Period 9!!!!! -1980-? APUSH
Reviewing 1970s issues Détente relaxed tensions, but not peace US dealt with oil crises Shortage of gasoline 1973 War in Mideast High crime rates at home, stagnant and weak economy Sense in US that US was in decline Kissinger s view US was still greatest power in world but many other forces such as domestic discontent and economic problems were undermining this Arms control SALT Treaties with Soviets failure of SALT II Iran hostage crisis, Soviets in Afghanistan
1970s foreign policy - continued Israel and Egypt become largest US allies in mideast Kissinger s efforts to create stability NOT democracy Détente opened opportunities for cross-divide connections between Soviet Union, US, and China finding new connections Helsinki Accord 1975 designed to stabilize relations around the world Helsinki Accord 3 Baskets European borders should not change; increase trade; basic human rights Human rights provision used by Soviet Union later on to lobby for perestroika and glasnost
Reagan and the 1980 election Reagan s platform/strategy Attacked Carter s foreign policy blunders/domestic mismanagement enounced activist gov t of the Great Society Era, social engineering Condemned federal intervention in local affairs, affirmative action programs Tried to appeal to middle and working class whites Anybody but Carter Movement Ted Kennedy primaried Carter John B. Anderson liberal Republican
Ronald Reagan 1911-2004; President 1981-89 Election day Ayatollah still holding hostages in Iran Gasoline greater percentage of income than today Jimmy Carter s attempt to rescue hostages epic fail helicopters crashed America seemed weak upon election of Reagan Reagan promised to restore American greatness and pride Reagan loved Rambo!!! Reagan promised a fresh start Inauguration Day, 1981 hostages freed! Soviets still in Afghanistan, economy still awful
Reagan s Foreign Policy Reagan be strong, get over it, flex your muscles Place more military pressure on Soviet Union Increased aid to mujahidin by 1984 mujahidin are controlling Afghan airspace with shoulder-launched missiles Reagan promised to build a 600 ship navy Reagan promised a strategic defense shield Star Wars SDI - 1983 Use of more rhetorical pressure on Soviet Union Reagan s Evil Empire Speech Reagan argued that foreign policy should be about human rights
Reagan renews the Cold War Reagan Doctrine overwhelm global Soviet influence 1981 sanctions on USSR and Poland for suppression of the Solidarity Movement backed Mujahidin in Afghanistan Westminster Speech June 1982 Reagan/Thatcher Alliance Reagan s Evil Empire speech March 83 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) aka Star Wars vaporize ICBMs upon liftoff - 1984 Idea great expense of a renewed military spending would CRIPPLE the USSR Massive Military Spending 1980s prosperity DEFICIT Spending Soviets boycott 1984 LA Olympics
Mikhail Gorbachev Gorbachev child of peasants born in southern Russia Stavropol Province Gorbachev s formative moment Khrushchev and de- Stalinization Khrushchev laid out crimes of Stalin Many of Gorbachev s friends and colleagues were involved with Prague Spring (1968) Gorbachev upset about failure of Prague Spring New generation of Soviet leaders are thinking about other societies not communist ideologues come into power around Gorbachev Gorbachev believed in reformed communism Gorbachev believed in communism with a human face became Soviet leader March 1985
Changes to the Soviet Union Acceleration (uskoreniye/ускорение) 1985-86 we must get rid of corruption Gorbachev tried to ban vodka 1985-86- Russians started making their own liquor and poisoning themselves Openness (Glasnost/гла сность) 1986-87 Restructuring (Perestroika/перестро йка) 1988-89 Gorbachev realized that Russians had no incentive to work hard you got the same things no matter if you worked or not there had to be an openness for people to talk about the problems around them glasnost Glasnost more freedom of the press and economic system Perestroika restructuring the Soviet Union into a European country
How did the Cold War end? Both Reagan and Gorbachev believed in their systems; were seeking to return their systems to their idealistic essences 1986 Reykjavik Summit, Iceland Gorby and RR nearly agreed to eliminate all strategic nukes by 2000; 1987 Washington Summit Immediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 1988 Moscow Summit finalized INF Treaty December 8 th, 1988- Reagan, G HW Bush and Gorbachev standing in front of statue of liberty Reagan said this is a new Soviet Union December 1988 Reagan, Bush and Gorbachev convinced world the Cold War was over appeared together in NYC
Impacts Revolutions of 1989 Spring 1989 communists agree to recognize Solidarity Union and hold free elections in Poland Solidarity wins 99 of 100 senate seats November 1989 enough Germans believed that if they destroyed the wall that nobody would stop them this mentality spread to other countries and Soviet Republics Gorbachev Reagan relationship allowed for the above Relationship between Gorbachev and Bush more to gain from working together than working against each other German unification Gorbachev became less and less popular at home Those who initiate revolutions often get eaten by them the radical of one day looks too conservative the next Cold War was about distrust, end of Cold War was about a new trust
Why did the Cold War end? Cold War ended not because one country was right and another was wrong Cold War ended because leaders and citizens on both sides came to see that change was better than stagnation; came to see possibilities Gorbachev and Reagan radicals who believed the world could change Reagan and Gorbachev saw that we had more in common than we had in difference Reagan and Gorbachev did together what neither could do alone
What Reagan Faced: The Economic Problems The inflation creep of the 1970s had resulted in an enormous increase in tax burden through bracket creep. Rising unemployment Reagan s Proposal ERTA (What He Got) 1 30% cut in personal taxes 25% cut in personal marginal tax rates 2 Accelerated depreciation for capital in business 3 9% increase in defense spending per year for 5 years Got it! Got it! 4 $50 billion cut in non-defense spending in 1982, growing to $100 billion in 1986 5 Additional cuts of $30 billion in 1983, $40 billion in each of the next 3 years No! No!
What Reagan Faced: Defense Issues Defense spending had declined from 9.6% of GNP in 1962 to 5.5% of GNP in 1981, a decline of 43%. More of the defense spending in 1981 was directed toward salaries and pensions than in 1962. Defense spending in USSR twice as high (as a percent of output) than U.S. defense expenditures; thus USSR spending 45% more on defense 1979 - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S. embassy in Iran was seized. The questions everyone was asking was Can we defend ourselves? Are we ready?
Reaganomics and Reagan s 1982 Budget Proposal Tenets of Reaganomics: * reduce gov t spending * reduce federal income taxes * reduce gov t regulation * tighten money supply reduce inflation Reagan s Proposal ERTA (What He Got) 1 30% cut in personal taxes 25% cut in personal marginal tax rates 2 Accelerated depreciation for capital in business 3 9% increase in defense spending per year for 5 years 4 $50 billion cut in non-defense spending in 1982, growing to $100 billion in 1986 5 Additional cuts of $30 billion in 1983, $40 billion in each of the next 3 years Got it! Got it! No! No!
Revenue and Output Despite tax cuts of 1981, federal tax revenues increased in Reagan years Real inflation-adjusted manufacturing output rose to its highest point of the post-wwii period. In 1989, capital goods production was 38% of total manufacturing production, as compared with 1967 when it was 28%. In 1989, exports of capital goods were 45% of total capital goods production, compared to 20% in 1967.
More output Domestic-based manufacturing employment fell from 20.3 million in 1980 to 19.2 million in 1990, a decline of 6%, probably as a result of productivity gains. U.S. exports of manufacturing goods grew by 90% between 1986 and 1992, compared with 25% for the rest of the OECD countries. U.S. raised its share of the world s manufacturing exports from 14% in 1987 to 18% in 1991. In 1990, the U.S. s share of world manufacturing exports was the same as in 1975.
Jobs and People More than 18 million new jobs were created in the 1980s in the U.S. this was more than Japan, Britain, and Germany combined. More jobs created were high-pay, high-skill managerial and technical positions While real wages declined from $11.41 per hour in 1978 to $10.02 per hour in 1990, workers total compensation increased as workers demanded increased benefits. Reaganomics did not gut social welfare programs. In fact, social welfare spending was the largest cause of the budget deficits of the Reagan administration.
Income Growth during the Reagan Years U.S. Real Income Growth, 1983-1989 Quintile Real Income Growth Lowest 20% 11.1% Second 20% 10.1% Third 20% 10.7% Fourth 20% 11.6% Highest 20% 18.8%
Reviewing Period 8 econ issues A: Public faith in government declined in the 1970s due to: Economic challenges: OPEC oil embargo (1973 Stagflation of the 1970s - unemployment, slow growth, high inflation Political Scandals: Watergate, pardon of Richard Nixon Foreign policy failures : Iran Hostage Crisis returned on Reagan s first day A sense of DECAY
1980s Economy Review A: Conservative victories: Taxation - Reaganomics, supply-side, or trickle-down economics under Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush Tax cuts for wealthy stimulate economic growth Tax rates cut in the 1980s Similar to tax policies of 1920s under Secretary of Treasury Andrew Mellon Deregulation of industries: Shrinking the size of the government and bureaucracy is OK
1980s economy review 9.1, II B: The size of the federal government grew after 1980, despite Republicans condemning big government Growth of the budget deficit: Due to increased military spending, continuation of Social Security, decrease in tax revenues Many programs were popular and were difficult to eliminate Expansion of medicare and medicaid
Gulf War Feb. 1991 Aug. 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait to pay its war debts from Iran-Iraq war US led UN coalition of 600,000 forces to Kuwait remove Saddam Hussein (Iraqi dictator from Kuwait) Successful victory, overcoming of Vietnam syndrome
Dissolution of the Soviet Union and 1989-91 Soviet Union began opening up political freedoms; noncommunists elected, Soviet Republics began withdrawing from the Union 26 Dec. 1991 Soviet Union dissolved US world s only military and economic superpower 1991-92 defense spending down, unemployment rising Bush losing popularity
Bill Clinton - 1992 1 st baby boom president new generation 1 st non- WWII veteran president since Truman 1 st Democrat in 12 years Weak mandate 3 way race
Clinton Reforms and Challenges Health- Bill appointed wife (Hillary) as head of a task force to redesign medical service industry failed killed in Congress Contract with America 1994 midterms House Speaker Newt Gingrich attack budget deficits and welfare programs republican majorities in House and Senate Welfare Reform Act of 1996 Republican congress passed law cutting welfare grants; forced able-bodied welfare recipients to seek work; restricted welfare benefits signed by Clinton
Trade NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement took effect Jan 1. 1994 free trade with Mexico, Canada, and US Exporting of manufacturing jobs to Mexico Lack of mobility of workers Hurting of Mexican farmers Import/export deficits World Trade Organization pro-free trade organization supported by Clinton
DotCom Boom Clinton consolidated Reagan-Bush momentum; trade and economic growth record levels US Budget surplus by 1998
George W. Bush Era Economy Bush lost poplar vote, won electoral vote weak mandate Bush Tax Cuts 2001, 2003 Deregulation, less environmental oversight 2 wars (Iraq, Afghanistan) Railed against Social Security (fail) Growth of undocumented labor Housing bubble (sub-prime crisis)
Obama and economy Worst recession since great depression - 2008 Long, difficult recovery stagnant incomes Information age technologies Widening income inequality Tax cuts that favored the wealthy + greater global competition, rise of semi-skilled workers, decline of manufacturing, decline of unions
Reagan s foreign policy in the periphery Reagan s policies differed from region to region Reagan Doctrine in Latin America Reagan would back any anti-communist state against any communist state José Napoleón Duarte Salvadoran dictator backed by Reagan Contras backed by US against democratically Nicaraguan government the Sandinistas (who took power in 1979) Oct. 1983 RR sent forces to Grenada to kill Marxist coup
Reagan s foreign policy in the periphery Middle East Israeli invasion of Lebanon - 1983 RR sent troops to Lebanon - 1983 October 1983 suicide bomber killed 200 US Marines Reagan withdrew and suffered no backlash Teflon President
Iran-Contra Scandal Hostages in Lebanon Continuing grip of Sandinistas in Nicaragua 1985 secret arms sales to Iran in exchange for Iranian help in freeing an American hostage in Lebanon money from Arms sales diverted to the Contras in Nicaragua Reagan violated congressional ban on helping the contras
Gulf War Feb. 1991 Aug. 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait to pay its war debts from Iran-Iraq war US led UN coalition of 600,000 forces to Kuwait remove Saddam Hussein (Iraqi dictator from Kuwait) Successful victory, overcoming of Vietnam syndrome
START II USSR = USS WERE Russia successor to USSR START II Russian President Yeltsin and George HW Bush agree to reduce long range nukes by two thirds within 10 years did not go into effect but paved way for SORT (2002) and New START (2011) 1991 defense contracts nixed
Foreign Policy under Clinton First truly post-cold War president American diplomatic policy of last 50 years had to be reinvented - Peacekeeping expeditions interventionism Somalia 1993 quickly withdrawn Stood on sidelines Rwandan genocide 1994 Balkans (former Yugoslavia) Ethnic cleansing US led a NATO peacekeeping contingent - 1995 Peace Deal 1993 Israel and Palestine Festering issues in Middle East
George W BUSH 9/11/01 Bush identified Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden sent forces to Afghanistan where Taliban regime was protecting bin Laden Established Homeland Security Department Guantanamo Bay Prison Began pushing for regime change in Iraq weapons of mass destruction irked by Iraq s continued violation of UN regulations Iraq invaded with broad congressional approval March 2003 Iraq and Afghanistan continued for duration of Bush s presidency suffered great criticism regarding both (especially Iraq)
Obama s foreign policy Withdraw from Iraq, Afghanistan Dealing with Arab Spring Russia and Ukraine ISIS
Civil Rights and the New Left African American Civil Rights movements and anti-vietnam War movement gave way to new forms of left-wing activism Women s Liberation Movement Betty Friedan Feminine Mystique 1963 Gay Liberation Stonewall Riots 1969 United Farm Workers, Chicano Movement
Roe v. Wade Mobilizes Conservatives The issue of legalized abortion helped galvanize the rise of the Christian Right in the 1970's and 1980's. In the wake of the sexual revolution and the women's liberation movement, many conservatives sought to restore "traditional family values". Roe v. Wade catalyzed the formation of a number of enduring political organizations.
Phyllis Schlafly and the Equal Rights Amendment One item on the agenda of social conservatives in the 1970's was the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment. Many felt that felt that "traditional family values" had been undermined by the women's liberation movement. Others were repelled by what they believed was intervention by the state into the private sphere. The campaign to stop ratification, led by activist and self-described homemaker Phyllis Schlafly, demonstrated the financial and political capabilities of the emerging New Right. ERA died in 1982, just three votes short of passage.
Text of Proposed ERA Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.
The Christian Right The growth of evangelical Christianity in the 1970's reflects the concern for what many perceived as a decline in traditional moral values. By 1978, 40% of Americans described themselves as "born again, The divisive issues pervading American politics, including abortion and women's rights, contributed to the proliferation of evangelical political organizations.
Political Influence of the Christian Right National Conservative Political Action Committee and Reverend Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority pioneered the use of sophisticated campaigning and fundraising techniques such as direct mail. The influence and campaign tactics of Christian Right delivered a critical proportion of votes to Ronald Reagan in 1980. Christian Right still formidable force