South Americans Chinese

9 9 9 96 96 95 7 6 5 Do Not Speak English Well Speak Other Langauge at Home 3 5 19 3 6 3 53 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese 16 Russians Native Whites 6 Figure 2.1. Non-English Home Language and Self-Reported Ability to Speak English (%), Parents Generation. Source: U.S. Census,, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample, ten county study area.

BA or More No HS Diploma 6 6 56 HS Diploma, No BA 7 5 5 6 33 32 39 6 3 39 53 23 2 9 17 16 2 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks 7 Dominicans West Indians 11 South Americans Chinese Russians Native Whites 6 Figure 2.2. Educational Attainment (%), Parents Generation. Source: U.S. Census,, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample, ten county study area.

Median Earnings ($K) 9 7 6 5 3 Working (%) 7 79 1 7 6 62 6 66 59 71 72 5 52 $6 3 $36 $39 $35 $3 $3 $26 $3 $3 $ $7 $6 $36 $2 $2 $25 Puerto Rican Males Puerto Rican Females Native Black Males Native Black Females Dominican Males Dominican Females West Indian Males West Indian Females South American Males SouthAmerican Females Chinese Males Chinese Females Russian Males Russian Females Native White Males Native White Females Figure 2.3. Employment (%) and Earnings ($K) of Full Time Employed, Parents Generation. Source: U.S. Census,, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample, ten county study area.

9 Median HH Income ($K) 2+ Workers in Family (%) 7 6 51 5 6 7 69 75 73 $ 75 5 $56 $63 3 $36 $ $35 $6 $ Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russians Native Whites Figure 2.. 2+ Workers in Family (%) and Median Household Income ($K), Parents Generation. Source: U.S. Census,, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample, ten county study area.

72 Self-Employed 7 6 5 37 5 63 Asset Income Home Owners 26 32 3 17 5 11 5 7 12 11 11 31 17 25 15 39 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russians Native Whites Figure 2.5. Household Assets (%), Parents Generation. Source: U.S. Census,, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample, ten county study area.

7 Single Parents Non-Family Married Couples 7 61 65 6 7 53 5 5 36 3 33 3 39 26 32 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians 1 2 South Americans 11 1 Chinese 1 6 12 Russians 13 Native Whites 22 Figure 2.6. Family Form (%), Parents Generation. Source: U.S. Census,, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample, ten county study area.

Table 2.1. Factors Affecting Position of First Generation Parents Puerto Native West South Native Domain Rican Black Dominican Indian American Chinese Russian White Language + + + Family Structure m + + m Parental Employment + + m + + + Parental Education m + m + + Racial Discrimination + m + + Transnational Flows m na m + na na Residential Location + + + + Class Heterogeneity + + + + + + overall disadvantage on this measure + overall advantage on this measure na neutral or not applicable on this measure m mixed

Table 3.1. Racial Identification by Group Study Group of Respondents Puerto Native West South Russian Native Race Given Rican Black Dominican Indian American Chinese Jewish White White 16.6 12.1.2 19.5.5. 95.9 Black. 99.5 11.7 92.9 3.7.2 Native American.2 Indian.2.2 Chinese.2 95. Japanese.2 Vietnamese.2 Hawaiian.2 American 3.2 2.1 3.2.2 1. Asian.2 3.3 Burmese.2 Colombian 5.2 Dominican 15.2 Ecuadoran.7 Hispanic 26. 3.3.5 36.9.2 Human.5.2.2.5.2 Indigenous Indian.5 1.9 1. Latin American.5 1.9 1.7 Latino 2..9.2.7.2 Mixed.7.2 1..5 Peruvian 2. Puerto Rican 3..7 South American.5 Spanish 3..7 5. West Indian.2 3.9 Malay.2 Other Race.2.2.5.2 Don t Know 3.5 7.2.7.5.3.5 Refused 1.6 1.6.2.5 1.7 Source: Study of the immigrant Second Generation in Metropolitan New York (ISGMNY).

9 7 6 55 1 59 52 52 69 79 7 2 5 72 Neither Parent A Parent Died Only One Parent Parents Still Together Both Parents 5 36 1 31 3 3 6 9 21 3 3 25 13 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks 11 7 11 Dominicans West Indians 6 South Americans 9 7 7 55 3 Chinese Russian Jews 25 15 6 2 Native Whites Figure.1. Family Form Growing Up (%). Source: ISGMNY.

3.5 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.9 Parent-Child Ratio Parent Figures Children in Families 3 2.5 2.7 2.5 2. 2 1.5 1.7 1.5 1. 1. 2. 2.2 2.2 1 1.9.5.7 Puerto Ricans.6.6.7. Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans 1. Chinese 1.3 Russian Jews. Native Whites Figure.2. Family Composition. Source: ISGMNY.

5 5 5 Female HH with Children 3 Idle HS Drop Outs 16-19 Pove rty 33 33 Adults 25+ w/o HS Diploma 35 29 29 29 2 2 3 25 19 16 17 15 5 17 16 16 17 17 16 15 1 11 12 11 11 12 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians 5 South Americans 5 Chinese Russian Jews Native Whites Figure.3. Neighborhoods Growing Up (Median %). Source: U.S. Census 199, Standard File 3, Zip Code Level.

5 3 3 Crime Disrespect for Authority 35 Open Use/Sale of Drugs 3 25 3 29 26 25 23 2 22 15 5 22 15 1 1 16 12 1 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese 9 Russian Jews Native Whites Figure.. Neighborhood Problems Reported (%). Source: ISGMNY.

% 16 15 9% 26 2 26 % 5 7% 6 63 6% 5% % 6 66 62 66 61 BA or More HS no BA Less than HS 3% 3 % 2 35 3 % 19 16 6 13 1 3 % Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russians Native Whites Figure 5.1. Educational Attainment (%) (age 2 32 grew up in New York metro area). Source: ISGMNY.

Native Whites 32 26 3 29 Russians Chinese South Americans West Indians Dominicans 63 13 15 1 66 3 3 69 11 2 15 3 77 9 7 3 7 9 11 2 NYC Public Public Outside NYC NYC Magnet Religious Private Native Blacks Puerto Ricans 76 1 2 6 2 7 12 2 11 1 % % % 3% % 5% 6% 7% % 9% % Figure 5.2. Type of High School Attended (%) (grew up in New York metro area). Source: ISGMNY.

% % 6% % 13 15 11 16 15 23 7 13 1 26 13 21 17 17 17 16 27 21 2 52 26 2 23 Highest Higher Middle Lower Lowest 25 16 % % Puerto Rican 3 Native Blacks 35 37 Dominicans West Indians 33 15 South Chinese Americans 7 Russian Jews 1 2 3 Native Whites 12 11 Figure 5.3. Performance Quintile of New York City Public High Schools Attended (%) (attended New York City high school). Source: ISGMNY.

Native Whites 16 1 2 17 17 Russians Chinese South Americans West Indians Dominicans 16 7 16 3 12 15 1 7 39 13 17 11 2 7 3 19 1 19 6 36 11 15 23 Community College Lowest Public Lowest Private Middle Public Middle Private Top Public or Private Native Blacks Puerto Ricans 3 23 17 17 5 32 23 23 7 5 % % % 3% % 5% 6% 7% % 9% % Figure 5.. Type and Ranking of College Attended (%) (attended any college). Source: ISGMNY.

Table 5.1. Correlates of Educational Attainment (Age 2 32, grew up in metropolitan New York) Variable Beta Beta Beta (Constant) 3.9** 1.77** 1.16** Puerto Rican.3**.11**.95** Black.333**.19**.6** Dominican.1**.3.11 West Indian.96**.13.11 CEP.93**.2.32 Chinese.2.92**.66** Russian..17.32 Parents Education.37**.269** Age.73*.7** Female.72**.** Grew Up with Both Parents.61**.19 Siblings Grew Up With.97**.5** Times Moved 6 1.125**.9** Has Had a Child.37** Ever Arrested.77** High School Average Hours.39 of Homework Went to Parochial HS 1+ year.51* Used Museums & Libraries Growing Up.7** Adjusted R 2.5.2.335 *sig <.5.**sig <.1 Dependent variable is educational status: 1 = no HS diploma, 2 = HS diploma or in high school, 3 = associate s degree or enrolled in community college, = BA degree or enrolled in college, 5 = postgraduate degree or enrolled in graduate school. Respondents are weighted to represent their group s share of the sample universe. Parents education measured by highest level attained by either parent on a five-point scale.

% 9% % 7% 6 5 51 56 6 5 62 52 1 37 6 37 66 Work FT Work PT Unemployed In School FT Neither School nor LF 61 6% 5% % 3% % % % 1 11 11 1 22 23 9 9 7 13 15 13 9 6 19 1 13 12 13 17 9 3 1 11 16 5 21 16 6 1 1 1 7 32 1 2 3 21 5 23 23 5 2 27 3 12 27 9 9 6 16 6 9 Puerto Rican Males Puerto Rican Females Native Black Males Native Black Females Dominican Males Dominican Females West Indian Males West Indian Females South American Males South American Females Chinese Males Chinese Females Russian Males Russian Females Native White Males Native White Females Figure 6.1. Labor Force Status (%) (Part Time Work Not Shown). Source: ISGMNY.

5 35 3 25 39.9 35..7 36. 39.9 3. 36.6 3. 3. 35. 37.2 32.5 3.3 32.2 Average Hourly Earnings Average Weekly Hours 3. 3.9 15 $13. 5 $1.23 $13. $1.3 $16.62 $16.76 $15.23 $12.32 $12.73 $13.9 $12.96 $1. $16.2 $15.9 $17.71 $15.1 Puerto Rican Males Puerto Rican Females Native Black Males Native Black Females Dominican Males Dominican Females West Indian Males West Indian Females South American Males South American Females Chinese Males Chinese Females Russian Males Russian Females Native White Males Native White Females Figure 6.2. Hours Worked and Hourly Earnings. Source: ISGMNY.

35 33 3 2 25 22 25 21 23 Jailed Arrested 15 5 Puerto Rican Males Puerto Rican Females 16 5 2 Native Black Males Native Black Females 11 7 Dominican Males Dominican Females 2 West Indian Males West Indian Females 5 3 9 South American Males South American Females 2 9 11 3 1 Chinese Males Chinese Females Russian Males Russian Females 6 2 Native White Males Native White Females Figure 6.3. Contact with Criminal Justice System (%). Source: ISGMNY.

6 5 1 6 5 Males/Fathers Females/Mothers 3 27 21 21 39 27 23 23 29 1 1 23 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russian Jews Native Whites Figure 6.. Industry Dissimilarity Between Respondents and Their Parents. Source: ISGMNY.

% % 6% % % % Puerto Ricans 9 1 1 36 1 2 9 12 5 12 36 1 5 7 15 2 17 37 11 6 Native Dominicans Blacks West Indians 5 19 9 12 35 7 15 36 1 6 3 13 35 5 3 3 19 21 1 25 6 3 1 South Chinese Russians Americans Native Whites 15 31 11 22 9 2 Managers Professionals Technicians Retail Salespersons Office Support Workers Service Workers Craftsmen Operatives Figure 6.5. Occupational Distribution (%). Source: ISGMNY.

$ $769 $769 $75 $72 $7 $65 $65 $67 $6 $55 $559 Median $563 $5 $5 $5 $5 $519 $99 $5 $51 $5 $3 $2 $ Puerto Rican $19 Native Black Dominican West Indian South American Chinese Russian Native White Non-Co-Ethnic Co-Ethnic Figure 6.6. Weekly Income by Ethnic Enclave Status ($). Source: ISGMNY.

Table 6.1. Determinants of Logged Hourly Earnings (working twenty-five hours a week or more with reported wages) Variable Beta Beta Beta (Constant) 2.69** 1.16** 1.** Puerto Rican.23**.16**.73* Black.17**.19**.** Dominican.13**.9.33 West Indian.11**.5.31 South American.9**.63.16 Chinese.1.35.29 Russian.6.35.3 Age.6**.372** Female.57**.7** Educational Attainment.319** Adjusted R 2.53.26.339 *sig <.5.**sig <.1. Educational attainment: 1 = no HS diploma, 2 = HS diploma or in high school, 3 = associate s degree or enrolled in community college, = BA degree, 5 = postgraduate degree. Respondents are weighted to represent their group s share of the sample universe.

Table 6.2. Co-ethnic Employment across Second Generation Groups (%) Supervisor & Co-worker Supervisor & Co-workers same Co-workers Co-worker Group same ethnicity ethnicity same race same race Puerto Rican 13. 2. 15.9 6.6 Black 23.9.3 27.6 6.5 Dominican 6. 21. 19. 52. West Indian 6.7 23. 2.7 56. South American 2.1 9. 13. 3.1 Chinese 27. 32.6 29.1. Russian Jewish.7 23.5 72.2 3.6 White 1.3 23.5 7. 1.7 Source: ISGMNY.

9 7 6 5 3 59 2 72 73 6 5 6 63 73 65 5 67 7 52 57 52 61 57 5 32 39 Girls Should Live with Parents before Marriage Children Are Required to Cook, Clean, Babysit Girls Are Expected Not to Have Sex before Marriage 7 7 2 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russians Native Whites Figure 7.1. Attitudes about Gender Roles (% agreeing). Source: ISGMNY.

25 23 23 17 17 15 1 12 17 12 Cohabiting Married 11 1 5 9 Puerto Ricans tive Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russians Native Whites Figure 7.2. Partnering (%). Source: ISGMNY.

% % 6% 5 6 11 2 1 1 21 2 2 33 5 1 26 11 2 39 11 7 3 2 2 1 2 9 Other White Other Asian Other Black Other Hispanic Own Group % % 53 67 53 63 7 59 7 % Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West South Chinese Russians Indians Americans Native Whites Figure 7.3. Intergroup Partnering of Those Partnered (%). Source: ISGMNY.

Table 7.1. Percentage of Respondents Living with Parent (only respondents who grew up in metropolitan New York) Age Age Age Group 1 22 23 27 2 32 Puerto Ricans 7 3 23 Native Blacks 65 3 15 Dominicans 65 35 19 West Indians 72 2 South Americans 7 52 3 Chinese 5 66 9 Russians 21 Native Whites 6 33 11 Source: ISGMNY.

Table 7.2. Share of Respondents with Children and Spouses or Partners by Age and Group (%) 1 22 23 27 2 32 Child Partner Child Partner Child Partner Puerto Ricans 2 17 6 1 63 53 Native Blacks 2 62 3 72 7 Dominicans 25 21 5 52 6 6 West Indians 16 11 5 2 52 3 Chinese 1 3 3 16 1 2 Russians 3 11 17 2 2 61 Native Whites 6 11 9 33 27 Source: ISGMNY.

66 6 7 6 5 31 2 57 6 37 3 57 1 33 Now Prefer Language of Origin Spoke Language of Origin Growing Up Spoke English Growing Up 3 39 33 1 26 Puerto Ricans Dominicans South Americans Chinese Russian Jews Figure.1. Language Practices (%). Source: ISGMNY.

6 91 96 91 9 9 67 1 65 77 7 6 5 57 63 72 51 56 Write Well Read Well Speak Well Understand Well 9 9 3 6 29 Puerto Ricans Dominicans South Americans Chinese Russian Jews Figure.2. Ability in Language of Origin (%). Source: ISGMNY.

71 75 7 7 52 59 6 5 27 9 35 39 6 Lived 6+ Months Ever Sent Remittances Visited + Times Parents Send Remittances 3 15 19 26 3 2 Puerto Ricans Dominicans West Indians 33 1 33 13 11 11 23 South Americans Chinese Russian Jews 9 3 Figure.3. Transnational Practices (%). Source: ISGMNY.

% 9% % 7% 3 16 1 1 2 6 3 15 2 5 25 1 1 9 1 56 3 17 5 3 12 3 5 2 6% 5% % 65 9 7 7 25 No Answer No Religion Other Religion Jewish Catholic Protestant 3% 57 19 % 5 6 5 % % Puerto Ricans 1 Native Blacks Dominicans West South Chinese Indians Americans 15 Russian Jews 1 1 Native Whites 16 All Young Americans Figure.. Religious Affiliation (%). Source: ISGMNY.

9 7 6 5 9 7 1 69 72 61 6 9 1 2 69 62 6 55 59 5 5 51 9 9 79 7 59 6 Voted 1996 NYC Politics Interesting Officials Don't Care About People Like Me Gov't Guarantee Std Living 69 66 66 53 3 32 3 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russian Jews Native Whites Figure 9.1. Voting and Political Attitudes (% Agree or Somewhat Agree). Source: ISGMNY.

Interest/Participation in Politics Low High Low Russian Jews, Chinese Native whites Alienation from Politics High Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, South Americans African Americans, West Indians Figure 9.2. Group Position in Local Politics

Table 9.1. Binary Logistic Model of Likelihood of Voting in the 1996 Presidential Election (citizens 1 or older by election time, living in New York City) Constant.6** 3.32** 3.93** Puerto Rican.739**.1*.61* Native Black.266.555**.51* Dominican.751**.3.36 West Indian.357..23 South American.7**.22**.6 Chinese 1.5** 1.236** 1.276** Russian Jewish 1.175**.92**.97** Age.9**.91** Female.225*.12 Education.327**.297** Working.36**.362** 1.5 Generation.572**.593** Used Libraries & Museums.16** Growing Up Organizational Memberships.26** Cox & Snell R 2.67.137.15 * Significant at.5 level ** Significant at.1 level

7 7 6 5 6 5 59 56 66 61 61 Don't Trust Whites Don't Trust Blacks Must Be Better Than Other Groups Parents Talked of Discrimination 35 3 5 Puerto Ricans 1 11 Native Blacks 3 22 19 1 22 9 12 12 3 Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russian Jews 7 3 Native Whites 29 Figure.1. Intergroup Attitudes (%). Source: ISGMNY.

55 5 6 5 2 35 2 3 26 3 35 1 School Work Police Shopping 3 26 31 21 11 1 15 15 1 19 17 17 19 25 1 13 11 9 13 5 Puerto Ricans Native Blacks Dominicans West Indians South Americans Chinese Russian Jews Native Whites Figure.2. Experiences of Discrimination (%). Source: ISGMNY.

Sources of Discrimination From Whites in Public Spaces From Whites in Jobs and Schools From Minorities in Public Spaces and Institutions Who Experiences It Blacks and Hispanics Chinese and Upwardly Mobile Blacks and Hispanics Chinese, Russians, Blacks, Hispanics Reactions Discouragement, Anger, Reactive Ethnicity Try Harder Distancing, Stereotyping Figure.3. Experience and Consequence of Different Types of Discrimination

Table.1. Experience of Prejudice and Discrimination (by group and by level of education) (%) Looking for Store/ School Work Work Restaurant Police Education Education Education Education Education Group Low Hi Low Hi Low Hi Low Hi Low Hi Puerto Rican 1 2 1 26 2 39 7 2 15 Native Black 1 19 3 31 35 37 51 7 35 31 Dominican 12 2 12 21 1 36 2 27 22 West Indian 15 22 26 25 2 3 5 62 37 31 South American 17 1 19 13 21 1 37 7 2 Chinese 33 22 17 11 13 13 1 1 11 Russian 11 15 7 7 15 13 6 Native White 12 7 7 5 15 13 12 3 Low education = Less than a BA. High education = BA or above.

Table A.1. Screened and Eligible Households and Interviews Completed Total Phase 1 Screening Calls 91,331 Not Residential/No Answer/No Response 5,79 after Callbacks Household Did Not Speak English, Spanish,,11 Chinese, or Russian Eligible to Be Screened 32,1 Refused to Be Screened,62 Began Phase 1 Screening 27,9 Failed to Complete Screening,55 Completed Screening 22,5 % Eligible Successfully Screened 69.5 Found Eligible in Phase 1 Screening,5 Total Phase 2 Screening Calls 196,63 Not Residential/No Answer/No Response 9,23 after Callbacks Household Did Not Speak English, Spanish, 6,33 Chinese, or Russian Eligible to Be Screened,5 Refused to Be Screened,66 Started Screening 7,3 Completed Screening 6,29 % Eligible Successfully Screened 79.9 Found Eligible in Phase 2 Screening 2,399 Total Eligible in Phase 1 and Phase 2 6, Total over Quota 363 Total Final Respondents 3,15 Yield Rate (R/E) 53.2%

Table A.2. Detailed Disposition of Eligible Households by Group and Screening Phase Puerto Native West South Russian Native Rican Black Dominican Indian American Chinese Jewish White Phase 1 Eligible 952 36 613 236 13 119 1,16 Refused 371 39 119 23 1 63 52 7 Over Quota 15 67 Began Interview 51 6 17 375 135 67 72 Completed Interviews 29 21 163 33 122 7 % of Phase 1 Eligible Quota 7..6 53.3 56. 51.7 55.9 39.5 3.2 Phase 2 Eligible 6 1 1 7 2 Over Quota 2 Refused 155 2 167 167 Began Interview 291 7 31 56 315 Completed Interviews 26 6 2 537 26 % of Phase 2 Eligible Quota 59.2 53.3 59.9 69.9 5. Total Completed 29 21 27 7 617 311 Edits + 1 2 2 Final 33 21 2 7 2 67 39 Yield CI/E 7.5.6 56.9 55.5 56.1 66.6 51. 3. Note: Italicized completed interview totals indicate group quota was met in Phase 1.

Table A.3. Comparison of Survey Respondents and Public Use Microdata Sample Puerto Native Domi- West South Rican Black nican Ind- Amer Chin- Rus- Native ian ican ese sian White Median Age in Survey 2.2 25.5 23.7 23. 2. 22. 22. 25. Median Age in Census 25. 25.2 2.7 2. 25. 25.6 25.2 26.2 Female Share in Survey 59.2 61. 59.3 52..9 6. 9.7 5.9 Female Share in Census 52.5 57.1 52. 55.2 5. 5. 7.9 51.5

Table A.. Comparison of Survey Respondents and In-Depth Interviewees Survey Respondents In-Depth Interviewees Female Average A Parent Female Average A Parent Group Percent Age Has BA Percent Age Has BA PR 6 2.1 1. 53 2.6 16.7 NB 61 25.5 27.6 63 25.7.7 DR 59 23.7 15.2 23. 1.6 WI 52 23. 3. 55 2.3 26.3 SA 9 2. 23.6 5 2.6 15. CH 6 22.5 22.7 5 2.6 2.9 RJ 22. 7.2 5 23. 65. NW 56 25.7 55.6 5 27.2 5.3 Total Sample 5 23.9 3.6 51 2.6 32.7 PR = Puerto Rican; NB = Native Black; DR = Dominican; WI = West Indian; SA = South American; CH = Chinese; RJ = Russian Jewish; NW = Native White.

Table A.5. Age by Group (in percent) Group 1 21 23 2 26 27 29 3 32 Total Puerto Rican 26.1 22. 17.7 1.6 15.2 29 Native Black 17. 16.9 19.7 23. 22.6 21 Dominican 23.7 33.3 15.5 16. 11.2 27 West Indian 31. 23. 19. 13. 11.5 7 South American 23. 29.3 19. 15. 12.2 Chinese 1. 21. 1.7.3 7.7 69 Russian Jewish.2 25. 1.3 9.6 6. 311 Native White 13..5. 23.2 22.9 Total Sample 27.6 2. 1.6 16.2 13.6 315

Table A.6. Immigration Cohort by Group (in percent) Group U.S./2nd Gen 1.5 Gen 1.25 Gen Puerto Rican. Native Black. Dominican 61.9 37.9 West Indian 5.1 5.5 South American 59.3.5 Chinese 2. 57.5 Russian 12.2 6. 26.7 Native White. Total Sample 66.7 3.7 2.

Table A.7. Movement Out of New York Consolidated Metropolitan Area between 1995 and by Group and Income (percent who moved) Household Household Household Income Income Income Group <$3K $3 6K Above $6K Puerto Ricans 7.9.1 5.5 Native Blacks 9. 9.3 6.1 Dominicans 6.7 5.7.2 West Indians. 7..2 South Americans.5 6.5 5.1 Chinese 7. 6. 6.6 Russians 3.7 5.9.1 Native Whites 15. 9. 6.2 Other.3. 7. Total Sample 11.1.9 6.1 Source: U.S. Census,, 5% Public Use Microdata Sample.