developed Country) Nigeria 56 17 27 Brazil 41 22 37 Jamaica 28 17 55 Russia 17 47 36 Japan 13 39 48 USA 2 33 65 MEDC (More Economically Developed Country) Figure 3b *M23046A0936* 9 Turn over
(i) Use information from Figure 3a to complete Indonesia s entry in Figure 3b. (2) (ii) Use information from Figure 3b to plot the position of Jamaica on Figure 3b. (1) (b) Name one occupation that is typical of each of the following three sectors: 1. Primary sector... 2. Secondary sector... 3. Tertiary sector... (3) (c) As a country develops economically, its employment structure changes. Use information from Figures 3a and 3b to explain this statement......................... 10 *M23046A01036*
(d) Farming in some LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) fails to prevent food shortages. (i) Explain why such shortages occur......................... (ii) For one named LEDC, describe two attempts that have been made to increase food supply. Name of LEDC:... 1.... 2.... (6) Q3 (Total 20 marks) *M23046A01136* 11 Turn over
4. Development (a) Study Figure 4. This shows information about the South West region of the UK (United Kingdom) in 2000, including wealth, indicated by GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per person. GDP per person (wealth) UK average = 100 South West average = 95.5 Above UK average Below UK average Avon 106.5 Gloucestershire 103.2 150 km east to wealthy London New investment and jobs in health care, medical products and electronic industries. Devon 86.8 Somerset 91.0 Dorset 91.5 Wiltshire 113.5 Cornwall 71.2 Decline of fishing and tin mining industries. Figure 4 0 60 km N (i) The South West region is one of the less economically developed regions of the UK. What evidence is there to support this claim? 12 *M23046A01236*
(ii) Describe the pattern of wealth (GDP per person) in the South West region. (2) (iii) Using Figure 4, give two reasons to explain why Cornwall has the lowest GDP per person in the South West region. 1.... 2.... (b) Apart from a low GDP per person, describe two other features you would expect in a less economically developed area. 1............. 2............. *M23046A01336* 13 Turn over
(c) With reference to a named less economically developed area of a country other than the UK, explain why new investment and jobs are so important for development. Named less economically developed area....................................... (6) Q4 (Total 20 marks) 14 *M23046A01436*
5. Migration (a) Study Figure 5, which gives information about refugees entering the UK (United Kingdom) in 1982, 1992 and 2002. 2002 Year 1992 1982 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Number of refugees (thousands) Year Main sources of refugees 2002 Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia 1992 Former Yugoslavian republics, Sri Lanka, Turkey 1982 Poland, Ghana, Iraq Figure 5 (i) Describe how refugee migration into the UK changed between 1982 and 2002. (2) (ii) Referring to refugees, explain how forced migration differs from voluntary migration. (3) *M23046A01536* 15 Turn over
(b) (i) Suggest two reasons why some of the refugees shown in Figure 5 might seek asylum in the UK. (2) (ii) Suggest why some refugees may later feel that they made the wrong decision in seeking asylum in the UK. (3) 16 *M23046A01636*
(c) (i) Explain the push-pull model of migration. (ii) Use the push-pull model to help explain one named international migration. Named international migration... (6) Q5 (Total 20 marks) *M23046A01736* 17 Turn over
6. Urban Environments (a) Study Figure 6 which shows part of a mega-city in an LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country). Four typical shanty town locations are marked A, B, C and D. Industrial district B Development spine: line of offices, shops, apartments CBD C River valley A Main roads New industrial areas City boundary A B Industrial district Poor-quality housing with some basic C services B D Mainly rural migrants Rural-urban fringe A B C D Type of Shanty town location On rural-urban fringe On wasteground near city centre On steep valley sides On marshland Movement of people Figure 6 (i) What is a shanty town? (2) 18 *M23046A01836*
(ii) Explain how shanty towns contribute to the growth of mega-cities in LEDCs. (2) (iii) For two of the locations marked A, B, C or D, give reasons why a shanty town is located there. Location... Reasons... Location... Reasons... *M23046A01936* 19 Turn over
(iv) Suggest why people are moving from location B out towards locations A and C. (2) (v) Describe the development spine shown on Figure 6 and suggest why this development is in this location. 20 *M23046A02036*
(b) How do developments in the rural-urban fringe of cities in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) compare with those in the rural-urban fringe of LEDC cities? Use examples to support your answer..................................... (6) Q6 (Total 20 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION A: 120 MARKS *M23046A02136* 21 Turn over
SECTION B 7. Fragile Environments Answer one question from this Section. (a) Study Figure 7a, which contains information about a particular global threat. Global Warming is the greatest threat to the world. Global temperatures have risen by 0.6 C over the past 100 years. Further rises are forecast. This threat may be made worse by the US Government s delay in signing up to the Kyoto Agreement. Many countries are cutting their emissions of greenhouse gases. The US contributes 20% of this pollution. Figure 7a (i) What is meant by the term global warming? (1) (ii) Global warming may cause climate change. Give two ways in which the climate of a named country could change. Named country... 1.... 2.... (2) (iii) Name one greenhouse gas. (1) 22 *M23046A02236*
(b) Adding greenhouse gases to the Earth s atmosphere strengthens the greenhouse effect. (i) Annotate Figure 7b below to show how this works. atmosphere Earth Figure 7b (ii) Explain why the world is becoming warmer. *M23046A02336* 23 Turn over
(iii) Describe two sources which are releasing more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere every year. 1.... 2.... (c) Any country s greenhouse gas emissions are affected by the following factors: heating and cooling requirements transport requirements access to renewable sources of energy level of wealth and economic development Choose two of these factors, and for each explain how it affects emissions. 1.... 2.... 24 *M23046A02436*
(d) Global warming could make the environments of the world more fragile and less sustainable. (i) What is meant by the term fragile environment? (1) (ii) Explain how the USA s failure to sign up to the Kyoto Agreement could result in a less sustainable future for the whole world. (9) Q7 (Total 30 marks) *M23046A02536* 25 Turn over
8. Globalisation (a) Study Figure 8a, which shows the movement of jobs from the UK (United Kingdom) to China and India. This is an example of globalisation. Figure 8a also contains information about the GNP (Gross National Product) of China and India. Tropic of Cancer Shift of manufacturing jobs Shift of service sector jobs Exports and share of world trade doubled in past 5 years GNP growing 7 to 9% per year Equator Tropic of Capricorn Value of exports of IT services increased by 4 times in past five years GNP growing 5 to 8% per year Figure 8a (i) What evidence in Figure 8a suggests that China and India are experiencing: 1. an export boom 2. economic development? 1.... 2.... (2) (ii) What term is used to describe the movement of manufacturing to countries like China? (1) 26 *M23046A02636*
(iii) Suggest how the movements shown in Figure 8a may change the trade patterns of China and India. (b) (i) Suggest how moving jobs from the UK to China or India might benefit: 1. the UK 2. China or India *M23046A02736* 27 Turn over
(ii) Describe two factors that enable companies to have parts of their business located in different countries. 1.... 2.... (c) New service sector jobs in India are often located in business parks outside the main cities. Texas Instruments, a transnational ICT company, is located in the Information Technology Park, Bangalore, India (Figure 8b). Main features of the Information Technology Park: Space for offices, shops, homes, parks 18 km east of Bangalore 20 minutes from airport Modern buildings, power supply, communications Designed for technology-orientated companies, including large transnational companies India s first science park Figure 8b (i) What is a TNC (transnational company)? (2) 28 *M23046A02836*
(ii) Describe one advantage and one disadvantage that TNCs bring to countries like India. Advantage... Disadvantage... *M23046A02936* 29 Turn over
(iii) Using named examples, explain the importance of TNCs in globalisation and the global economy. (9) Q8 (Total 30 marks) 30 *M23046A03036*
9. Human Welfare (a) Study Figure 9a, which gives two human welfare indicators for countries around the Mediterranean Sea. France Italy 0 500 km Black Sea Spain Atlantic Ocean Greece Turkey Morocco Algeria Tunisia Mediterranean Sea Lebanon Israel Syria N Key Human welfare divide Libya Egypt Human welfare indicator Country Health: number of patients per doctor Literacy: adult literacy rate (%) Spain 360 96 France 421 99 Italy 552 97 Greece 340 93 Turkey 1385 90 Syria 1354 65 Lebanon 1390 80 Israel 234 96 Egypt 5419 49 Lybia 3950 62 Tunisia 2127 65 Algeria 8400 58 Morocco 2120 45 Figure 9a (i) Suggest why the human welfare divide line has been drawn between countries north of the Mediterranean Sea and those to the south and east. (2) *M23046A03136* 31 Turn over
(ii) Explain why literacy and health are often used as indicators of human welfare. (iii) Suggest why the human welfare divide line does not give a full picture of human welfare differences around the Mediterranean Sea. 32 *M23046A03236*
(b) For a named country, describe how human welfare varies between its regions. Named country.............................. *M23046A03336* 33 Turn over
(c) Study Figure 9b, which shows some responses to the difficulties caused by flooding and debt in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). Figure 9b (i) What is meant by the term aid? (3) (ii) Explain why agencies and organisations in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) provide aid for LEDCs. 34 *M23046A03436*
(c) Describe how aid and trade might be made more appropriate for LEDCs....................................................... (9) Q9 (Total 30 marks) TOTAL FOR SECTION B: 30 MARKS TOTAL FOR PAPER: 150 MARKS END *M23046A03536* 35
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