Historical Security Council

C S I A M U N X CHAIR REPORT Historical Security Council Agenda (1) The Chinese Civil War (KMT CPC)

Committee: Historical Security Council (Crisis) Agenda: The Chinese Civil War (KMT-CPC) Chair: IHyeon KIM, Doun LEE 1. Introduction The Historical Security Council of CSIAMUN 2018 will be a historical crisis committee. Delegates will simulate the Chinese Civil War fought between the Kuomintang (KMT) - led Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Although the United Nations was made in 1945, the committee will disregard this fact and start in the 1920s, which is when the CPC was first established and formed a rivalry with the KMT. The 15 delegates of the Historical Security Council will make political decisions and negotiations with other countries according to the given situation, which will bring major changes to the course of history. Originally, the Security Council consists of five permanent member states (The United States of America, the United Kingdom, France, Russian Federation, and China) and ten non-permanent member states. Due to the absence of the United Nations during the start of our time period, the Chairs have carefully chosen 15 nations that have a firm political ideology and stance to emphasize during the conference. Six delegates - United States of America, Soviet Union, France, United Kingdom, Republic of China (KMT), and CPC Representative- will have the authority to use the veto power. For the progress of the committee, changes in a delegation s country name will be neglected and remain in the same name for the rest of the conference. The Chairs will guide the committee and act as the crisis directors, introducing new crises and setting historical situations. Delegates may act independently by sending individual crisis notes about the actions they will take to the chair. The corresponding changes will be made to the progress of events and the results of the conference, which may be something that no one has ever expected. 2. Definition of Key Terms Communist Party of China (CPC) A political party called the Communist Party of China, founded the People s Republic of China (PRC) Red Army (Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army) The red army was the armed forces of the Communist Party. It was created in the year of 1928, which is when the Chinese Civil War began. Kuomintang (KMT) An anti-monarchist and national unificationist political party called the Kuomintang, founded the Republic of China (ROC). Chinese Civil War (KMT-CPC) An ideological split between the communist CPC and the nationalist KMT. The war lasted 1927~1937 and 1946~1950 and was cut off in the middle by the Second Sino-Japanese War

when the parties united to form the Second United Front in order to defend China from the Japanese. Sun-Joffe Manifesto An agreement and declaration of cooperation among the Communist International (Comintern), the KMT, and the CPC. Shanghai Massacre On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT violently suppressed communist party organizations with military forces. Hundreds of communists were executed or assassinated. With the formation of a left wing KMT government in Wuhan and the Shanghai uprising by the CCP, right wing military leader Jiang Jieshi started the suppression. The Green Gang, a criminal organization, aided the KMT forces. Almost 5,000 deaths occurred for the KMT, and in case of the communists, nearly 50,000 died. This event caused the Communist International to cancel its ties with the KMT. Chinese Soviet Republic Established in 1931 by Mao Zedong, the CSR came to its end in 1937 due to the KMT s encirclement campaigns. Under the support of the Soviet Union, a National Soviet People s Delegates Conference was held in the Jiangxi province, and the CSR was born. The CSR had separate national banks and collected its taxes separated with the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China, so it is considered the start of the Two Chinas. Long March In 1931, Mao Zedong became the chairman of the Soviet Republic of China. Chiang Kai Shek and the Nationalists launched five encirclement campaigns against the communists between the years 1930 and 1934. Mao was able to resist against the first four, but in the fifth campaign, he was removed from his position and great numbers of the Red Army were killed. The communists retreated to the west and north and ended in 1935. Through the Long March, Mao gained support and emerged as an undisputable leader of the Communists. The young Chinese even enlisted in the Red Army. Free China During the Second Sino-Japanese War, areas that were not controlled by the Japanese army were referred to as Free China. Although the KMT and the CPC formed an alliance, both were chasing for territorial advantage in these regions. Minimal cooperation between the two parties, frequent clashes, and internal military conflicts shows that the Second United Front was never a true alliance. 3. Background Information The last ruling imperial dynasty of China, the Qing Dynasty, collapsed in 1911 and fell in the following year. With no authentic government to lead the country, the nation fell into what is now called the warlord era, when the country was divided into groups led by warlords and military leaders with their own armies. The KMT and its leader, Sun Yatsen, sought assistance from foreign

states in defeating the warlords and retaking the land. However, their requests for aid were turned down by western countries, and in 1921, the KMT turned to the Soviet Union for aid in the forms of educational material, organization, equipment, et cetera. The Soviet government showed support for both Sun s KMT and the new CPC, which would later establish the People s Republic of China. This was the origin of the power struggle between the two parties that would lead onto a full-scale civil war. In 1923, the KMT and a Soviet representative met in Shanghai for a joint statement pledging Soviet assistance for Chinese unification. This declaration, called the Sun-Joffe Manifesto, was a declaration of cooperation among the Communist International (Comintern), Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The same year, Yatsen (KMT) sent Chiang Kai-shek, one of his old lieutenants to Moscow for several months of military and political study, and he rose to take the spot as Yatsen s successor when he died. However, the KMT split into left and right wing movements after Yatsen s death, and in early 1927, the KMT-CPC rivalry led to a split, where the left wing of the KMT decided to move the seat to Wuhan, where communist influence was strong. Chiang demanded the elimination of Communist influences within the KMT, but the leftists rejected his demand and were denounced for taking orders from the Soviet Union. As Chiang s power increased, his tolerance of the CPC in the KMT decreased dramatically. Chiang and several other KMT members held a meeting in which they decided to purge the KMT of all Communist activities, as they were socially and economically disruptive, preventing the national revolution from proceeding. On April 12th, the KMT was purged of leftists and other CPC members in an event referred to as the April 12 Incident or Shanghai Massacre". Eventually, the KMT continued its campaign against the warlords and captured Beijing in June 1928. The Nanjing central government then received recognition from the international community as the sole legitimate government of China. They announced the three stages of revolution as being military unification, political tutelage, and constitutional democracy. The CPC retreated underground or to the countryside, where over time they formed an armed rebellion. Their revolt against the Nationalist government began August 1, 1927, in Nanchang. Named the Nanchang Uprising, it indirectly caused the formation of a Communist rebel army and the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army, later becoming the People s Liberation Army. The Red Army gave up Nanchang on August 4 and went southwards to attack Guangdong. Wang Jingwei, a local warlord s government started a violent anti-communist campaign. The Red Army, along with mutinous NRA (National Revolutionary Army) soldiers attempted to take Changsha, Shantou, and Guangzhou, and ultimately established control over areas of south China. Wang Jingwei was forced out of Wuhan in September, and an armed rural rebellion called the Autumn Harvest Uprising by the CPC arose but failed. Following battles that were won and lost, there were three capitals in China: Beijing, CPC/left-wing KMT at Wuhan and the right-wing KMT at Nanjing. This marked the beginning of a 10-year conflict known in China as the Ten-Year Civil War, which ended when Chiang Kai-shek formed the Second United Front to protect China against Japan s invasion. The KMT turned its attention to rooting out the remaining Communists, launching the five encirclement campaigns. This caused the massive retreat of Communist forces known as the Long March, and as a result, the CPC was severely weakened and Zhang Guotao lost his authority to Mao, who was made the undisputed leader of the CPC. Chiang Kai-shek, who saw the CPC as a greater threat than the Imperial Japanese Army, refused to ally with them for the Second Sino-Japanese War, which lasted from 1937 to 1945. Chiang

believed that he could unite China by ridding it of warlords and eliminating the CPC first, then launching a military offensive on Japan. However, this was viewed on discontentedly by the Chinese, and Chiang was kidnapped to force a truce with the CPC in what is known as the Xi an Incident. This caused both parties to suspend attacks against each other and focus their military power on the war against Japan, forming the Second United Front. However, this alliance was only in name, and the level of cooperation between the two parties was nearly non-existential. The parties still clashed for territorial advantages and fought over multiple issues, the tension intensifying in late 1940 and early 1941. The KMT launched an ambush on the evacuating CPC forces, and therefore, ended the Second United Front. The CPC benefitted as a result of the Sino-Japanese War, as the KMT suffered greatly from their efforts to defend China from the Japanese. When fighting resumed after the Sino-Japanese War, the CPC had become more powerful, as they had acquired a considerable amount of land and other resources with the help of the Soviet Union. The CPC won the war, mainly due to corruption in the KMT and support for the CPC s policies from the lower classes. Mao Zedong proclaimed on October 1, 1949, that the capital of the People s Republic of China would be Beiping, now known as Beijing. Following this, Chiang Kaishek and around two million Nationalist Chinese left mainland China for Japan-controlled Taiwan. 4. Major Countries and Organizations Involved Germany Since the 1920s, Germany and China were in a cooperative relationship. While China needed to modernize its industry and military, Germany needed raw material supplies which made the two countries close. President Sun Yat Sen was able to successfully modernize the country thanks to Germany. However, when the Second Sino Japanese War broke out, Hitler chose Japan as its ally and broke all promises it had with the Chinese and the Soviets. Despite China s protests, Germany turned from pro-china to pro-japan Japan One major event during the Chinese Civil war is the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) which separates the civil war into two time periods; 1927-1937 and 1946-1950. Fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, the Second Sino Japanese War was the result of Japanese imperialism and their greed to expand their influence. Japan s invasion and hold of Manchuria threatened the sovereignty of China, which was a problem for both the KMT and the CCP. At first, Chiang Kai Shek thought the CCP as a greater threat and refused to become allies. However, Chiang gradually realized that only after unification would China be able to launch attacks against Japan and therefore, formed an alliance with the Communist Party. However, even during this truce, clashes and conflicts were unavoidable; but in general, the CCP was able to earn a lot of support with fewer casualties. Japan and its invasion was an issue the both sides had to solve first, before their continued civil war. Republic of China The Chinese Civil War, which lasted for nine years, four months and three weeks was mainly caused due to an ideological split. With the victory of the Chinese Communists,

major political and territorial changes occurred with the communist party taking over mainland China, establishing the People s Republic of China and the Republic of China - which used to be led by the KMT being relocated to Taiwan. The war between the government and the party turned China into a communist state, which shaped the future political stances and involvement of the country in the international society. Soviet Union and the United States of America During the early periods of the Civil war, although the Soviet Union showed support for both Chinas, it mostly backed the nationalists for when the Japanese attacked China in the 1930s, the KMT was the legitimate government and controlled much more territories than the Communist party. As part of the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression pact, the Soviet Union provided military resources to the Republic of China under the name of Operation Zet. After the Second Sino Japanese War, the United States of America was strongly in support of the KMT, not only aiding the KMT with US military troops but also training the Chinese. Economically, hundreds of millions of dollars were made as loans for the KMT. Oppositely, the Soviets not only provided the communists with their own supplies but also handed over the Japanese weapons and materials they had captured during the war. Eventually, the Communists victory in the Chinese Civil war led China to support the Soviet Union during the Cold War, which was also an ideological conflict. It can be said that the Chinese Civil War served as the basis and background of the conflict majorly between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. When Chiang-Kai-Shek of the KMT captured Beijing in 1928, most of the international communities showed support for the KMT, recognizing them as the only legitimate government of the Republic of China. The United States, along with western nations, advocated the Kuomintang with fear towards the spread of communism and to promote democracy. Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was the only one left in support of the CPC. Throughout the timeline, the committee may see how the United States and the Soviet Union both indirectly and directly participated in the war.. 5. Timeline of Key Events July 1921 The Communist Party of China is established. January 26, 1923 Signing of the Sun-Joffe Manifesto for cooperation between the Soviet Union and the KMT. August 1, 1927 Nanchang uprising by the communists to counter the anti-communist movements of the nationalists. It is the first major KMT-CPC engagement in the war. April 12, 1927 Shanghai Massacre; the KMT violently suppresses the left wing and the Communist of the CPC. The Nanjing Central government is recognized as the legitimate government. November 1931 The Chinese Soviet Republic is established by Mao Zedong. 1930-1934 Five encirclement campaigns are launched by the nationalists to destroy the expanding red army October 1934 The Long March, a military retreat of the Red Army is held. In the end, October 1935 Mao was able to gain support among rural peasants.

July 7, 1937 to Second Sino Japanese War; a brief alliance between the nationalists and September 9, 1945 communists is established (Second United Front). 1948-1949 Huaihai Campaign- 550,000 KMT troops were surrounded by the communists and destroyed. This campaigns shows the weakening power of the KMT in northern regions. The CPC mobilized 5,430,000 peasants to join hands with the communists and fight against the nationalists. July 20, 1946 Chiang Kai Shek launches a large scale CPC invasion. September 12 1948 November 2, 1948 November 29 1948- January 31 1949 April 23 1949 October 1 1949 -In March, 1947, KMT seizes the CPC capital Yan an. Battle of Liaohsi: The People s Liberation Army defeats the KMT nationalist forces in Shenyang, Changchun, Jinzhou and captures all of Manchuria. Battle of Pingjin; the KMT loses all power and control of the North China Plains. Nanjing, the capital of the KMT is captured by the communists. Mao Zedong officially announces the establishment of the People s Republic of China. 6. Relevant UN Treaties, Resolutions and Events United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 In the year of 1971, this resolution was passed in order to declare the People s Republic of China as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations, (un.org) and expelled the KMT representative from the United Nations. This resolution was led by Albania. Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance The treaty was signed between the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China and the Soviet Union in 1945. During World War II, the Soviet and Mongolian troops seized the inner Mongolian and Chinese territory, occupying the region. The treaty states that the Republic of China recognizes Mongol s independence under the circumstances that the Soviet Union stops aiding the CPC. However, the Republic of China eventually found out that the Soviet had been continuously helping the communist party even after the treaty was signed, and conflicts deepened with the Soviet recognizing the People s Republic of China made by the communist party. Due to these violations, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 505 - explained specifically below- and in 1953 the Republic of China abrogated the treaty, rescinding its position on Mongolia's independence. Sino- Soviet Non- Aggression Pact The treaty was signed between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union on August 21, 1937, which is during the second Sino- Japanese war. With the treaty put into action, not only did the relationship between the two countries improve but the Soviets also sent aircraft, military or economic aid through plans such as Operation Zet so that the Chinese could stop the Japanese invasion.

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505 The Republic of China complained about the Soviet Union to the United Nations for aiding the communists during the civil war. The General Assembly found out in 1952 that the Soviet Union had prevented the KMT s Republic of China from reestablishing itself in Manchuria after the Sino- Japanese war, and also gave military aid to the communists. Fully named Threats to the political independence and territorial integrity of China and to the peace of the Far East, resulting from Soviet violations of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of August 14, 1945 and from Soviet violations of the Charter of the United Nations (un.org), the Soviet Union was condemned. 7. Previous Attempts to Solve the Issue and Possible Solutions In the end, the Communist Party won the war and took control of mainland China while the KMT was banished to Taiwan. However, there were no official treaties or agreements signed between the two parties which led to continuous conflicts even after the war had ended. Until October 25, 1971, which is when the UN officially recognized the People s Republic of China and expelled the Republic of China, the Communist Party was not even recognized as the official and legitimate government of China. As a Historical Security Council, the committee does not necessarily have to come to the same ending as the actual event. On an international viewpoint, the United Nations supports democracy and tries its best to prevent the expansion of communism and dictatorship. With this belief, throughout history, the United Nations and numerous countries around the world have participated in events such as the Japanese War and the Korean War to make sure communists do not become the victors. It is a shame that a proper international organization that had authority did not exist during the Chinese Civil War, but things can change in this year s CSIAMUN HSC. Think about what happens when a major terror accident or civil war occurs in a country these days; human life is the most primary value all countries and international organizations are trying to pursue. During the Chinese Civil War, so many innocent people were sacrificed. Massive massacres, betrayals, bombings inside the nation were very ordinary events, and due to the ideological fight between the elites, so many peasants were in chaos and jeopardy. Whether the delegation is in support of the KMT or CPC, saving the lives of innocent people will be the utmost responsibility. The chairs believe one of the biggest changes we can make through this conference is that unlike the past, we can have nations cooperating with each other to stop battles and assaults in the first place, or at least make sure fewer people are brutally sacrificed. This is the first point the chairs want to remind to the delegates. Throughout the simulation, there will be numerous incidents both based on historical facts or made up occurring. As members of the United Nations, each nation must try to bring a halt to these situations and maintain peace within China. Delegates will have to form alliances with each other, send their military to the nation in order to protect the civilians and put an end to the war as soon as possible. The second point the chairs want to emphasize is future prevention. As mentioned before, the actual civil war ended without any treaties or agreements and this caused future conflicts and chaos. If a proper agreement had been made at the end of the war, there wouldn t have been any confusion on

which party is the truly legitimate government. Regardless of who gains control of the country, the chairs highly recommend the delegates to draft international treaties, directives, or direct UN resolutions as soon as possible to prevent future war and terror eruptions. If there are any questions regarding the conference - it can be just anything- please feel free to contact us with the emails written on our introduction profiles of the official CSIAMUN website. We will try our best to help you out. Last of all, please don t be stressed out about the conference. No one expects you to be perfect for the chairs are humans too, and as the people who had to set up this whole situation, we know how complicated this crisis is. For the sake of a dynamic and memorable conference, we will try to make things as easy as possible so that there is no one left behind. We wish you luck, and we look forward to meeting you all at the conference.

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