Secretary Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) Ministry of Planning Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh FOREWORD Migration is an integral part of the economy of Bangladesh. The importance of migrants remittance as a source of development finance is now widely recognized in various fora including the United Nations. In view of this, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has conducted the survey titled Survey on the Use of Remittance 2013 under the strategic guidance and supervision of Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) and in close coordination with all the relevant stakeholders including the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment. The successful completion of the first comprehensive survey seeks to shed light on importance of the use of remittance as well as different other issues related to it. This report has highlighted the issue of remittance usages in various dimensions. It has analyzed some underlying facts such as global perspective of remittance, socio-economic conditions of the remittance receiving households, various characteristics of migrant workers, remittance income in different forms, expenditure, savings & investment pattern of remittance and so on. I sincerely believe that this report will be a valuable document to assess overall usages of migrant workers hard-earned income and will be helpful in identifying the areas where government interventions are indispensable. Moreover, this report will act as a strong tool for policy guidance at various levels of development planning. I extend my deep appreciation to Director General of BBS for his leadership in this regard and express my thanks to the survey team for their enthusiastic and relentless efforts for conducting the survey as well as taking initiatives for releasing the publication within the shortest possible time. My sincere thanks and gratitude go to the distinguished Chairperson and Members of the Technical Committee as well as the Working Committee for their prudent guidance in conducting the survey and providing all-out support in preparing this report. Finally, I offer my heartfelt gratitude to our colleagues in BBS who have participated in the process and extended their cooperation in all possible ways throughout the survey period for its successful completion. I believe that the report with its different analytics and findings will stir up strong interest among policy makers, researchers, academics and others. Asharh, 1421 June, 2014 Md. Nojibur Rahman i
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Director General Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) Ministry of Planning Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh PREFACE Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has recently taken a number of initiatives to explore the new areas of public interest in order to meet the data demand of the users. The Survey on the use of Remittance 2013 is one of them. In this day, most of the developing countries consider foreign remittance as a major source of fund for investment as well as opportunities of employment for the home workers to foreign countries. It impressively supports a nation to increase its national income, alleviate poverty, and ultimately contributes to drive socio-economic development smoothly. In Bangladesh, being a developing country, remittance plays a significant role in accelerating economic growth as well as macroeconomic development. To maximize the flow of remittance in the evolving world environment and the benefits of their uses at the domestic front, a concerted policy effort is imperative. Accurate and reliable statistics relating to remittance usages are the key for planning of any policy for the betterment of the remittance use pattern which is mostly absent until now. In order to help the policymakers by providing the most recent and nationally representative information on remittances, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics has undertaken this initiative to conduct a survey on the use of remittance following the decision of Coordination Council headed by the Honourable Finance Minister. I believe that this report of the survey has provided accurate and reliable statistics on various indicators pertaining to the remittance. This information will contribute significantly to devise utilization and investment policy in order to speed up the development of economic growth of Bangladesh. I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) for his continuous guidance and encouragement to conduct the survey and publish the report. Thanks to Mr. Md. Dilder Hossain, Programme Director, BBS and all other officials and employees of BBS who worked hard with utmost sincerity for the whole survey period and bring out this report. I will be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge the valuable contributions and analytical inputs provided by distinguished Chairperson and Members of the Technical Committee and the Working Committee in conducting the survey as well as publishing the report on time. Any suggestion and recommendation on the report for further improvement is highly appreciated. Asharh, 1421 June, 2014 Golam Mostafa Kamal iii
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Programme Director Survey on the Use of Remittance (SUR) Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) Ministry of Planning ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my profound regards and heartiest gratitude to Mr. Md. Nojibur Rahman, Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) for his strong guidance and wholehearted support for successfully conducting the survey and publishing the report. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratefulness to Mr. Golam Mostafa Kamal, Director General, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) for his insightful views, valuable suggestions and recommendations for successful completion of the survey. Their experiences on varying backgrounds, interest in and deep knowledge on the subject have helped shape the report into its final form. Professor, Dr. Syed Shahadat Hossain, Institute of Statistical Research and Training (ISRT), Dr. Md. Abul Basher, Research Fellow, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies and Dr. Dipankar Roy, Deputy Director, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics deserve special thanks for their valuable inputs in completion of the survey as well as the report. Mr. Hossain and Dr. Roy contributed notably in developing the methodology of the survey including the sample design. The entire report has been extensively reviewed and revised by Dr. Basher and his stupendous contribution for enriching the report is highly admirable. I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of all members of the Technical Committee for their cordial guidance and advices to accomplish the survey successfully. I am also thankful to the members of the Working Committee and the Report Finalization Committee for providing their valuable efforts in preparing and finalizing this report. My thanks also go to Mr. Abul Kalam Azad, Director, National Accounting Wing of BBS. Special thanks are due to Mr. Md. Alamgir Hossen, Statistical Officer, Ms. Reshma Jesmin, Statistical Officer and Ms. Aklima Khatun, Statistical Officer and other team members of the survey for their relentless efforts in carrying out the survey, preparing this report as well as making it a success. Finally, I am grateful to the respondents who extended their cooperation for filling up the questionnaires giving time in spite of their involvement in their own works. Asharh, 1421 June, 2014 Md. Dilder Hossain vi
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Contents Foreword... i Preface... iii Acknowledgement... vi Acronyms... xiii Key Findings Of Survey On The Use Of Remittance 2013... xiv Executive Summary... xix Chapter I: Introduction... 1 1.1 Remittance from a global perspective... 1 1.2 Remittance in Bangladesh... 2 1.3 Background of the Survey... 3 1.4 Objectives of the Survey... 3 Chapter II: Survey Methodology... 5 2.1 Sample Design... 5 2.1.4 Detailed Sample Design... 6 2.2 Data Collection: its whole process... 9 2.3 Scope and Coverage of the Survey... 13 2.4 Limitations of the Survey... 13 Chapter III: Characteristics of Remittance Receiving Households... 15 Chapter IV: Characteristics of Expatriates... 23 Chapter V: Income... 31 Chapter VI: Expenditure... 37 Chapter VII: Savings... 43 Chapter VIII: Investment... 47 Chapter IX: Distribution of Expenditure, Savings & Investment in terms of Remittance Income... 51 Chapter X: Summary and Policy Implications... 55 A. Remittance Receiving Households (RRHHs)... 55 B. Characteristics of Migrants... 56 C. Remittances... 56 Detailed Statistical Tables... 59 Bibliography... 77 Annex... 79 Annex-I : List of Other Countries Where Migrant Workers are Insignificant... 79 Annex-II : Questionnaire... 80 Annex-III : Manual... 91 Annex IV : Standard Error... 114 Annex-V : Persons Involved in Preparation of the Report... 115 ix
List of Tables Table 1.1 : Top 15 Recipient Countries of Remittance (In Billion US Dollar) 1 Table 1.2 : Modes of Service Exports under GATS 2 Table 2.1 : Distribution of Samples by Division for Dominant Villages 6 Table 2.2 : Distribution of Samples by Division for PSUs 7 Table 3.1 : Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Division 15 Table 3.2 : Percentage Distribution of Head of Remittance Receiving Household and General Household by Sex and Division 15 Table 3.4 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Main Source of Income and Division 17 Table 3.5 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership, Size of Land and Division 18 Table 3.6 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership of Various Consumer Durables/Assets/Others by Division 19 Table 3.7 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Source of Drinking Water and Division 20 Table 3.8 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Type of Toilet Facility 21 Table 4.1 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Sex and Division 23 Table 4.2 : Gender Composition of Expatriates by Age Group 24 Table 4.3 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Education and Division 24 Table 4.4 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Length of Living in Abroad and Division 25 Table 4.5 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Occupation and Destination Country 26 Table 4.6 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Level of Education and Destination Country 27 Table 4.7 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Receipt Training by Type and Destination Country 28 Table 4.8 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Currently at Home by Reasons and Divisions 29 Table 5.1 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiver by Division 31 Table 5.2 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Sending Mode and Living Country 32 Table: 5.3A : Distribution of Average Income of Remittance Receiving Household by Division 32 Table 5.3B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Cash & Kind and by Division 33 Table 5.3C : Percentage Distribution of Income by Sources and Division 33 Table 5.4 : Percentage Distribution of Other Source of Income (Other Than Remittance) and by Division 34 Table 6.1A : Distribution of Average Expenditure of Remittance Receiving Household from Remittance by Division (In Tk.) 37 Table 6.1B : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Category and Division 37 Table 6.1C : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Division (Last One Year) 38 Table 6.2 : Percentage Distribution of Non-Food Expenditure from Remittance by Category and Division 39 Table 6.3 : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items from Remittance by Category and Division 40 Table 6.4 : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure (Food& Non-Food) From Remittance by Category and Division (Last One Year) 41 Table 7.1 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to their Savings Status by Divisions 43 Table 7.2 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category 43 x
Table 7.3 : Distribution of Average Savings of Remittance Receiving Household from Remittance by Division 44 Table 7.4 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Amount of Savings (Range) During Last One Year from Remittance by Division 44 Table 7.5A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category and Division (Last One Year) 45 Table 7.5B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Savings by Category and Division 46 Table 8.1 : Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to Their Investment Decision by Divisions 47 Table 8.2 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category 47 Table 8.3 : Distribution of Average Investment of Remittance Receiving Household by Division 48 Table 8.4 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Investment by Division 48 Table 8.5A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category and Division (Last One Year) 49 Table 8.5B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Investment by Category and Division 50 Table 9.1 : Distribution of Expenditure as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Category and Division 51 Table 9.2 : Last One Year Expenditure for Land Purchase and Investment on Dwelling House Construction & Flat Purchase as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Division 52 Table 9.3 : Last One Year Investments and Savings as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Division 52 Detailed Statistical Tables: Table 01 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Housing Structure and Country 59 Table 02 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Operated Land and Division 59 Table 03 : Percentage Distribution of Operated Land by Type of Use and Division 60 Table 04 : Percentage Distribution of Religious Status of Expatriates by Division 60 Table 05 : Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of Expatriates by Division 60 Table 06 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Educational Status and Living Country 60 Table 07 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Frequency of Visit to Home Country 61 Table 08 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Ownership of Business Enterprise by Sex and Living Country 62 Table 10 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Received Training (at Home Country) before Going Abroad by Type of Training 64 Table 11 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Mode of Going Abroad 64 Table 12 : Percentage Distribution of Trained Expatriates by Income Groups 65 Table 13 : Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Goods Send from Abroad and by Country 65 Table 14A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food Expenditure from Remittance and Division 66 Table 14B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food Expenditure and Division (Remittance& Others; Last One Year) 66 Table 15A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items from Remittance 67 Table 15B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items and by Division (Remittance and Others; Last One Year) 67 xi
Table 15C : Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance (Continued..) 68 Table 15C : Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance 68 Table 16 : Percentage Distribution of Expenditure by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 69 Table 17 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Savings 69 Table 18A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category and Division (Remittance; Last One Year) 69 Table 18B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings from Remittance by Category and Division 70 Table 19A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 70 Table 19B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) 70 Table 20A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total Savings by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 71 Table 20B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative Savings by Division (Remittance & Others) 71 Table 21 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Savings from Cumulative Remittance by Division 71 Table 22A : Percentage Distribution for Total Savings by Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 72 Table 22B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Savings by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) 72 Table 23 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by Category 72 Table 24A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by Category and Division (Remittance; Last One Year) 73 Table 24B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Investment from Remittance by Category and Division 73 Table 25A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Total Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 73 Table 25B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) 74 Table 26A : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total Investment by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 74 Table 26B : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative Investment by Division (Remittance & Others) 74 Table 27 : Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative Investment (In Tk.) from Remittance and Division 75 Table 28A : Percentage Distribution of Total Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 75 Table 28B : Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) 75 Table 29 : Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings as the Percentage of Income by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 76 Table 30 : Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) 76 xii
Acronyms ASCII BBS BMET EA FY GDP GNP IMPS IOM MLM OAC OALC OAfC OAuC OEC OMEC ONAC OSAC PPES PSU RN RRHH RS SI SPSS SRS TK. UAE American Standard Code for Information Interchange Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Bureau of Manpower Employment and Training Enumeration Area Fiscal Year Gross Domestic Product Gross National Product Integrated Multi-Purpose Sampling International Organization for Migration Multi-Level Marketing Other Asian Countries Other Arab League Countries Other African Countries Other Australian Countries Other European Countries Other Middle East Countries Other North American Countries Other South American Countries Probability Proportional to Estimated Size Primary Sampling Unit Random Number Remittance Receiving Household Random Sampling Sampling Interval Statistical Package for Social Service Simple Random Sampling Taka United Arab Emirates xiii
Key findings of Survey on the Use of Remittance 2013 Indicators % Distribution RRHH Head by Sex Male 51.88 Female 48.12 Total 100 General Household Head by Sex Male 84.42 Female 15.58 Total 100 Educational Status of Head of RRHH Illiterate 33.04 I IX 52.28 SSC 8.99 HSC 3.40 Degree/Hons. 1.47 Masters 0.58 MBBS/Eng. 0.24 Total 100 RRHH by Main Source of Income Remittance 77.89 Agriculture 14.38 Industry 0.67 Service 7.06 Total 100 RRHH by Ownership of Size of Land Landless 1.68 0.01-00.49 acre 49.73 0.50-00.99 acre 14.88 1.00-02.49 acres 22.42 2.50-07.49 acres 9.93 7.50 + 1.36 Total 100 Age Composition of Expatriates < 25 19.44 25-29 25.84 30-34 18.01 35-39 14.95 40-44 9.68 45-49 6.39 50-54 3.33 55-59 1.40 60 + 0.96 Total 100 Educational Status of Expatriates Illiterate 9.56 I IX 61.50 SSC 16.25 HSC 7.19 Degree/Hons 2.47 xiv
Indicators % Distribution Masters 0.62 MBBS/Eng. 2.41 Total 100 Expatriates by Length of Living in Abroad (year) Less than 1 6.90 1 to less than 3 19.07 3 to less than 5 16.71 5 to less than 10 34.99 10 years & above 22.33 Total 100 Expatriates by Occupation Job 33.77 Business 5.95 Labour 57.28 Student 0.59 Student/ Part time job 0.19 House worker 0.93 Others 1.29 Total 100 Expatriates Received Training (at Home Country) before Going Abroad No Training 87.82 Vocational 6.01 Language 1.79 Computer 0.38 Driving 1.59 Others 2.41 Total 100 Expatriates Currently at Home by Reasons On leave 63.25 Sick 22.38 War 0.30 Study completed 0.27 No work permit 3.67 Visa expired 2.32 Permanently return 6.22 Others 1.59 Total 100 Remittance Receiver Wife/ Hus./Offspring 38.81 Parents 44.63 Father/Mother in law 0.89 Brother /Sister 12.08 Others 3.59 Total 100 Expatriates by Mode of Sending Money Western union 6.87 Money gram 1.65 Post office 0.24 Bank 67.32 Friends & others 8.50 xv
Indicators % Distribution Hundi 10.04 Known person 4.23 Others 1.15 Total 100 Distribution of Income of RRHH by Sources Remittance in Cash 75.46 Remittance in Kind 3.15 Non-Remittance Income 21.39 Total 100 Expenditure from Remittance by Category (Last One Year) Food 38.84 Non-food 38.86 Durable & Others 22.30 Total 100 Savings Status of RRHH Savers 56.96 Non-Savers 43.04 Total 100 Remittance Savings by Category (Last one year) Purchase of savings bond 5.79 Insurance 4.89 Savings account 66.07 DPS/SDPS 7.13 Permanent deposit (one year & above) 5.02 Co-operative society 0.24 Friends & others 1.07 Savings at home 9.14 Others 0.65 Total 100 RRHH by Amount of Savings (In Tk.)Last One Year) Less than 20000 46.06 20000-49999 21.34 50000-99999 16.01 100000-499999 15.87 500000 + 0.72 Total 100 Investment Status of RRHH Invest 25.32 Do not Invest 74.68 Total 100 Remittance Investment by Category (Last one year) Own business/industry 5.05 Joint business/industry 1.69 Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.20 Purchase of share 0.36 Purchase of bond (premium/investment/wage earners development bond) 0.10 MLM 0.11 Purchase of flat 15.89 Commercial building 1.26 Dwelling house construction 72.05 xvi
Indicators % Distribution Others 3.29 Total 100 RRHH by Size of Investment from Remittance (Last One Year) Less than 20000 18.16 20000 49999 12.46 50000 99999 19.28 100000 499999 36.21 500000 + 13.89 Total 100 Expenditure as the percentage of Income from Remittance by Category Food 32.81 Non-food Items 32.82 Durable & Others 18.84 Total 84.47 Investment and Savings as the Percentage of Income from Remittance Investment 33.45 Savings 13.74 xvii
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Executive Summary Almost 8.6 million Bangladeshi workers are currently working abroad. Almost two million additional young people are added to the labour force every year, and the country lacks the ability to create jobs to accommodate all of them. As a result, the outflow of Bangladeshi workers will continue in the foreseeable future. Remittance, as identified one of the two main drivers of growth by World Bank, will continue play the important role in Bangladesh s development process. So far, both flow of remittances and their uses have not been guided by any notable policy framework. Hence to maximize the flow of remittance in the evolving world environment and the benefits of their uses at the domestic front, a concerted policy effort is imperative. Accurate and reliable statistics are the key to any kind of policy formulation, which is currently missing to a large extent in case of remittances. In order to help the policymakers by providing them with the most recent and nationally representative information on remittances, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has decided to undertake the survey on the use of remittance, following the decision of the Coordination Council headed by Honourable Finance Minister. Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the survey is to identify the different uses of remittances. The other objectives are: to estimate the share of investment, savings, and consumption by various categories in total remittances, to identify the socio-economic conditions of the remittance receiving households, and to provide supplementary information for national income accounting. Survey Methodology The entire country was taken as the universe and only Remittance Receiving Households (RRHHs) as the study population of the survey. Both list frame (list of RRHH-dominant 5 Villages by Upazila) and area frame (1433 PSUs of IMPS) have been taken into consideration as the sampling frame. A total of RRHH-dominant 2320 villages- 5 from each Upazila were taken into account as the list frame and 1433 PSUs of IMPS design were considered as the area frame. Seven Divisions were considered as seven separate stratums. Two-stage stratified random sampling technique has been applied. At the first stage, the required number of RRHH-leading villages has been selected for each of the divisions separately following Probability Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES), and the PSUs of IMPS applying Simple Random Sampling (SRS) technique. In the second stage, minimum 20 RRHHs have been selected using SRS technique from each selected village and maximum 20 RRHHs from selected PSUs of IMPS have been chosen by SRS. The questionnaire was developed through a series of consultations. The draft was also meticulously reviewed in a workshop on 3 April 2013. It was finalized, followed by a pretesting to examine its performance in respect of quality, time and respondent s burden. Finally, it was approved by the Technical Committee. xix
Training, Data collection and Quality Control Before data collection, training was imparted to the survey staff on different aspects of the survey in two phases. In the first phase, the Programme Director, together with some senior officials of BBS, provided two days training to the master trainers as well as supervising officers at the Head Office of BBS in Dhaka. In the second phase, enumerators were trained at the Regional Statistical Offices (RSOs) on the same contents and using the same sequence as in the first phase. After the training, data collection was carried out during 13-23 June 2013. A total of 216 employees of BBS from field offices as well as headquarters were engaged in data collection while 36 officers of BBS were involved in supervising the data collection activity. Data Editing and Coding After the completion of data collection, all questionnaires were brought to the headquarters for further processing. A group of experienced staff members of BBS, under the supervision of two officers of the survey team, edited the data manually. An instruction manual, with the editing and coding guidelines, was also prepared and used in order to ensure uniform editing. The editors were also given training on editing, following instruction manual. The coding was done during data collection and checked once again during editing. Data Processing, Tabulation and Dissemination After completion of editing, a group of experienced BBS staffs carried out the task of data entry. Data entry template was developed by using CSPro software. A strong data dictionary based on the questionnaire was created during the preparation of template. To avoid errors of inconsistencies, a logical check was also maintained throughout the data entry. A tabulation plan was designed and finalized through a series of consultations. A total of 94 tables focusing on the major issues relating to the social, demography and economic aspects of the study population were generated. Eventually, these tables were finalized by carefully examining data and furnished in the report as the part of the analysis as well as statistical tables. The final report has been disseminated both in electronic form such as CD and hard copy as book. Results are available in the website of BBS. Some data may also be published in other publications of BBS such as Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, National Accounts Statistics and Monthly Statistical Bulletin etc. Findings Female headed households get dominance in case of RRHHs. The characteristic of the remittance receiving households shows that almost one half (48%) are female-headed household compared to only 16% female heads in general households. RRHHs enjoy comparatively better socio-economic conditions. The literacy level, land ownership status, and access to safe drinking water of remittance receiving households are better than the general households. Only 1.68% remittance receiving xx
households are landless compared to 9.58% landless households for all households. Access to safe drinking water was 99% in case of remittance receiving households compared to 97% for the general households. As many as 82% remittance receiving households have access to sanitary toilet compared to 62% for the general households. Male together with young ages are the dominance in migrant workers. Most of the migrant workers are males (97.4%), and more than 63.0% are below age 35 years. This is true for males but in case of females more than 70% are below the age of 35. More than three fifths migrants staying aboard for less than 10 years It is notable that more than three-fifths of the migrant workers are staying for less than 10 years which ranges from less than one year to less than 10 years with highest 35% staying between 5 and less than then 10 years. Occupation of migrant workers varies from country to country. Occupation of migrant workers varies widely among the countries where they work. In the Middle East countries and Asian countries, they are mostly engaged in job or labour. However, in some European South Africa, and Other African countries and in Japan, they also do some business. Migrant workers have lack of higher & professional education and skill training. Ҁ The migrant workers have lack of higher education and professional education like medical and engineering education. The highest 62.0% are below SSC level and only 2.41% have professional education. Interestingly, those who have professional education mainly work in developed countries like Canada, Japan, Germany and USA. Only 12.0% have some sort of skill training. Parents, spouse and offspring are the main recipient of remittance. Parents, Spouse, and Offspring are the main recipients of Remittance. Since percentage are 44.63 for parents and 38.81 for spouse/offspring. Banking system is the most popular system for transferring remittance to the country. Banking channel is the most popular and widely used system for sending remittance. Twothirds use this system for sending remittance followed by Hundi (10.04%) and Western Union (6.87%). About 96.0% of remittance are transferred as cash, and the rest in kind. Remittance is the main source of income of more than 75% of households. Expenditures for both food and non-food are almost the same. Spending on food and non-food items from is at par, both accounting for about 39% of total remittances. The remaining 22% are spent of consumer durables and other commodities. Quite interestingly, share of food items in total expenditure made by remittances varies across divisions; Chittagong registering the highest share (50.81%) and Rajshahi registering the lowest share (24.18%). In case of share of non-food spending in total remittances, Dhaka shows the highest share (46.11%), while Sylhet shows the lowest share (12.15%). xxi
Land purchase accounts for outstanding share of the expenditures among durables and others. Among the expenditures from remittance for durables and other alike items, 77.99% is spent for land purchase and the case is more substantial at divisional levels; in some of the divisions such as Barisal, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Rangpur, 80% to 90% are spent for purchasing land. Among the divisions, surprisingly the lowest amount 56.05% is spent for land purchasing in Chittagong, followed by Sylhet 62.70; both of the figures are considerably lower than those of other divisions. Between the disaggregated share of land and other non-land spending in total remittances, about 17% of the total remittance is used to purchase land in the country. More than half of the total RRHHs makes saving. At the national level, more than half of the remittance receiving households (56.96%) reported that they saved part of the remittance they received during last one year. The percentage share of households who save from the remittance they receive, varies across divisions. In Sylhet the lowest percentage of remittance receiving households (37.59%) save while the highest (64.35%) are found in Barisal, followed by Khulna (61.79%), and the figures in the rest of the divisions are almost the same. Bank is as the biggest custodian of savings made out of remittances. At the national level, bank is the biggest custodian of savings made out of remittances. About 84.01% of total savers kept their savings in banks in different forms such as savings account (66.07%), purchase of savings bond (5.79%), DPS/SDPS (7.13%) and time deposit (5.02%). Banks are as the main destination for savings in all divisions as well. Insignificant part of remittance receiving households engaged in investment from remittance. One-fourth (25.32%) of the remittance receiving households invest part of their received remittances. This share is the highest in Rangpur (36.63%) and the lowest in Sylhet (16.33%). The differential share of households who invest part of the remittance corresponds to the difference in the magnitude of subsistence pressure faced by them. Construction of dwelling house holds stupendous share of total remittance investment followed by flat purchase. In the last one year, the investment from the remittance in dwelling house construction occupies the major share (72.05%), followed by flat purchasing (15.89%). Among the divisions, in dwelling house construction, Barisal grabs the highest (81.84%), followed by Khulna (80.47%), Rangpur (79.96%), Rajshahi (78.92%), Sylhet (75.90%), Chittagong (70.20%), and interestingly Dhaka lowest (68.30%). In case of flat purchasing, Dhaka scores the top (19.77%), followed by Chittagong (17.00%), Sylhet (12.66%), Khulna (9.56%), Barisal (8.63%), Rangpur (8.01 %), and Rajshahi the lowest (7.89%). xxii
Food expenditure and non-food expenditure (excluding consumer durables) account for equally one-third in expenditure category. At the national level, about 84% of total remittance received is spent for expenditure requirement while 16 % are saved. Food expenditure and non-food expenditure (excluding consumer durables) account for equally one-third in expenditure category. Barisal, Chittagong and Sylhet experienced a relatively higher spending (above the average level) on food. On the contrary, share of non-food spending is higher in Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur divisions. Sylhet is an exception on spending for consumer durables- as low as 8.6 % of remittance expenditure incurs to afford such items. Rajshahi and Sylhet show a different land purchase pattern. More than one-fourth of remittance income was spent for land purchasing in Rajshahi, while remittance receivers in Sylhet spent quite low (5.4%). People in RRHHs of Chittagong spent 9.16% for land purchasing, but they spent as high as 28% for dwelling house construction. Summary findings and policy implications 1. About half of the household heads of the RRHHs are females. 2. Household heads of RRHHs, irrespective of their gender, are mostly illiterate or their level of education is very low; below grade X. 3. Remittance accounts for 78% of total income 䑀 (of ѿ RRHHs). 4. Out of the total RRHHs, about 25 % of them invest a part of their received remittance. 5. Most of the Bangladeshi migrants are relatively young, about 64 % of them belonging to below 34 years of age. 6. Most of them have education level equal to or less than grade IX. 7. Out of total migrants, more than half have been living abroad for more than 5 years. 8. Middle East is the main destination of illiterate workers. Almost 90 % of the total migrants are unskilled and did not take any pre- or on-job training. 9. Bangladesh needs to increase the share of skilled and educated migrants which currently account for a very low share. Also, since the demand for skilled workers is high in the developed non-middle Eastern countries, Bangladesh needs to train and educate its potential migrants to diversify into these countries. 10. In terms of policy implications, the government needs to take measures to impart training to the potential migrants. It is clear that market so far failed to respond to the demand for skilled workers, both at home and abroad, and the government has to play the pivotal role in this regard. xxiii
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1.1 Remittance from a global perspective Chapter I: Introduction In this era of globalization, role of migrant workers is increasing in many countries. One manifestation of this importance is the continuous increase of the amount of money sent back home by someone working abroad, which is termed as remittance. With few exceptions, volume of remittance has increased in most of the developing countries between 2008 and 2012. Two emerging global economic powerhouses, India and China, by far are the two largest remittance receiving countries of the world in 2012. They are followed by Philippine, Mexico, and France respectively. In the same year Bangladesh earned about US$14.09 billion which accounted for less than 21 % of total remittances earned by India in the same year. The country ranked the 8 th in 2012 globally as a remittance receiving country. India and China are likely to gradually reduce the export of natural persons with their continued growth creating an opportunities for other countries including Bangladesh. Table 1.1: Top 15 Recipient Countries of Remittance (In Billion US Dollar) Country Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 India 49.98 49.20 53.48 63.01 67.26 China 47.49 41.41 52.27 61.37 57.78 Philippines 18.63 19.73 21.37 23.06 24.64 Mexico 26.04 22.08 22.08 23.59 23.37 France 16.28 16.06 19.46 22.56 21.68 Nigeria 19.21 18.37 19.82 20.62 20.63 Egypt 8.69 7.15 12.45 14.32 19.24 Bangladesh 8.94 10.52 10.85 12.07 14.09 Pakistan 7.04 8.72 9.69 12.26 14.01 Germany 10.97 12.34 12.79 14.65 13.96 Belgium 10.42 10.44 10.30 10.98 10.11 Vietnam 6.81 6.02 8.26 8.60 10.00 Spain 10.15 8.95 9.10 9.92 9.63 South Korea 9.07 7.28 7.06 8.38 8.47 Ukraine 6.78 5.94 6.54 7.82 8.45 Source: World Bank data is used for all countries and years. Data access on January 27, 2014 on 4.15 P.M. Recognizing the importance of trade in services which includes export of natural person, the World Trade organization (WTO) formulated the General Agreement of Trade in Services (GATS) that entered into force in January 1995 as a result of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The treaty was created to extend the multilateral trading system to service sector, in the same way the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) provides such a system for merchandise trade. The GATS 1
agreement covers four modes of supply for the delivery of services in cross-border trade. They are shown in table 2. Table 1.2: Modes of Service Exports under GATS Modes Mode 1: Cross-border supply Mode 2: Consumption abroad Mode 3: Commercial presence Mode 4: Presence of a natural person Criteria Service delivered within the territory of the Member, from the territory of another Member Service delivered outside the territory of the Member, in the territory of another Member, to a service consumer of the Member Service delivered within the territory of the Member, through the commercial presence of the supplier Service delivered within the territory of the Member, with supplier present as a natural person As can be seen from table 1.2, mode 3 and 4 are related to migration and directly contribute to remittance. Following the adoption of GATS, remittance will continue playing a prominent role globally, more so in case of developing countries like Bangladesh. Along with the future growth and development trajectory of developing countries, poverty, condition of health, and spending on education by households will also depend on remittance in these countries. 1.2 Remittance in Bangladesh 춠 ѿ The history of temporary migration by Bangladeshi citizens to other countries for remittance dates back to mid-1970s. Although there have been ups and downs, number of migrants has been increasing since then. Total number of current migrants is almost 8.6 million (Source: Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment). Middle East is the main destination of our expatriates. The top five destinations for Bangladeshi workers are Saudi Arabia (37%), United Arab Emirates (26%), Malaysia (10%), Kuwait (7%), and Oman (6%) (Source: International Organization for Migration, Bangladesh website). Total remittance in 2013 was 14.18 billion us dollar, which registered a declined in absolute term from 2012 by 34 billion US dollar. Yet, this accounted for about 23.24% of national income and 48.91% of total export earnings of the country. In addition to macro-level effects, remittance is also a significant contributor to poverty reduction. From a dynamic point of view, poverty is a flow involving movement of people in and out of the poverty trap. For successful alleviation of poverty, the movement of people into the poverty has to be checked along with helping people who are already into this trap to come out of it. Here lies the importance of remittance. The available information on the expatriates implies that most of them belong to socio-economic groups who are either poor or narrowly escaped from it. Remittance checks their collapse into the poverty trap. In absence of remittance, these households would have fallen into poverty trap, increasing the aggregate number of poor in the country. As a result alleviation of poverty at the current rate would have been difficult. Besides, remittance has a pro-poor distributional effect, which is significant determinant of inclusive growth of the country. Anecdotal evidences suggest that most of the expatriates are either 2
poor or marginally escaped from the poverty trap. As a result, the living standard of the whole family of the expatriates significantly depends on the amount of income sent from abroad. Whether a family can continue remain as non-poor, whether the children can continue their education, whether they can avail of the minimum health service required, all depends on the amount of the money sent by their family member(s) working abroad. Remittance in Bangladesh has a spatial dimension as well. Although people from all over the country goes abroad for work, according to International Organization for Migration (IOM), Comilla, Chittagong, Tangail, Bhramanbaria and Dhaka are the districts with the highest number of migrants. Overall development and quality of life in these districts are likely to be affected more than other districts by remittance. Despite its important growth enhancing, poverty alleviating, distributional and spatial roles; a detailed survey is yet to be taken to know the exact nature of utilization of remittances, their impact on household welfare, and overall investment. The current survey is undertaken to fill in the gap in the existing knowledge about remittances so that the policymakers can take an informed decision about how to further increase them. 1.3 Background of the Survey As mentioned earlier, almost 8.6 million Bangladeshi workers are currently working abroad (Ministry of Expatriates Welfare and Overseas Employment, 2013). About two million additional young people are added to the labour force every year, and the country lacks the ability to create jobs to accommodate all of them. As a result, the outflow of Bangladeshi workers will continue in the foreseeable future. Remittance, as identified one of the two main drivers of growth by World Bank (World Bank, 2011), will continue play the important role in Bangladesh s development process. So far, both flow of remittances and their uses have not been guided by any notable policy framework. But to maximize the flow of remittance in the evolving world environment and the benefits of their uses at the domestic front, a concerted policy effort is imperative. Accurate and reliable statistics are the key to any kind of policy formulation, which are currently missing to a large extent in case of remittances. In order to help the policymakers by providing with the most recent and nationally representative information on remittances, the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) has decided to undertake the current initiative to conduct a survey on the use of remittance following the decision of Coordination Council headed by Honourable Finance Minister. 1.4 Objectives of the Survey Main objective of the survey is to identify the different uses of remittances. The other objectives are: to estimate the share of investment, savings, and consumption in total remittances; to identify the socio-economic conditions of the remittance receiving households; to find out the socio-demographic characteristics of expatriates and members of their household; 3
to dig out the significant channel of remittance; to identify the type of investments made by remittances to identify the nature of consumption expenditures incurred by remittances; to provide supplementary information for national income accounting; and to help the policymakers in formulation of appropriate policies to increase the flow of remittances and benefits of their uses by the receiving households. 헀 ѿ 4
Chapter II: Survey Methodology The quality of information collected by any survey depends on methodology applied, which includes preparation of schema, selection of sampling frame, use of sampling technique to draw the representative samples, design of questionnaire, methods used to collect data, methods used for consistency and accuracy check of data, and adjustment of the sampling error etc. As no sampling frame was readily available for this survey, the entire survey was conducted very cautiously following a scientific and logical framework. 2.1 Sample Design Sampling is a statistical technique to select number and composition of respondents that would be representative of total population. Ideally, the entire study population from which sample will be drawn should be known before the sampling. But in case of this survey, number of entire study population could not be properly identified due to lack of adequate information. Hence, at first, the study population was identified following some specific principles keeping the objectives of the survey in view, and then the sample population was selected following the procedure described below. 2.1.1 Universe and Study Population The entire country was taken as the universe and only Remittance Receiving Households (RRHHs) of the country as the study population of the survey. 2.1.2 Sampling Technique Two-stage stratified random sampling technique was applied. Two lists were used as the sampling frame for this survey. One was the list of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs), the Enumeration Areas (EAs) of Population and Housing Census 2011, generated under Integrated Multipurpose Samples (IMPS) and the other was the list of 5 leading villages in each Upazila in terms of the adequacy of Remittance Receiving Households (RRHH) which were identified making a quick count of RRHHs in those villages. Seven Divisions were considered as seven separate stratums. At the first stage, the required number of RRHH-leading villages was selected for each of the divisions separately following Probability Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES), and the PSUs of IMPS applying Simple Random Sampling (SRS) technique. In the second stage, minimum 20 RRHHs were selected using SRS technique from each selected village and maximum 20 RRHHs from selected PSUs of IMPS were chosen by SRS. 2.1.3 Sampling Frame Sampling frame is the set of all objects of target population. If the sampling frame is a poor fit to the population of interest, SRS cannot work properly. Hence, sampling technique has to be chosen and applied carefully. It is important to note that for this survey, no sampling frame was readily available. Therefore, considering the objectives of the survey, a sampling frame was created. As a result, the survey was conducted following slightly exceptional methodology. ⷀҁ 5
Both list frame (list of RRHH-dominant 5 Villages by Upazila) and area frame (1433 PSUs of IMPS) were taken into consideration as the sampling frame. A total of RRHH-dominant 2320 villages 5 from each Upazila was taken into account as the list frame, and 1433 PSUs of IMPS design were considered as the area frame. The list of RRHH-dominant 5 villages was done by field officials of BBS during 26 April to 10 May 2013 assuming that field officials are better informed about the village status in terms of any issue as they are deeply involved in statistical activities at those villages. During listing 588 staff members of BBS were engaged in collecting the information whether the household was remittance receiver or not. Names of household heads and addresses were recorded in the list. 2.1.4 Detailed Sample Design Selection Procedure of 400 RRHH-dominant Villages Out of RRHH-dominant 2320 villages, 400 were selected as the sample by PPES. Probability Proportional to Estimated Size (PPES) is a sampling technique in which the probability of selecting a sampling unit such as village is proportional to the size of its estimated population (RRHHs). It gives a representative sample. It becomes very useful when the sampling units vary considerably in size because it ensures equal probability for large and small units to be selected. A quick count was made in all the RRHH-dominant 2320 villages to identify the number of RRHHs. As the aim was to provide estimates at division level, the samples (400 RRHH-dominant villages) were reasonably allocated by division proportionally. Table 2.1shows the sampling distribution by division. Table 2.1: Distribution of Samples by Division for Dominant Villages Sl. No Name of Division No. of RRHH- Dominant Villages in List Col-1 Col-2 Col-3 No. of Sample Villages Col-4 (Col-3*0.17) No. of RRHH Col-5 Interval for Sampling Col-6 (Col 5/ Col 4) 1 Barisal 200 34 9877 291 2 Chittagong 429 74 94994 1284 3 Dhaka 579 100 58320 584 4 Khulna 295 51 15360 302 5 Rajshahi 335 58 16124 280 6 Rangpur 292 50 5765 116 7 Sylhet 190 33 16543 502 Total 2320 400 216983 - Here, Sampling Fraction= n/n= 0.17 N=2320 & n=400 6
At first, the total number of RRHHs was derived by a quick head count by division. Then, the Sampling Interval (SI) for each division was calculated by dividing the total number of RRHHs of each division by the respective sample size (number of villages). The procedure is also portrayed in Col-6 of table 2.1. Then, a Random Number (RN) between 1 and the SI for each division was generated by computer. After that, the following formula: RS (Random Sample); RN + SI; RN + 2SI was independently applied to select the sample villages under each division. RS means the first sample village corresponding to first RN; RN+SI means the second sample village identified by adding the SI with RN; RN+2SI means the third sample village selected by adding RN with SI multiplying by 2 and this formula had been continued additively until the last sample village of the respective division was selected. This method was separately applied for each division to select the sample villages of the respective division. Selection Procedure of 400 PSUs of IMPS (Integrated Multi-purpose Sample) At the beginning, the total PSUs of IMPS was arranged by division and then rearranged the PSUSs of each division separately by rural and urban areas. After that, the list of PSUs was modified by excluding the PSUs that were common in village list and PSU list. It is notable that the exclusion was made by matching the name of Union of selected RRHH-dominant villages with the PUSs of IMPS and this method was applied independently for each district. After excluding the matched Unions, the total number of PSUs became 1433. Out of 1433 PSUs, 400 were selected as sample 蘰 ҁ following SRS. The 400 sample PSUs were allocated to division proportionally. The allocation of PSUs by rural and urban areas for each division was made following proportional allocation to the size of household (as per Population and Housing Census-2011) of the respective division. It is mention worthy that, in this case, the sample allocation was done by rural and urban area in order to ensure representation of urban areas as well as rural areas; but no estimate was provided by locality, rural & urban areas, as sample design did not allow such disaggregation. Table 2.2: Distribution of Samples by Division for PSUs Sl. No. Name of Division No. of PSUs No. of Sample PSUs Col-1 Col-2 Col-3 Total; Col-4 (Col 3*0.279135) Rural; Col-5 ((Rural HH/Total HH)*Total Selected PSU) Urban; Col-6 ((Urban HH/Total HH)* Total selected PSU) 1 Barisal 147 41 34 7 2 Chittagong 229 64 48 16 3 Dhaka 342 95 64 31 4 Khulna 183 51 42 9 5 Rajshahi 199 56 46 10 6 Rangpur 184 51 45 6 7 Sylhet 149 42 35 7 Total 1433 400 314 86 Here, Sampling Fraction= n/n=0.279 N=1433 & n=400 7
Finally, at least 20 RRHHs from each selected village; and for IMPS, maximum 20 RRHHs from each sample PSU were selected randomly; in case of less than or equal to 20 RRHHs, all were considered. 2.1.5 Sample Size Determination As the real size of population i.e. the total number of RRHH either at villages or at PSUs was unknown, the exact sample size could not be determined. The size of primary sampling units was estimated at 800 as the ultimate sampling units (RRHHs) to be drawn from this number is large enough for providing division level estimates. The size of ultimate sampling unit i.e. the number of RRHH was defined 20 from each primary sampling unit of both village and PSU of IMPS. Applying the method, it was estimated that the maximum number of sample size would be 400X2X20=16000 RRHHs; the sample size could be at least 400X20=8000 RRHHs if the no RRHH was found in PSUs of IMPS. 2.1.6 Selection Procedure of Ultimate Sampling Units (RRHHs) For selecting the ultimate sampling units i.e. RRHH, SRS was applied for both cases, RRHHdominant villages and PSUs of IMPS. During the listing operation, a total of 257298 households were enlisted. From the list, it was found that 42298 were RRHHs and 215635 non-rrhhs. In the study, non-rrhhs were kept out of consideration. From the total number of 42298 RRHHs, it was estimated that the maximum number of sample would be 16000. 瀰 Finally, it was found that the total number of sampled RRHHs was 9961. It is known theoretically that if the sample size is 3000, estimates at division level can be provided. So, it can be remarked that the sample size of the survey was large enough for providing reliable estimates at division level. 2.1.7 Weighting Procedure Weight is the inverse of probability. As the samples were selected from two categories of population following different sampling techniques, weighting was done applying two different methods. It was found that out of 2320 RRHH-dominant villages, 400 villages and out of 1433 PSUs of IMPS, 316 PSUs were enumerated. Assuming i was the any village of the RRHH-dominant villages or PSUs of IMPS, the probability of selecting the ith village or PSU was calculated for each division separately. Then, the probability of selecting the jth RRHH from the selected ith village or PSU was calculated. To derive the weight for ith village or PSU from each division, the following formulas were used: Wi = (1/P (Yi))*(1/ P (Yij))*6 for village Wi = (1/P (Yi))*(1/ P (Yij))*5 for IMPS PSUs Where, Wi = Weight for the ith village or PSU; P (Yi) = Probability of selecting the ith village or PSU for a particular division; P (Yij) = Probability of selecting jth household from ith village or PSU for a particular division. 8
2.2 Data Collection: its whole process Data collection is the significant part of any survey because it affects survey result seriously. Considering its importance, as a whole, the following measures were taken: To develop the questionnaire, brain-storming activity was carried out by the members of questionnaire development team; Questionnaire was pre-tested; Preparing a comprehensive manual of data collection with clearly defied concepts and definitions; Conducting rigorous training programme for the enumerators and supervisors; Deploying sufficient number of enumerators in order to ensure smooth data collection; Taking extra measure in data collection activity by engaging sufficient number of supervisors. 2.2.1 Questionnaire Design: Along with sampling, the questions asked to a respondent are equally important to collect the desired information. The questionnaire was designed and finalized on the basis of experts opinion collected through formal and informal consultation. Process of Questionnaire Design 畠 The in-house survey team first developed the draft questionnaire as a basis for in-house consultation guided by the Program Director. This draft was revised to accommodate the recommendations and views expressed in the in-house meeting. The revised draft was placed before the Working Committee and further revised on the basis of their recommendations. A workshop on the revised version of the questionnaire was arranged on 3 April 2013 to collect views of different stakeholders. A number of distinguished participants including economists, social workers, media personnel, members of the civil society, senior officials of the government and the non-government organizations took part in the workshop and shared their views and made some recommendations. Most of these recommendations were incorporated. Later, the questionnaire was pre-tested, and the observed problems were duly addressed. Finally, the questionnaire was placed before the Technical Committee, the highest technical body, for approval. Pre-test of the Questionnaire The questionnaire was pre-tested to examine its overall performance in terms of time required to complete the interview, testing the reliability i.e. whether it capture the desired information, and to assess the consistency, that is whether the collected information serve the purpose of the survey or not. The pre-test was also used to assess the logistics required for successfully conducting the survey. To ensure adequate time for any adjustment, if needed, the pre-test was conducted about a month before the actual survey conducted in three districts, namely Rangpur, Munshiganj and Tangail covering both urban and rural areas. Two Officers visited different areas of these districts and 9
collected data using the final draft questionnaire. They randomly selected the households from the list of RRHHs as respondents. Findings from the Pre-test A lot was learnt from the pre-test about the suitability of the questionnaire pertaining to its matching between its content and the objective of the survey. Based on the findings of the pre-test, the structure and wording of the questionnaire were slightly modified. The semblance of the question, that is, the meaning and clarity which yields the intended information from the respondent, was taken care of. Furthermore, the enumerator s manual was also modified accordingly. Finalization of the Questionnaire After the revision made following the pre-test, the questionnaire was placed before the Technical Committee. The committee provided some final observations, which were subsequently addressed. Eventually, the questionnaire was approved by the Technical Committee. 2.2.2 Data collection Data collection process involved the following steps as described below: Training of the Supervising Officer and Enumerators Training was imparted on different aspects of the survey in two phases. In the first phase, Program Director together with some senior officials of BBS provided two days training to the master trainers as well as supervising officers at the Head Office of BBS in Dhaka. The concepts, definitions the technique of fulfilling the questionnaire etc. were thoroughly discussed in the first day of the training. In the second day, the trainees visited the field in order to gather some practical experience on the technique of filling up the questionnaires. In the second phase, enumerators were trained on the same contents following the same sequence as the first phase at the Regional Statistical Offices (RSOs). Most of the trainees- both supervising Officer and enumerators- were extremely vibrant during the training. Data Collection and Supervision Data collection carried out immediately after the training during 13-23 June 2013. A total of 216 employees of BBS from field offices as well as headquarters were employed in data collection. Besides, a total of 36 officers of BBS, most of which were Regional Statistical Officers, were employed to supervise the data collection and to immediately take care of any untoward problem arisen during data collection in the field. These supervising officers stayed at the field until the data collection was completed. The Director General, Deputy Director General and Director of National Accounting Wing closely monitored the data collection. Program Director coordinated all activities and arranged all supports required for successful completion of data collection. 10
2.2.3 Data Editing and Coding Data editing refers the activity of checking and cleaning data that have already been collected from the field. After the completion of data collection, all questionnaires were brought to headquarter for further processing. A group of experienced staffs of BBS under the supervision of two officers of the survey team edited all data manually. An instruction manual with the editing and coding guidelines was also prepared and editors were provided training on these guidelines. Although the coding was done during data collection, but it was checked once again during data editing. 2.2.4 Data Processing Data processing involves a number of steps which are follows: Data entry Appending and merging files Data validation (further checking, editing, and imputation) Final decision on errors Completion of data processing and generation of data files Final documentations Conversion of data files to another software. Storage of all files i. Data Entry After completion of editing, a group of experienced BBS staffs carried out the task of data entry following the steps mentioned below: a) Designing Data Entry Application: Data entry template was developed by using CSPro software. A strong data dictionary based on the questionnaire was created during the preparation of template. The data dictionary contained unique ID and values of the items to be entered. To avoid errors of inconsistencies, a logical check was also maintained throughout the data entry. The template was reviewed for convenience and eventually finalized for use. b) Data Capturing and Preliminary Validation: Data were captured in computer as soon as the data editing was completed. A variety of common errors were identified during data capturing. As a result, observing the error messages, data were cross checked with questionnaire. In addition to that, following procedures were followed for data cleaning and primary validation: 疰 Wrong data and out of range codes: As the code was given during the preparation of questionnaire, naturally, it restricted the enumerator to a set of codes within the acceptable range for most of the questions. Moreover, the values were set during the preparation of data entry screen for avoiding wild codes for most of the questions. Inconsistency checking: To avoid errors, omissions and inconsistencies, this mechanism was also developed during the data entry program designing. 11
Treatment of Missing values: The data entry program was designed not to allow blanks that ensure not having missing values in the data. Incomplete records and dropped cases. The data entry program was designed to accept the complete data case; otherwise, it would not be saved. This was set to avoid incomplete records and dropped cases. Duplication of entries. The data entry program was designed in view of rejecting duplication of entries based on the identifiers. ii. Appending and Merging Files As data was captured by a number of BBS officials, a number of files were generated. After the completion of data entry, these files were appended and merged to generate a single file. iii. Data Validation Validation was accomplished after appending and merging files by checking the number of variables, the cases, wild codes, missing values and consistencies. It was also checked whether the number of variables generated was matched with the number of variables in the data set. iv. Final Decision on Errors If an error was discovered during data validation, the related questionnaire was checked and in some cases it was sent back to the survey team for review and decision. In some cases, members of the survey team revisited the field to collect the actual response of the relevant respondent. v. Completion of Data Processing and Generation of Data File After resolving all issues regarding an observed error, a final data file was generated that contains all information collected in this survey. vi. Data Preservation After completion of the entire process, data were stored in ASCII format. In order to have the print out, the data were also been converted to Microsoft Excel Format. Both original and new formats were preserved. Finally, a copy of the data set put forward to the survey authority for tabulation and analysis. The questionnaires were also preserved in the safe storage of BBS under the guidance of survey team for future reference. vii. Software Used Four software named CSPro, STATA, SPSS and Excel were used for processing the survey data. CSPro was used for data entry and editing, STATA and SPSS for both tabulation and data analysis, and Excel for converting the STATA or SPSS files to table format. 2.2.5 Tabulation A tabulation plan was designed by the survey team, which was shared with the working committee for their opinion. The working committee suggested some modifications which were subsequently incorporated. A total of 94 tables focusing on the major issues relating to the social, 12
demography and economic aspects of the study population were generated. Drafting statistical tables along with data, these were presented before some important stakeholders in order to know whether these tables fulfilled their demand or they had more requirements. They provided some valuable suggestions those were incorporated afterward. Eventually, these tables were finalized and furnished in the report as the part of the analysis as well as statistical tables. 2.2.6 Data Analysis Survey results were analyzed in tabular form using STATA and SPSS software. Major variables, in terms of percentage, were explained vertically (columns) and cross tabulation by another related variables horizontally. In the analysis, variations of the magnitude of major variables were described by category and by division. 2.2.7 Data Dissemination The final report was disseminated both in electronic form such as CD and hard copy as book. Results are available in the website of BBS. Some data may also be published in other publications of BBS such as Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, National Accounts Statistics and Monthly Statistical Bulletin etc. 2.3 Scope and Coverage of the Survey Geographically, the survey covered the entire ʰ area of the country except territorial enclaves. Both urban and rural areas were also covered. To cover the rural areas, a village list of containing the dominant villages across the country in terms of availability of remittance receiving households (RRHH) was prepared and used. On the other hand, the PSUs of IMPS was purposively used to cover especially urban areas as there had no alternative. 2.4 Limitations of the Survey For successful completion of the survey, all methodological aspects were applied very carefully. Even then, the survey has a few caveats as mentioned below: The sampling frame of the survey was created as no frame of this kind was available before the survey. Although the sampling frame was covered the entire country, but only five villages from each Upazila were included into the sampling frame. Sample size could not be determined properly as no survey of this type was conducted before. However, sufficiently large number of sample recognizing the estimates at division level was taken. In the analytical part of the report, food expenditure perfectly corresponds to the food consumptions, while non-food expenditure covers both non-food consumptions as well as transfer payments. However, users will find expenditures for each item independently in Detailed Statistical Tables (Table 15C), and they could be able to regroup the items according to their requirements. 13
14 ҁ
Chapter III: Characteristics of Remittance Receiving Households This chapter analyzes the different socio-economic characteristics of the respondents of this survey. Table 3.1 shows the number of enumerated as well as estimated RRHHs by division. The total number of RRHHs is estimated to 1525111 of which Dhaka holds the highest, 500700 followed by Chittagong 455936, Khulna 171438, Rajshahi 138169, Sylhet 103698, Barisal 81215 and the lowest in Rangpur, 73955. Table 3.1: Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Division Division/RMO Estimated RRHHs Enumerated RRHHs National 1525111 9961 Barisal 81215 865 Chittagong 455936 2310 Dhaka 500700 2396 Khulna 171438 1206 Rajshahi 138169 1256 Rangpur 73955 865 Sylhet 103698 1063 Table 3.2: Percentage Distribution of Head of Remittance Receiving Household and General Household by Sex and Division Division RR Household Head by Sex General Household Head by Sex Total Male Female Total Male Female National 100.00 51.88 48.12 100.00 84.42 15.58 Barisal 100.00 53.52 46.48 100.00 83.83 16.17 Chittagong 100.00 50.55 49.45 100.00 76.86 23.14 Dhaka 100.00 52.33 47.67 100.00 84.96 15.04 Khulna 100.00 53.13 46.87 100.00 88.46 11.54 Rajshahi 100.00 51.79 48.21 100.00 88.18 11.82 Rangpur 100.00 50.82 49.18 100.00 86.96 13.04 Sylhet 100.00 53.09 46.91 100.00 82.16 17.84 (Note: General Households refer the households obtained from the Population and Housing Census-2011. 15
Table 3.2 presents the percentage distribution of respondents by sex of household heads. As can be observed from above table, share of female headed households is more than 48 %, which is 3 times higher than that of share at national level, which is less than 16 % as per findings of the Population and Housing Census 2011. This difference mainly corresponds to the male expatriates, in absence of whom the wives manage the family while their husbands work abroad. It is evident from the last column of table 3.2 that share of female headed households at national level notably vary by division, Chittagong represents the highest and Khulna the lowest shares respectively. If this difference in the prevalence of female headed household implies any divergence in women s social and economic status across divisions, such divergence is absent among the remittance receiving households. The share of female headed households in case of remittance receiving families varies slightly across the divisions; such variations do not seem to be significant. Educational status of the head of remittance receiving households is demonstrated in table 3.3. The table shows that about 33 % of the remittance receiving household heads are illiterate and about 52 % have completed grade in between 1 and 9. Among the rest of the household heads, about 9 % have completed SSC, about 3 % have completed HSC, and others have completed graduate or postgraduate level of education. Significant regional disparity in educational attainment by divisions has been observed among remittance receiving household heads. In case of Barisal, share of illiterate household heads (among ҁ remittance receiving families) is relatively low compared to the other divisions, while share of household heads with level of education in between grade 1 and 9 is high. The same division has relative high share of household heads (among remittance receiving families) with level of education equal to or higher than SSC. Chittagong division more or less resembles the similar pattern. Table 3.3: Percentage Distribution of Educational Status of Remittance Receiving Household Head by Sex and Division Educational Status Division by Sex National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Illiterate Total 33.04 15.27 27.09 39.35 37.61 34.13 36.49 31.16 Male 16.65 8.65 13.28 20.29 19.31 17.50 17.75 14.34 Female 16.39 6.62 13.81 19.06 18.30 16.63 18.74 16.82 I IX Total 52.28 64.28 57.17 47.61 48.73 52.18 47.95 53.15 Male 25.76 31.78 27.45 23.34 25.60 25.77 23.89 26.93 Female 26.52 32.50 29.72 24.27 23.13 26.41 24.06 26.22 SSC Total 8.99 11.77 9.14 8.12 9.39 7.77 10.90 9.93 Male 5.28 6.55 5.15 5.08 5.27 4.13 5.90 6.97 Female 3.71 5.22 3.99 3.04 4.12 3.64 5.00 2.96 HSC Total 3.40 4.74 3.92 2.46 3.20 4.60 2.73 3.80 Male 2.28 3.11 2.42 1.66 2.12 3.28 1.94 3.23 Female 1.12 1.63 1.50 0.80 1.08 1.32 0.79 0.57 16
Educational Status Division by Sex National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Degree/Hons. Total 1.47 3.35 1.43 1.58 0.49 1.03 1.76 1.68 Male 1.19 2.86 1.14 1.28 0.42 0.83 1.18 1.40 Female 0.28 0.49 0.29 0.30 0.07 0.20 0.58 0.28 Masters Total 0.58 0.42 0.97 0.44 0.58 0.29 0.17 0.28 Male 0.47 0.39 0.83 0.24 0.56 0.29 0.17 0.22 Female 0.11 0.03 0.14 0.20 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.06 MBBS/Eng. Total 0.24 0.17 0.28 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Male 0.24 0.17 0.28 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Female 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 In case of other divisions, shares of household heads (among remittance receiving households) with no or level of education up to grade 9 more or less match the same share at national level. However, share of illiterate household heads is relatively high in case of Dhaka, Khulna and Rangpur compared to the same share at national level. The share of household heads with education level equal to or more than SSC is high in Barisal, and low in Dhaka, Khulna and Rajshahi compared to the same share at national level. In case of Chittagong, Rangpur and Sylhet, this share is more or less at par with national share. Table 3.4: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Main Source of Income and Division Division Source of Income Total Remittance Agriculture Industry Service National 100.00 77.89 14.38 0.67 7.06 Barisal 100.00 70.80 21.93 0.59 6.69 Chittagong 100.00 84.10 8.73 1.35 5.82 Dhaka 100.00 74.76 15.06 0.57 9.62 Khulna 100.00 80.56 12.86 0.08 6.51 Rajshahi 100.00 78.14 16.00 0.12 5.74 Rangpur 100.00 66.21 28.97 0.22 4.60 Sylhet 100.00 74.71 20.26 0.23 4.80 17
Table 3.4 shows the main source of income of the remittance receiving households. Remittance is the primary source of income up to about 84 % of the households, although this share varies across the division. At national level, the share of households who considers remittance as their primary source of income is about 78 %. However, this share is about 84 % in Chittagong, followed by Khulna (80.56%), Rajshahi (78.14%), Dhaka (74.76%), Sylhet (74.71%), Barisal (70.80%) and Rangpur (66.21%). Agriculture and Service sector appeared to be the primary source of income in case of about 14 and 7 % of remittance receiving households respectively. Relatively a large share of remittance receiving households still considered agriculture as the source of primary income in Rangpur (28.97%), followed by Barisal (21.93%), and Sylhet (20.26%). As one would expect, relatively more respondents identified service sector as their primary source of income in case of Dhaka compared to other divisions. Industry as a primary source of income is insignificant for remittance receiving households. The slim dependence on agricultural sector as the primary source of income is in congruent with the landholdings of the remittance receiving households. About 2 % of these households are landless. More than half of the remittance receiving households own land less or equal to 0.49 acres. However, this share varies across divisions. Table 3.5: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership, Size of Land and Division Division Size of Own Land National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Landless 1.68 0.40 0.67 2.99 0.21 1.83 4.63 0.94 0.01-0.49 acre 49.73 40.16 59.28 52.82 44.18 43.28 36.12 27.91 0.50-0.99 acre 14.88 14.47 15.91 14.78 16.43 15.02 14.92 8.36 1.00-2.49 acres 22.42 28.44 18.50 20.59 26.33 27.03 28.09 27.11 2.50-7.49 acres 9.93 13.99 5.02 8.11 11.45 11.73 13.08 29.94 7.50 + 1.36 2.54 0.62 0.72 1.40 1.11 3.16 5.74 18
The share of landless households in remittance receiving households is the highest in Rangpur (4.63%) and the lowest in Khulna (0.21). The same shares in Dhaka and Rajshahi are 2.99 % and 1.83 % respectively. In case of the remaining divisions, these shares are less than 1%. The share of households with land in between 0.1 to 0.49 acres is the highest in Chittagong (59.28%) and the lowest in Sylhet (27.91%). The ranking of these two divisions are just the opposite in case of landholding more than 7.5 acres (table 3.5). Table 3.6: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Ownership of Various Consumer Durables/Assets/Others by Division Consumer Durables/Assets/Oth ers Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Radio 4.86 8.72 3.74 4.76 6.01 2.46 4.90 8.44 Television 61.96 45.32 63.90 65.87 54.51 58.47 50.70 72.55 Telephone 1.66 1.14 1.83 1.37 1.04 1.74 0.72 4.40 Mobile Phone 96.41 98.15 95.18 96.78 95.89 96.64 97.53 98.50 Refrigerator 33.86 20.81 36.85 42.08 21.54 17.98 9.94 49.81 Oven 2.14 1.16 2.51 2.24 2.20 0.64 0.72 3.73 Solar panel 3.47 7.57 1.58 6.17 0.45 0.91 6.02 2.08 Computer 2.78 3.16 1.64 2.43 4.30 2.40 3.17 6.96 Laptop 2.50 2.34 1.63 2.99 2.20 3.09 1.91 4.16 Π Tablet PC 0.35 0.26 0.10 0.31 0.24 1.03 1.04 0.43 IPS 1.64 1.43 0.87 3.01 0.63 0.68 0.80 2.08 DVD 6.52 3.44 6.54 8.27 7.19 2.61 2.10 7.63 AC 0.35 0.04 0.50 0.07 0.71 0.00 0.40 1.08 Water filter 9.16 7.88 11.74 5.67 6.59 1.62 3.33 34.12 Cot 88.02 88.43 93.41 84.76 80.02 84.91 94.80 92.37 Almirah 70.85 79.28 80.84 70.75 51.06 49.01 61.66 89.10 Wardrobe 31.37 26.20 32.53 34.30 23.29 18.44 16.85 57.04 Sofa 23.54 15.31 24.48 21.42 19.52 16.93 16.17 56.88 Sewing machine 10.34 10.59 10.06 10.27 12.33 10.17 7.32 10.78 Motor car 0.45 0.39 0.17 0.49 0.39 0.19 0.20 2.18 CNG 0.54 0.14 0.62 0.50 0.58 0.30 0.92 0.60 Easy bike 0.40 0.00 0.01 0.89 0.46 0.18 0.20 0.38 Bus 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.22 0.05 0.21 0.15 0.40 Truck 0.36 0.22 0.61 0.26 0.17 0.31 0.65 0.01 Tractor 0.46 1.34 0.35 0.43 0.13 0.40 0.63 0.96 Engine boat 0.31 0.46 0.35 0.34 0.00 0.20 0.26 0.61 Rickshaw/Van 0.88 0.85 0.38 0.96 0.98 1.31 2.99 0.48 Motor Cycle 8.67 10.89 9.23 7.05 11.01 7.49 11.87 7.72 Bi-cycle 17.39 10.45 11.28 11.73 38.18 30.52 43.50 6.46 Internet connection 8.71 2.08 12.48 13.16 2.28 1.12 1.50 1.64 Others 7.07 6.19 7.47 8.05 5.31 6.70 7.39 4.44 (Note: Others include Showcase, Wall showcase, Dining table-chair, Alna, Fan, Chouki, Rice Cooker, Dressing table, Shallow Machine, Power tiller etc.) 19
Table 3.6 shows the ownership of various consumer durables/assets/others of remittance receiving household by divisions. It is observed that nationality 96.41% of total remittance receiving households owns Mobile phone followed by Cot 88.02%, Almirah 70.85%, Television 61.96%, Refrigerator 33.86%, Wardrobe 31.37%, Sofa 23.54%, Sewing machine 10.34%, Bi-cycle 17.39%. Only 8.71% of the total remittance receiving households use internet. The remittance receiving households of Sylhet division has the highest possession of various consumer durables/assets, probably indicating their relatively better economic situation compared to other divisions. Sources of drinking water of the remittance receiving households have also been studied under the survey. Table 3.7 shows that tube-well or deep tube-well have been observed as the main source of drinking water of the remittance receiving households. Out of total, 94.12 % household drinks tubewell or deep-tube well water at national level, 5.05 % pipe or supply water, 0.43 % pond/canal/river water and 0.40 % rain/fountain water. Similar pattern is observed at division levels. Table 3.7: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Source of Drinking Water and Division Division Total Pipe/Supply Water Source of Drinking Water Tube-well/Deep Tube-well ҁ Pond/Canal/River Rain/Fountain Water National 100.00 5.05 94.12 0.43 0.40 Barisal 100.00 3.23 92.83 1.99 1.95 Chittagong 100.00 4.55 94.90 0.30 0.24 Dhaka 100.00 6.66 92.79 0.24 0.31 Khulna 100.00 3.67 95.29 0.62 0.42 Rajshahi 100.00 4.14 94.84 0.57 0.45 Rangpur 100.00 3.15 96.47 0.31 0.07 Sylhet 100.00 5.73 93.56 0.23 0.49 20
Table 3.8: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Type of Toilet Facility Division Total Sanitary with Water Sealed Toilet Facility Sanitary without Water Sealed Nonsanitary/Katcha Open Defecation National 100.00 46.17 36.22 17.03 0.58 Barisal 100.00 56.35 34.48 9.10 0.07 Chittagong 100.00 41.13 41.87 16.88 0.12 Dhaka 100.00 44.67 39.14 15.33 0.85 Khulna 100.00 46.76 30.28 22.81 0.15 Rajshahi 100.00 58.76 20.86 19.26 1.13 Rangpur 100.00 44.74 30.42 23.02 1.82 Sylhet 100.00 50.89 33.09 15.31 0.71 ϰ Table 3.8 depicts the sanitary conditions of the remittance receiving households. At national level, only 46.17 % of the total remittance receiving households uses sanitary toilets i.e. toilets with water sealed; 36.22 % also uses the sanitary toilet without water sealed. However, it is shocking that 17.03% holds completely unhygienic i.e. non-sanitary/katcha toilets while a few (0.58 %) still do defecation in open place. Among divisions, the highest number of fully sanitary toilet is observed in Rajshahi (58.76% ) and the lowest in Chittagong (41.13 %); in case of sanitary without water sealed, the highest, 41.87 % in Chittagong and lowest, 20.86 % in Rajshahi and in case of non-sanitary, the highest, 23.02 % in Rangpur and the lowest 9.10 % in Barisal. A considerable number of remittance receiving households in both Rangpur (1.82 %) and Rajshahi (1.13 %) divisions has no access to toilet facilities. 21
22 ҁ
Chapter IV: Characteristics of Expatriates The characteristics of expatriates are important to know as they can potentially provide insights about the use of remittance by the receiving households. This chapter describes different characteristics of the Bangladeshi expatriates. Table 4.1: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Sex and Division Division Sex Total Male Female National 100.00 97.37 2.63 Barisal 100.00 97.19 2.81 Chittagong 100.00 98.49 1.51 Dhaka 100.00 96.89 3.11 Khulna 100.00 97.91 2.09 Rajshahi 100.00 97.63 2.37 Rangpur 100.00 97.17 2.83 Sylhet 100.00 94.31 5.69 р Table 4.1 shows the gender composition of expatriates by division. As can be seen from this table, Bangladeshi expatriates are predominantly male, which account for more than 97 % to the total while the female accounts for the rest. Table 4.1 shows the state of expatriates by sex. This composition remains more or less invariant across division with one exception. The share of female in total expatriates from Sylhet is notably higher from other divisions. It might have happened as evidences reveal that most of the expatriates from Sylhet live in developed countries, especially in United Kingdom, with their spouse who also engaged in profit-making. 23
Table 4.2: Gender Composition of Expatriates by Age Group Age Group ҁ Sex Total Male Female Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 < 25 19.44 19.16 29.75 25 29 25.84 25.90 23.54 30 34 18.01 17.98 18.79 35 39 14.95 14.94 15.05 40-44 9.68 9.86 3.21 45-49 6.39 6.43 4.86 50-54 3.33 3.30 4.43 55-59 1.40 1.43 0.09 60 + 0.96 1.00 0.27 Table 4.2 depicts the gender composition of expatriates by age group. It is notable that share of relatively young female in total female expatriates is relatively higher (29.75%) than the share of young male (19.16%) in total male expatriates. This is probably an indication of the weakening of social pressure that restricted female migration in the past and a gradual change in society s attitude towards it. Table 4.3: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Education and Division Division Total Illiterate I - IX SSC/ Equivalent Education HSC/ Equivalent Degree /Hons. Masters National 100.00 9.56 61.50 16.25 7.19 2.47 0.62 2.41 Barisal 100.00 6.10 60.27 19.35 9.66 4.08 0.14 0.40 Chittagong 100.00 7.17 64.00 15.60 6.40 3.12 0.58 3.13 Dhaka 100.00 10.58 60.82 16.51 6.45 1.97 0.53 3.14 Khulna 100.00 12.91 56.79 17.35 9.46 1.66 0.31 1.52 Rajshahi 100.00 12.32 59.27 16.91 7.61 1.58 0.56 1.75 Rangpur 100.00 10.72 60.11 19.24 7.20 1.98 0.62 0.14 Sylhet 100.00 8.83 64.70 11.89 8.60 3.29 2.02 0.67 MBBS/ Eng. 24
Table 4.3 explains the educational status of expatriates by level of education and divisions. Nationally, about 9.56% of total expatriates are illiterate and 90.44% are literate. Out of the total expatriates 61.50% has passed class-i to IX, 16.25% obtained SSC or equivalent degree, 2.47% has graduation or graduation with honours degree, 0.62% has masters degree and 2.41% has medical or engineering degrees. Among divisions, expatriates from Barisal are relatively more educated than others. However, the percentage share of expatriates with medical or engineering degrees is the highest in Dhaka division. Table 4.4: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Length of Living in Abroad and Division Length of living in Abroad (Year) Division 10 years & Total Less than 1 1 to less than 3 3 to less than 5 5 to less than 10 Above National 100.00 6.90 19.07 16.71 34.99 22.33 Barisal 100.00 5.22 18.37 21.10 37.13 18.18 Chittagong 100.00 8.26 20.04 16.92 33.10 21.68 Dhaka 100.00 6.23 18.34 14.59 35.67 25.17 Khulna 100.00 7.31 21.47 20.03 37.66 13.53 Rajshahi 100.00 4.98 20.58 18.01 39.47 16.97 Rangpur 100.00 7.11 17.67 23.49 37.30 14.43 Ґ Sylhet 100.00 7.01 15.02 13.21 28.51 36.24 Table 4.4 shows the state of expatriates by length of living in abroad. Most of the expatriates have been living abroad for more than 5 years. This corresponds to the fact that migration of Bangladeshi workers is not a recent phenomenon. Only about 7 % of them have been living abroad for less than a year. This number also roughly represents the percentage share of expatriates who went abroad during last one year in total. Among the divisions, Sylhet has the highest percentage share of expatriates living abroad for more than 5 years. This reiterates the fact that this division has been one of the pioneer divisions in case of migration of Bangladeshi workers abroad. 25
Table 4.5: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Occupation and Destination Country Country Occupation Total Job Business Labour Student Student/ Parttime job House worker Others Total 100.00 33.77 5.95 57.28 0.59 0.19 0.93 1.29 Saudi Arabia 100.00 35.79 5.46 57.28 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.05 UAE 100.00 35.41 3.06 60.93 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.15 Malaysia 100.00 17.89 1.72 79.75 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.51 Oman 100.00 27.16 8.01 62.26 0.00 0.00 0.41 2.16 Kuwait 100.00 44.06 3.81 50.21 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.76 Singapore 100.00 26.79 1.64 70.78 0.11 0.33 0.00 0.36 United Kingdom 100.00 41.38 9.64 23.46 10.47 4.18 9.22 1.66 Italy 100.00 47.79 29.18 13.89 0.61 0.25 1.12 7.16 Bahrain 100.00 26.93 7.20 62.90 0.00 0.00 2.97 0.00 Qatar 100.00 44.59 2.33 51.36 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.59 United States 100.00 65.50 7.15 10.07 5.72 2.30 6.32 2.94 Maldives 100.00 32.93 0.01 63.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.25 Libya 100.00 39.76 5.04 54.97 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 South Africa 100.00 35.76 27.41 31.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.96 France 100.00 54.68 5.25 29.20 9.16 0.85 0.00 0.86 Canada 100.00 65.18 1.25 2.71 18.83 0.00 7.65 4.38 Korea South 100.00 70.22 0.00 29.12 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 Australia 100.00 61.59 1.92 ҁ10.07 23.98 2.44 0.00 0.00 Japan 100.00 41.10 21.77 10.16 23.60 1.28 0.81 1.28 Germany 100.00 52.76 1.47 14.31 27.91 1.76 0.00 1.79 OMEC 100.00 55.30 5.83 38.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OALC 100.00 24.88 5.90 61.45 0.00 0.00 5.05 2.72 OEC 100.00 23.18 12.07 54.41 7.61 1.09 1.15 0.48 OAC 100.00 21.97 17.36 43.81 0.65 0.34 12.08 3.77 OAfC 100.00 30.95 16.90 47.80 0.00 0.00 0.47 3.88 ONAC 100.00 50.44 5.37 43.86 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 OSAC 100.00 30.45 5.32 64.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OAuC 100.00 27.38 2.56 68.24 0.78 1.04 0.00 0.00 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). 26
Table 4.5 shows the occupations and destination countries of Bangladeshi expatriates. This table corroborates the casual observation that Bangladesh mainly exports unskilled workers most of whom work as labour. The percentage distribution of Bangladeshi expatriates by occupations is as follows: labour (57.28%), job (33.77%), business (5.95%) and student/part-time job (0.19%). Among the countries, the highest share of Bangladeshi migrants work as labour in Malaysia (79.75%) followed by Other Australia (68.24%), Maldives (63.81%) and the lowest in Canada (2.71%). In case of other occupations, significant diversifications are evident from country to country. For example, job has appeared as the largest occupation; 70.22% in South Korea followed by 65.50% in USA, 65.18% in Canada, 61.59% in Australia, 55.30% in Other Middle East Countries and the lowest, 17.89% in Malaysia. The highest share of Bangladeshi migrants involved in business is observed in Italy (29.18%), followed by 27.41% in South Africa, 21.77% in Japan and the lowest 0.01% in Maldives. Table 4.6: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Level of Education and Destination Country Country Education Status Total Illiterate I-IX SSC HSC Degree/Hons Masters MBBS/Eng. Total 100.00 9.56 61.50 16.25 7.19 2.47 0.62 2.41 Saudi Arabia 100.00 10.92 60.91 16.25 6.59 2.25 0.21 2.87 UAE 100.00 9.08 68.98 13.17 4.87 0.80 0.06 3.03 Malaysia 100.00 11.50 67.66 15.00 3.86 1.16 0.42 0.40 Oman 100.00 12.25 71.91 9.37 2.89 1.34 0.35 1.89 Kuwait 100.00 11.16 63.60 16.66 6.27 1.60 0.17 0.55 Singapore 100.00 3.97 46.69 28.87 17.11 2.20 1.17 0.00 United Kingdom 100.00 3.88 43.09 16.38 15.23 11.77 7.24 2.41 Italy 100.00 3.99 44.34 29.42 15.54 4.73 1.62 0.36 Bahrain 100.00 12.98 64.94 13.37 4.10 2.09 0.00 2.52 Qatar 100.00 8.16 62.21 15.35 8.70 2.97 0.15 2.46 United States 100.00 1.59 18.02 25.37 19.90 19.39 6.43 9.32 Maldives 100.00 16.14 70.82 7.14 2.82 1.66 0.00 1.43 Libya 100.00 13.31 75.58 5.30 1.82 0.00 0.00 3.99 South Africa 100.00 6.46 41.64 25.72 13.27 3.75 1.65 7.51 France 100.00 0.00 24.19 40.49 20.85 5.62 0.83 8.01 Canada 100.00 0.00 27.84 13.05 2.15 17.69 10.00 29.26 Korea South 100.00 0.00 12.76 33.01 35.09 5.88 1.32 11.94 Australia 100.00 0.00 6.79 0.00 23.55 41.42 21.77 6.48 Japan 100.00 0.00 22.41 23.69 5.74 33.56 2.64 11.96 Germany 100.00 6.25 26.55 0.00 46.54 1.79 0.00 18.87 OMEC 100.00 0.04 73.86 21.11 0.00 2.50 2.48 0.00 OALC 100.00 12.00 70.40 11.85 1.03 1.78 0.04 2.90 OEC 100.00 1.27 60.87 15.70 15.14 1.65 1.09 4.28 OAC 100.00 13.68 69.29 5.36 6.27 0.18 0.35 4.88 OAfC 100.00 8.77 59.75 17.04 6.00 7.12 0.82 0.49 ONAC 100.00 1.62 47.75 16.27 33.55 0.49 0.00 0.33 OSAC 100.00 5.81 62.21 18.12 3.18 6.30 0.00 4.38 OAuC 100.00 4.56 71.39 8.35 9.17 5.48 1.04 0.00 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). 27
Level of education of the Bangladeshi expatriates by country of their current residence is described in table 4.6. The largest share, 61.50%, of expatriates of Bangladesh has education of between class I - IX, followed by 16.25% with SSC, 7.19% with HSC and only 2.47% with a bachelor degree, 0.62 with a Masters degree, and 2.41% with a medical or engineering degree. It is clear from the table that prevalence of illiterate migrants are relatively high in Middle Eastern countries compared to developed Asian, European and North American countries like South Korea, Japan, France, UK, Canada, USA etc. Table 4.7: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Receipt Training by Type and Destination Country Country Total No Training Type of Training Vocational Language Computer Driving Others Total 100.00 87.82 6.01 1.79 0.38 1.59 2.41 Saudi Arabia 100.00 89.67 4.59 1.09 0.33 2.12 2.21 UA E 100.00 90.08 5.49 0.82 0.07 1.27 2.27 Malaysia 100.00 91.67 5.32 1.63 0.05 0.26 1.07 Oman 100.00 95.26 1.52 0.52 0.13 0.73 1.84 Kuwait 100.00 89.22 3.32 2.47 0.02 3.65 1.31 Singapore 100.00 42.42 43.08 3.49 0.98 1.11 8.92 United Kingdom 100.00 88.28 2.42 6.44 1.38 0.43 1.05 Italy 100.00 94.93 0.14 2.21 1.21 0.43 1.08 Bahrain 100.00 92.58 3.24 0.65 0.42 0.48 2.62 Qatar 100.00 90.60 2.31 1.30 0.00 3.85 1.93 United States 100.00 87.82 1.25 5.30 0.59 3.70 1.33 Maldives 100.00 95.89 3.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68 Libya 100.00 86.50 4.74 0.17 0.00 2.40 6.19 South Africa 100.00 88.59 3.91 2.55 0.00 3.22 1.73 France 100.00 68.34 14.38 0.00 0.00 12.45 4.83 Canada 100.00 76.33 0.00 11.70 10.72 0.00 1.25 Korea South 100.00 72.92 3.51 16.81 5.51 0.00 1.25 Australia 100.00 85.70 9.52 0.00 4.78 0.00 0.00 Japan 100.00 30.96 0.00 66.60 0.00 0.00 2.44 Germany 100.00 98.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 OM E C 100.00 91.73 2.11 0.71 0.00 1.88 3.56 OALC 100.00 84.46 3.95 1.81 1.58 3.02 5.18 OEC 100.00 92.79 3.30 1.25 0.00 0.00 2.65 OAC 100.00 94.57 0.27 4.76 0.00 0.00 0.39 OAfC 100.00 87.67 2.52 1.95 0.00 0.00 7.86 ONAC 100.00 86.03 9.65 0.33 0.00 3.65 0.35 OSAC 100.00 81.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.14 9.53 OAuC 100.00 91.47 5.05 1.04 1.04 0.00 1.40 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). 28
Table 4.7 highlights the training status of Bangladeshi expatriates working in different countries of the world. About 87.82% of the total expatriates did not take any formal training before leaving the country. The remaining 12.18%, however, undertook some level of formal training at home. Among the trained migrants, the highest share, 6.01%, received vocational training followed by 1.79% on language, 0.38% on computer, 1.59% on driving and 2.41% on others. Although countries Singapore, Japan, France and Canada account for a small share of total expatriates of Bangladesh, these countries are predominantly ᔰ the destination of trained workers. At the same time, Middle Eastern countries have become the main destinations of untrained Bangladeshi workers. Table 4.8: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Currently at Home by Reasons and Divisions Reason Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 On leave 63.25 62.32 61.26 65.85 67.97 58.25 57.42 68.95 Sick 22.38 18.40 23.88 23.72 20.24 20.33 17.96 23.65 War 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 Study completed 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 1.11 0.00 No work permit 3.67 5.59 1.25 3.54 1.41 6.54 9.24 0.00 Visa expired 2.32 5.57 3.36 0.84 0.31 4.49 2.64 4.83 Permanently return 6.22 3.04 8.62 3.96 9.53 7.45 9.67 2.58 Others 1.59 5.09 1.62 1.11 0.52 2.94 1.73 0.00 29
Table 4.8 represents the percentage of expatriates staying at home for different reasons during the conduct of this survey. Out of total expatriates currently at home, 63.25% were on leave followed by 22.38% for sickness, 3.67% for not having work permit, 2.32% for expiring duration of visa, 0.30% voluntary left the job due to unrest in middle east country, and 6.22% permanently returned at home. Similar pattern was observed in all divisions. ҁ 30
Chapter V: Income This chapter analyzes different aspects of remittances; who receives the remittances, what are the main transfer channels, and to what extent remittance is received in kind. Table 5.1: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiver by Division Remittance Receiver Division Wife/Hus./ Father/ Mother Total Parents Offspring in Law Brother /Sister Others National 100.00 38.81 44.63 0.89 12.08 3.59 Barisal 100.00 42.31 36.96 1.20 14.31 5.22 Chittagong 100.00 37.81 47.14 0.70 11.49 2.85 Dhaka 100.00 33.86 47.98 1.05 12.72 4.40 Khulna 100.00 43.87 42.43 0.67 10.51 2.52 Rajshahi 100.00 42.97 38.74 0.78 14.16 3.36 Rangpur 100.00 47.04 39.71 1.07 9.10 3.08 Sylhet 100.00 47.09 36.48 1.05 11.50 3.89 (Note: Others include Sister in law, Brother in law, Uncle, Aunt, etc.) ᖀ Table 5.1 illustrates the relationship of the expatriates with the remittance receivers at home. It is observed from the table that in 44.63 % cases, it is the parents who receive the remittances, followed by spouses or offspring (38.81%). Given the fact that rural areas are still dominated by joint family, these findings are well expected. Only 0.89% cases it is the laws family who receive the remittance. It is noteworthy that the above slightly varies across divisions. While the highest share of expatriates from Dhaka and Chittagong divisions send money to their parents, the highest share of expatriates from Rangpur and Sylhet send money to their spouses. 31
Table 5.2: Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Sending Mode and Living Country Mode of Sending Money Living country Western Money Post Known Total Bank Friends Hundi union gram office person Others Total 100.00 6.87 1.65 0.24 67.32 8.50 10.04 4.23 1.15 Saudi Arabia 100.00 5.84 0.86 0.22 68.49 8.30 11.56 3.95 0.78 UA E 100.00 6.52 2.82 0.21 70.62 8.68 8.37 2.28 0.50 Malaysia 100.00 6.22 1.52 0.29 68.80 8.23 6.25 4.16 4.51 Oman 100.00 12.02 2.17 0.20 63.49 8.24 10.29 3.25 0.34 Kuwait 100.00 5.46 1.97 0.00 75.83 6.87 7.22 2.03 0.62 Singapore 100.00 7.34 2.82 0.56 48.40 9.95 18.54 11.07 1.32 United Kingdom 100.00 12.79 2.57 0.39 71.11 7.70 3.88 1.57 0.00 Italy 100.00 2.99 0.72 0.00 84.69 4.87 5.44 1.28 0.00 Bahrain 100.00 8.96 4.23 0.32 65.49 9.68 6.13 5.01 0.18 Qatar 100.00 12.38 1.44 0.50 72.73 3.99 7.72 1.16 0.07 United States 100.00 11.06 0.53 0.11 73.72 4.50 5.50 3.64 0.93 Maldives 100.00 12.52 1.17 1.33 67.30 7.27 6.26 3.63 0.52 Libya 100.00 4.49 2.37 0.34 0.00 27.99 25.75 33.55 5.52 South Africa 100.00 2.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.22 36.50 27.57 3.65 France 100.00 38.32 0.00 0.00 47.66 6.06 7.52 0.44 0.00 Canada 100.00 14.09 1.50 0.00 78.08 5.25 0.00 0.00 1.08 Korea South 100.00 2.42 0.00 1.08 71.46 14.30 8.52 2.22 0.00 Australia 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 79.05 19.57 0.00 0.00 1.38 Japan 100.00 0.58 0.58 0.00 76.82 0.00 0.00 22.02 0.00 Germany 100.00 1.78 0.00 0.00 95.54 0.00 0.00 2.68 0.00 OMEC 100.00 11.58 0.00 0.00 44.42 16.70 22.66 0.57 4.07 OALC 100.00 3.16 1.36 0.00 64.91 9.70 18.92 1.79 0.16 OEC 100.00 12.04 0.33 0.00 ҁ 62.85 9.73 7.34 5.41 2.29 OAC 100.00 1.07 1.95 0.98 44.27 15.73 6.74 26.07 3.19 OAfC 100.00 13.14 1.97 1.09 69.36 9.40 1.35 2.81 0.88 ONAC 100.00 10.08 1.38 0.04 77.14 10.70 0.66 0.00 0.00 OSAC 100.00 0.00 0.34 0.34 77.18 0.69 4.25 17.19 0.00 OAuC 100.00 33.52 5.95 0.00 41.16 4.32 0.68 14.36 0.00 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). Table 5.2 shows different channels through which remittance is sent to Bangladesh from abroad. Out of total remittance, 76.08 % are remitted by formal channels, of which banks are the main channels accounting for about 67.32 % of the total remittance, followed by Western Union with 6.87 %, Money Gram with 1.65 % and Post Office only 0.24%. Slightly less than one-fourth of total remittance (23.92%) finds their way to Bangladesh through informal channels hundi (10.04 %), friends (8.50 %), known persons (4.23 %), and others (1.15 %). Table: 5.3A: Distribution of Average Income of Remittance Receiving Household by Division Income Division Total (In Tk.) Remittance in Cash (In Tk.) *Remittance in Kind (In Tk.) National 205642 197395 8247 Barisal 192611 184664 7947 Chittagong 215707 208150 7557 Dhaka 219740 210390 9350 Khulna 194094 187248 6846 Rajshahi 167700 157676 10024 Rangpur 182925 176195 6730 Sylhet 189359 182144 7215 (* Remittance in kind means the value of goods sent to Bangladesh by the expatriates.) 32
Table 5.3A shows that the average remittance income of RRHHs in last one year is Tk.205642.00 at national level. Among divisions, the highest average remittance income is recorded in Dhaka (Tk.219740.00) followed by Chittagong (Tk.215707.00) and the lowest in Rajshahi (Tk.167700.00). Table 5.3B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance by Cash & Kind and by Division Cash & Kind Division Total Remittance in Cash * Remittance in Kind National 100.00 95.99 4.01 Barisal 100.00 95.87 4.13 Chittagong 100.00 96.50 3.50 Dhaka 100.00 95.74 4.26 Khulna 100.00 96.47 3.53 Rajshahi 100.00 94.02 5.98 Rangpur 100.00 96.32 3.68 Sylhet 100.00 96.19 3.81 (* Remittance in kind means the value of goods sent to Bangladesh by the expatriates.) ᗐ The current survey has also collected information on the composition of total remittances in terms of cash and kind. The findings are shown in table 5.3B. The table shows while some remittances are still sent in kind (4.01%), most of the time they are sent in cash. This pattern does not seem to vary much across divisions. Table 5.3C: Percentage Distribution of Income by Sources and Division Division Income Total Remittance in Cash * Remittance in Kind Non-Remittance Income National 100.00 75.46 3.15 21.39 Barisal 100.00 79.01 3.40 17.59 Chittagong 100.00 78.51 2.85 18.63 Dhaka 100.00 74.88 3.33 21.80 Khulna 100.00 78.24 2.86 18.90 33
Income Division Total Remittance in Cash * Remittance in Kind Non-Remittance Income Rajshahi 100.00 72.96 4.64 22.40 Rangpur 100.00 57.33 2.19 40.48 Sylhet 100.00 76.08 3.01 20.90 (* Remittance in kind means the value of goods sent to Bangladesh by the expatriates.) The survey has also collected information on the composition of income of the remittance receiving households by different sources. As mentioned earlier, most of the expatriates belong to the low to middle income groups, remittances (sent both in cash and kind) account for about fourth-fifths of their total household income (table 5.3 C). All divisions ҁ except Rangpur, shows the more or less similar pattern. The contribution of non-remittance income accounts for about 40.48% of total income of the remittance receiving households. In case of other divisions this share remains within the range of 17.59%-22.40%. Table 5.4: Percentage Distribution of Other Source of Income (Other Than Remittance) and by Division Source of Income Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Agriculture 34.79 44.43 25.90 30.55 49.81 48.72 31.30 58.10 Production (Small/Cottage Industry) 0.30 1.16 0.10 0.38 0.15 0.56 0.20 0.05 Business 24.32 17.99 19.60 23.75 22.89 16.92 44.50 27.95 Job 11.48 18.75 15.50 12.75 8.24 10.18 2.80 3.72 Wage 4.75 2.90 8.10 3.33 4.80 6.88 1.00 3.54 Rent 3.23 3.80 4.70 2.51 1.86 1.52 4.00 3.44 Insurance 0.08 0.03 0.10 0.13 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dividend 0.07 0.03 0.20 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 From programme 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.25 Loan 1.00 0.00 0.90 1.61 0.34 0.34 0.50 1.36 Grand/Gift/Royalty 0.65 2.10 1.40 0.27 0.13 0.86 0.10 0.12 Profit/Interest 0.32 0.29 0.60 0.33 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.00 Compensation 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gratuity/Pension 1.47 1.77 3.90 0.49 1.15 0.28 0.30 0.33 Asset sale 5.82 1.02 6.20 7.95 4.91 9.54 0.80 0.34 Others 11.43 5.74 12.70 15.13 5.63 3.99 14.40 0.80 (Note: Others include Cattle sale, Hatchery, Land mortgage, Bamboo and Wood sale, Fruits sale, Freedom Fighter honorarium, Quilt stitch etc.) 34
Different sources of non-remittance income of the remittance receiving households are shown in table 5.4. At national level, agriculture has been the biggest source of non-remittance income with a share of 34.79%, followed by business (24.32%), job (11.48%) and wage-income (4.75%). At division level, share of agriculture in total non-remittance income of the remittance receiving households is 58.10% in Sylhet, followed by Khulna (49.81%), Rajshahi (48.72%), Barisal (44.43%), Rangpur (31.30%); Dhaka (30.55%), and Chittagong (25.90%). 뀐 ҁ 35
36
Chapter VI: Expenditure This chapter analyzes the use of remittance in various activities. Although, data regarding expenditures have been collected in more disaggregated form of different items, the analysis has been carried out in terms of some broad categories such as food, non-food and consumer durables & others, and purchase of land. Table 6.1A: Distribution of Average Expenditure of Remittance Receiving Household from Remittance by Division (In Tk.) Division Total Food Non-food Durable & Others National 166729 64765 64776 37188 Barisal 139538 67172 48328 24038 Chittagong 185230 94119 57114 33997 Dhaka 177563 55301 81871 40391 Khulna 151488 48159 58938 44391 Rajshahi 138062 33379 55962 48721 Rangpur 150842 43852 65460 41530 Sylhet 129095 63703 49713 15679 (Note: Durable and Others include Land Purchase, TV, Iron, ҁ Refrigerator, Air condition, Fan, Telephone, Mobile, Computer, Computer equipment, Furniture, Ornaments, Vehicle, Repair, Other Electronic Goods, Oven, Tube well, Basin, Steel Trunk/Box, Window and Grill, Pipe and rubber, sewing machine etc.) Table 6.1A explains the average expenditure from remittance by different categories and division. Total national expenditure from remittance is accounted Tk.166729.00 of which Tk.64765 is spent for food, Tk.64776.00 for non-food and Tk.37188 for durable and others. It is observed that expenditures on different categories are varied by division. Table 6.1B: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Category and Division Division Expenditure Food Non-food Durable &Others National 100.00 38.84 38.86 22.30 Barisal 100.00 48.14 34.63 17.23 Chittagong 100.00 50.81 30.83 18.35 Dhaka 100.00 31.15 46.11 22.74 Khulna 100.00 31.79 38.91 29.30 Rajshahi 100.00 24.18 40.53 35.29 Rangpur 100.00 29.07 43.40 27.53 Sylhet 100.00 49.35 38.51 12.15 (Note: Durable and Others include Land Purchase, TV, Iron, Refrigerator, Air condition, Fan, Telephone, Mobile, Computer, Computer equipment, Furniture, Ornaments, Vehicle, Repair, Other Electronic Goods, Oven, Tube well, Basin, Steel Trunk/Box, Window and Grill, Pipe and rubber, sewing machine etc.) 37
In Table 6.1B it can be seen that, spending on food and non-food items from is at par, both accounting for about 39% of total remittances. The remaining 22% are spent on consumer durables and other items. Quite interestingly, share food items in total expenditure made by remittances varies across divisions; Chittagong registers the highest share (50.81%) and Rajshahi the lowest share (24.18%). In case of share of non-food spending in total remittances, Dhaka shows the highest share (46.11%), while Chittagong shows the lowest share (30.83%). Table 6.1C: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure from Remittance by Division (Last One Year) Division Others 낐 ҁ Consumer Durable & Others National 4.91 17.39 Barisal 2.61 14.62 Chittagong 8.07 10.29 Dhaka 2.57 20.17 Khulna 4.66 24.65 Rajshahi 3.87 31.42 Rangpur 4.79 22.74 Sylhet 4.53 7.61 Land 38
Table 6.1C shows the disaggregated share of land and other non-land spending in total remittances. Together they represent total share of spending on consumer durables and others. About 17% of the total share of spending on consumer durables and others is used to purchase land in the country. However, this share varies across region. About 32% is used for purchase of land in Rajshahi whereas the same share in Sylhet is about 8%. As mentioned earlier, the share of migrants living abroad for more than 10 years is relatively high in Sylhet compared to Rajshahi. Probably, households use more remittances in the early years of receiving them and this is the underlying reason why use of remittance to purchase land is relatively high in Rajshahi compared to Sylhet. However, this issue would require in-depth investigation to be fully understood. Main consumer durables include furniture, electronic goods like as refrigerators, mobile phone etc. Table 6.2: Percentage Distribution of Non-Food Expenditure from Remittance by Category and Division Division Expenditure by Category Total Wear & House Fuel Treatment Event/ Sending Marria Educatio Loan Lendi Religious Others Cosmeti cs Mainten ance & Transport Gift/ Pilgrim Relatives to Abroad ge n repaym ent ng Festival National 100.00 13.87 4.84 6.42 12.57 4.52 3.29 9.19 9.25 23.83 2.15 5.31 4.77 Barisal 100.00 18.19 6.06 4.53 14.30 2.31 3.53 4.26 15.31 18.38 1.13 4.57 7.42 Chittagong 100.00 14.90 6.87 8.62 12.26 4.25 4.26 7.83 8.90 18.93 1.62 5.76 5.81 Dhaka 100.00 12.99 3.73 6.19 12.56 5.18 2.15 9.31 8.90 26.74 2.78 5.70 3.75 Khulna 100.00 11.68 4.37 5.35 12.82 2.70 1.19 10.07 8.28 35.53 1.65 1.64 4.73 Rajshahi 100.00 10.57 5.27 3.71 14.65 3.69 3.26 6.61 11.67 26.76 2.98 5.36 5.46 Rangpur 100.00 16.29 2.40 2.96 12.94 2.24 6.90 15.74 8.63 19.31 0.65 6.49 5.46 Sylhet 100.00 19.37 5.03 7.88 8.83 9.25 8.01 14.87 7.90 6.52 1.82 6.54 3.99 (Note: Others include expenditures for observing death anniversary, soil filling at house, flexi load, etc.) In above Figure, notations W&C-Wear and Cosmetics, HM-House Maintenance, F&T-Fuel and Transport, Treat.-Treatment, E/G/P-Event/Gift/Pilgrim, SRA-Sending Relatives to Abroad, Marr.-Marriage, Edu- Education, L Rep.-Loan Repayment, Len.-Lend, RF-Religious Festival, Oth.-Others. 39
The share of spending on non-food items in total remittances are disaggregated by items in table 6.2. The largest share of non-food spending is used to repay the loan taken to finance the related expenses of migration (23.83%), followed by clothing (13.87%), medical expenses (12.57%), education (9.25%), marriage (9.19%), fuel & transport (6.42%), religious festivals (5.31%), other events, gifts and pilgrims (4.52%), and loan given to others (2.15%). However, Sylhet stands as an exception where spending on loan repayment accounts for only 6.52% of total remittance received by the respective households. Table 6.3: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items from Remittance by Category and Division Expenditure by Category Division Total Land Purchase Refrige rator Mobile Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair Other Electronic Goods Oven Others National 100.00 77.99 3.75 3.69 5.76 2.32 2.37 1.62 0.72 0.45 1.33 Barisal 100.00 84.87 3.16 2.42 3.53 3.02 0.54 1.10 0.43 0.09 0.85 Chittagong 100.00 56.05 6.58 9.94 9.93 1.87 5.35 4.34 1.85 1.52 2.57 Dhaka 100.00 88.69 2.57 1.09 3.45 ҁ 2.46 0.21 0.55 0.24 0.02 0.71 Khulna 100.00 84.11 2.77 0.77 4.42 4.07 2.63 0.42 0.07 0.01 0.72 Rajshahi 100.00 89.03 2.07 1.14 3.27 1.00 1.27 0.42 0.25 0.13 1.42 Rangpur 100.00 82.59 2.42 1.35 7.69 0.81 3.52 0.72 0.13 0.04 0.74 Sylhet 100.00 62.70 6.32 6.39 10.39 4.01 4.32 1.84 2.34 0.04 1.66 (Note: Others include TV, Iron, Air condition, Fan, Telephone, Computer, Computer equipment, Tube well, Basin, Steel Trunk/Box, Window and Grill, Pipe and rubber sewing machine etc.) Figures relating to expenditures of the remittance receiving households for durables & others alike items are given in table 6.3 by various categories. One of the remarkable findings of the survey that the remittance receiving households spent the stupendous amount of remittance for purchasing land, 77.99% among durables & other alike items, and the case is more significant at divisional levels; in some of the divisions such as Barisal, Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, Rangpur, more than 80%, even around 90% are spent for purchasing land. Among the divisions, surprisingly the lowest amount 56.05% is spent for land purchasing in Chittagong followed by Sylhet 62.70%; both of the figures are considerably lower than those of other division. For the rest of items, both at national level as well as division levels the highest amount is spent for furniture followed by electronic goods like as refrigerator 3.75%, mobile 3.69% and so on. Never the less, expenditures for other items are evident as very insignificant as compared with the same for land. 40
Table 6.4: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure (Food & Non-Food) From Remittance by Category and Division (Last One Year) Division Total Food W & C Treat ment Marria ge Educ ation Loan Repay ment Non-food Religi ous Festiv al Land purch ase Furnit ure Vehicl e Elect ronic Goo ds National 100.00 38.84 5.39 4.88 3.57 3.59 9.26 2.06 17.39 1.29 0.54 1.92 11.27 Barisal 100.00 48.14 6.30 4.95 1.47 5.30 6.37 1.58 14.62 0.61 0.09 1.05 9.51 Chittagong 100.00 50.81 4.59 3.78 2.41 2.75 5.84 1.78 10.29 1.82 0.98 3.65 11.30 Dhaka 100.00 31.14 5.99 5.79 4.29 4.10 12.33 2.63 20.17 0.79 0.05 0.89 11.82 Khulna 100.00 31.79 4.54 4.99 3.92 3.22 13.82 0.64 24.65 1.30 0.77 1.06 9.30 Rajshahi 100.00 24.18 4.29 5.94 2.68 4.73 10.85 2.17 31.42 1.16 0.45 1.27 10.88 Rangpur 100.00 29.07 7.07 5.61 6.83 3.74 8.38 2.82 22.74 2.12 0.97 1.08 9.57 Sylhet 100.00 49.35 7.46 3.40 5.73 3.04 2.51 2.52 7.61 1.26 0.52 1.83 14.77 (Others include expenditures for observing death anniversary, soil filling at house, flexi load, house maintenance, fuel and transport, event/gift/pilgrim, sending relatives to abroad, lending, tube well, window, sewing machine, ornaments, repairing etc. W&C means wear and cosmetics.) Table: 6.4 shows the disaggregation of expenditure from remittance on food and non-food for the last one year. About 39% of the remittances spend for food items and remaining 61% for non-food including durables and others alike items. The spending for non-food varies by division. Chittagong ҁ spends the highest (50.81%) for food but the lowest (49.19%) for non-food items. Largest share of non-food goes for land purchase followed by loan-repayment. Other s 41
42 ҁ
Chapter VII: Savings Since in many cases, households save from precautionary motive, neither all savers invest nor all savings invested. Because of this possible divergence between savings and investment made out of remittance, we analyze different aspects of savings in this chapter. Table 7.1: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to their Savings Status by Divisions Remittance Receiving Household Division Total Savers Non-savers National 100.00 56.96 43.04 Barisal 100.00 64.35 35.65 Chittagong 100.00 57.46 42.54 Dhaka 100.00 57.55 42.45 Khulna 100.00 61.79 38.21 Rajshahi 100.00 56.84 43.16 Rangpur 100.00 57.73 42.27 Sylhet 100.00 37.59 62.41 At national level, more than half of the remittance receiving households (56.96%) reported that they saved part of the remittance they received during last one year. This share, when juxtaposed with the percentage share of households who invest out remittance as reported in next chapter, means that about 32% of the remittance receiving households actually do saving, but do not invest this savings. This mean that these households save from precautionary motive and keep their savings to hedge any unforeseen rainy days. This is also corroborated by the fact that about two-thirds of the total savers keep their savings in bank accounts (table 7.2) - one of the most liquid forms of asset formation in Bangladesh. The percentage share of households, who save from the remittance they receive, varies across divisions. However, it is not straightforward whether these differences are statistically significant or not. As mentioned above, about two thirds of the savers keep their savings in bank, the safest and most liquid form of asset formation. This pattern holds both for their savings during last one year as well as for their accumulated savings during their life time (from the beginning of the receipt of remittance to date). Other notable form of savings is the time deposits, i.e., DPS/SDPS. Table 7.2: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category Category of Savings Remittance Last One Year Cumulative Total 100.00 100.00 Purchase of savings bond 5.79 6.48 Insurance 4.89 6.08 Savings account 66.07 64.37 DPS/SDPS 7.13 10.80 Permanent deposit (one year &above) 5.02 5.53 Co-operative society 0.24 0.19 43
Category of Savings Remittance Last One Year Cumulative Friends & others 1.07 0.71 Savings at home 9.14 5.27 Others 0.65 0.56 (Note: Others include Clubs, Local Associations etc.) Table 7.3: Distribution of Average Savings of Remittance Receiving Household from Remittance by Division Division Savings Last One Year (In Tk.) Cumulative (In Tk.) National 27126 61711 Barisal 17392 52448 Chittagong 26993 59871 Dhaka 29990 69183 Khulna 26521 72637 Rajshahi 26133 53665 Rangpur 20795 37087 Sylhet 28344 51193 Table 7.3 shows that the average savings of RRHHs in last one year is Tk.27126 at national level. Among divisions, the highest average savings is observed in Dhaka (Tk.29990.00) followed by Sylhet (Tk.28344.00) and the lowest in Barisal (Tk.17392.00). Table 7.4: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Amount of Savings (Range) During Last One Year from Remittance by Division Division Group (In Tk.) National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Less than 20000 46.06 57.39 45.30 44.10 54.42 39.56 55.45 32.41 20000-49999 21.34 21.84 23.30 16.80 19.39 28.76 19.33 30.11 50000-99999 16.01 14.05 17.90 16.69 10.14 17.31 13.08 17.66 100000-499999 15.87 6.53 12.90 21.70 15.65 14.02 11.86 16.65 500000 + 0.72 0.19 0.70 0.71 0.39 0.35 0.28 3.17 ҁ 44
Table 7.4 shows the state of remittance receiving household by range of savings from remittance during last one year. Out of total households, the highest, 46.06% has saved less than Tk.20000.00 followed by 21.34% with the savings of Tk.20000.00 49999.00, 16.01% with Tk.50000.00 99999.00, 15.87% with Tk.100000.00 499999.00. Only 0.72% saved more than Tk.500000.00 during last one year. Except Dhaka and Sylhet, all divisions interestingly follow the similar pattern of savings. In Dhaka, the highest, 44.10%, of households save usually less than Tk.20000.00 followed by 21.70% with Tk.100000.00 499999.00 while in Sylhet 32.41% & 30.11% of total households save less than Tk.20000.00 & Tk.20000.00 49999.00 respectively followed by 17.66% with Tk.50000.00-99999.00. Table 7.5A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Savings by Category and Division (Last One Year) Savings by category Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Purchase of savings bond 5.79 5.02 5.00 8.05 2.48 7.49 1.25 3.37 Insurance 4.89 6.69 7.80 4.08 2.56 1.59 6.6 2.81 Savings account 66.07 55.78 63.00 69.96 67.92 55.88 55.46 79.1 DPS/SDPS 7.13 17.02 7.50 ҁ 4.7 10.91 7.76 13.56 3.35 Permanent deposit (one year & above) 5.02 11.13 7.50 3.48 2.46 3.52 3.25 6.41 Co-operative society 0.24 0.08 0.70 0.06 0.1 0.04 0.01 0.01 Friends & others 1.07 0.29 1.40 0.25 0.42 3.96 2.32 1.12 Savings at home 9.14 3.11 7.00 8.95 12.19 16.97 16.8 3.74 Others 0.65 0.89 0.20 0.48 0.96 2.8 0.75 0.1 (Note: Others include Clubs, Local Associations etc.) 45
Table 7.5A shows the savers (households) according to what they do with savings. At national level, bank has been appeared as the biggest custodian of savings made out of remittances. About 84.01% of total savers kept their savings in banks in different forms such as savings account (66.07%), purchase of savings bond (5.79%), DPS/SDPS (7.13%) and time deposit (5.02%). Banks have appeared as the main destination for savings in all divisions. Table 7.5B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Savings by Category and Division Division Savings by Category National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Purchase of savings bond 6.48 2.21 4.80 9.38 8.14 3.86 1.28 2.21 Insurance 6.08 7.38 9.00 5.72 3.51 2.28 6.37 3.34 Savings account 64.37 51.46 58.50 69.92 66.70 57.21 49.51 80.97 DPS/SDPS 10.80 19.67 11.40 6.37 14.36 17.13 22.59 6.03 Permanent deposit (one year & above) 5.53 15.50 9.10 3.61 1.57 5.21 1.82 3.55 Co-operative society 0.19 0.47 0.50 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.01 Friends & others 0.71 1.05 0.80 0.35 0.23 2.07 3.05 0.63 Savings at home 5.27 1.73 5.80 4.31 5.03 8.86 13.31 3.21 Others 0.56 0.52 0.20 0.29 0.40 3.36 2.05 0.05 (Note: Others include Clubs, Local Associations etc.) Table 7.5B shows the distribution of savers (households) according to what they do with accumulated savings. At national level, Bank has also been appeared as the main destination for savings made out of remittance, which is used by about 87.18% savers. With slight variation across divisions, Bank has become the main destination of savings in all divisions. 46
Chapter VIII: Investment One of the important objectives of the survey was to investigate to what extent the households invest out of their received remittances. Information on what percentage of remittance receiving households actually invest, what is the size of their investment etc. are provided in this chapter. Table 8.1: Distribution of Remittance Receiving Households According to Their Investment Decision by Divisions Remittance Receiving Household Division Total Invest Do not invest National 100.00 25.32 74.68 Barisal 100.00 21.63 78.37 Chittagong 100.00 23.50 76.50 Dhaka 100.00 25.27 74.73 Khulna 100.00 31.35 68.65 Rajshahi 100.00 26.86 73.14 Rangpur 100.00 36.63 63.37 Sylhet 100.00 16.33 83.67 About one-fourth of the remittance receiving households invests part of their received remittances. This share is the highest in Rangpur (36.63%) and the lowest in Sylhet (16.33%). The differential share of households across who invest part ҁ of the remittance corresponds to the difference magnitude of subsistence pressure they are exposed to. Table 8.2: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category Duration of investment Investment Category Last One Year Cumulative Total 100.00 100.00 Own business/industry 5.05 8.84 Joint business/industry 1.69 2.80 Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.20 0.46 Purchase of share 0.36 0.58 Purchase of bond (premium/investment/wage earners development bond) 0.10 0.27 MLM 0.11 0.15 Purchase of flat 15.89 20.83 Commercial building purchase/construction 1.26 1.36 Dwelling house construction 72.05 59.67 Others 3.29 5.04 (Note: Others include hatchery, poultry farm, car purchase for rent-a -car etc.) Table 8.2 shows the distribution of households by categories of activities in which part of remittance has been invested. As expected, by far the largest share of households invested part of remittances to build a house after meeting their subsistence need. Overall 59.67% of the households invested remittance in dwelling house construction. For last one year, this share is even higher (72.05%) implying that more and more remittance receiving households invest in housing as time 47
passes by. The second largest share of households invested the received remittances to buy flats. These households probably reside in urban area. Other activities in which remittances are invested include business, joint ventured industry, capital market etc. Table 8.3: Distribution of Average Investment of Remittance Receiving Household by Division Division Last One Year (In Tk.) Average Investment Cumulative (In Tk.) National 66035 79734 Barisal 36628 45805 Chittagong 83589 89990 Dhaka 70005 95593 Khulna 51079 65398 Rajshahi 52391 61262 Rangpur 49724 56943 Sylhet 47251 49202 Table 8.3 shows that the average investment made by RRHHs in last one year is Tk.66035.00 at national level. Among divisions, the highest average investment is observed in Chittagong (Tk. 83589.00) followed by Dhaka (Tk.70005.00) and the lowest in Barisal (Tk.36628.00). Table 8.4: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Investment by Division Division Group (In Tk.) National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Less than 20000 18.16 14.32 28.40 13.11 13.77 15.99 23.69 7.13 20000-49999 12.46 23.45 13.10 9.73 12.07 14.22 19.38 4.13 50000-99999 19.28 15.32 19.30 17.79 24.84 12.56 21.52 26.12 100000-499999 36.21 37.64 25.10 40.15 40.80 45.44 30.99 46.32 500000 + 13.89 9.27 14.10 19.21 8.52 11.79 4.43 16.29 48
Table 8.4 shows the size of investment made by the remittance receiving households during last one year in different division. At national level, the highest number of remittance receiving households, 36.21% invested in the range of Tk.1,00,000.00-4,99,999.00 followed by 19.28% in Tk. 50,000.00 99,999.00, and 18.16% of less than Tk. 20,000.00. Collected information also indicates that a considerable share of households, i.e. 13.89% invested more than 0.5 million taka during last one year. Except Chittagong in all divisions, the highest number of remittance receiving household invested in the range of Tk.1,00,000.00 to 4,99,999.00. Table 8.5A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Investment by Category and Division (Last One Year) Investment Category Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Own business/industry 5.05 4.51 4.50 4.89 7.26 6.52 6.16 4.07 Joint business/industry 1.69 2.36 2.10 1.83 0.71 0.44 1.91 0.37 Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.20 0.39 0.00 0.11 0.60 0.41 0.36 1.01 Purchase of share 0.36 0.19 0.40 0.12 0.58 0.94 0.04 1.09 Purchase of bond (premium/investment/wage 0.10 0.14 0.10 0.01 0.03 0.01 1.37 0.18 earners development bond) MLM 0.11 0.03 0.20 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.12 Purchase of flat 15.89 8.63 17.00 19.77 9.56 7.89 8.01 12.66 Commercial building purchase/construction 1.26 0.05 2.70 0.63 0.10 0.02 0.20 0.23 Dwelling house construction 72.05 81.84 70.20 68.30 80.47 78.92 79.96 75.90 Others 3.29 1.87 2.80 4.30 0.67 4.80 1.87 4.37 (Note: Others include hatchery, poultry farm, car purchase for rent-a -car etc.) Distribution of households by divisions according to categories of investment in last one year and lifetime (cumulative year) are shown in table 8.5A and 8.5B respectively. This distribution is more or less similar to that of the national level. 49
Table 8.5B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Remittance Investment by Category and Division Division Investment Category National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Own business/industry 8.84 10.51 7.30 8.66 14.75 9.53 8.97 7.54 Joint business/industry 2.80 3.14 4.10 2.32 1.66 1.97 3.03 0.36 Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.46 0.47 0.00 0.57 1.31 0.44 0.53 1.08 Purchase of share 0.58 0.32 0.80 0.20 1.33 0.81 0.04 1.05 Purchase of bond (premium/investment/wage 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.01 1.46 0.02 1.20 0.17 earners development bond) MLM 0.15 0.05 0.30 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.12 Purchase of flat 20.83 13.42 16.50 29.10 15.22 14.56 13.98 12.16 Commercial building purchase/construction 1.36 4.64 2.60 0.80 0.09 0.04 0.23 0.29 Dwelling house construction 59.67 65.44 65.30 50.01 62.85 67.49 69.82 72.89 Others 5.04 1.81 2.90 8.28 1.27 5.11 2.10 4.35 (Note: Others include hatchery, poultry farm, car purchase for rent-a -car etc.) ҁ 50
Chapter IX: Distribution of Expenditure, Savings & Investment in terms of Remittance Income The previous chapter analyzes the distribution of total expenditure, investment, savings made out of remittance. In this chapter, the share of these items in total remittance has been analyzed. Table 9.1: Distribution of Expenditure as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Category and Division Division % share of expenditure in total remittance Total Food Non-food Items Durable &Others National 84.47 32.81 32.82 18.84 Barisal 75.57 36.38 26.17 13.02 Chittagong 88.99 45.22 27.44 16.33 Dhaka 84.4 26.29 38.92 19.19 Khulna 80.91 25.72 31.48 23.71 Rajshahi 87.56 21.17 35.49 30.90 Rangpur 85.61 24.89 37.15 23.57 Sylhet 70.87 34.97 27.29 8.61 豈 ҁ (Note: As some part of income has been invested as well as saved, the total expenditure may not be equal to total income.) Total expenditure that includes spending on food, non-food items and consumer durables accounts for about 84% of total remittance received at national level. Spending on food and non-food items are at par, each accounting for about 33% of total remittances. Consumer durables accounts for about 18.84% of total remittances. Among divisions, food items account for the highest part of remittance in Chittagong (45.22%), followed by Barisal (36.38%), Sylhet (34.97%), Dhaka (26.29%), Khulna (25.72%), Rangpur (24.89%), and Rajshahi (21.17%). 51
Table 9.2: Last One Year Expenditure for Land Purchase and Investment on Dwelling House Construction & Flat Purchase as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Division Expenditure for Investment on Dwelling Investment on Investments on Dwelling House Division Land Purchase House Construction Flat Purchase Construction plus Flat Purchase National 14.69 24.10 5.32 29.42 Barisal 11.05 16.23 1.71 17.94 Chittagong 9.16 28.21 6.84 35.05 Dhaka 17.03 22.73 6.58 29.31 Khulna 19.94 21.95 2.61 24.56 Rajshahi 27.51 26.22 2.62 28.84 Rangpur 19.47 22.56 2.26 24.82 Sylhet 5.40 19.69 3.29 22.98 Table 9.2 shows the spending on land purchase, construction of houses and purchase/construction of flats during last one year as a percentage share of total remittance received. One should note that total spending on these also include income from other sources and hence remittance cannot be considered as their only determinant. At national level, purchase of land accounts for 14.69% of total remittance, while construction of houses accounts for 24.10% and purchase of flat accounts for 5.32%. Similar pattern is also observed at division level. Table 9.3: Last One Year Investments and Savings as the Percentage of Income from Remittance by Division Division Investment Savings National 33.45 13.74 Barisal 19.84 9.42 Chittagong 40.16 12.97 Dhaka 33.27 14.25 Khulna 27.28 14.16 Rajshahi 33.23 16.57 Rangpur 28.22 11.80 Sylhet 25.94 15.56 52
Total investment and savings of the remittance receiving households as a percentage share of total remittance are shown in table 9.3. As savings is not the only source of investment, the investment-remittance ratio exceeds the savings-remittance ratio. At national level, investment accounts for about 33% of remittance while savings account for 14% implying a gap by about 19%. This gap is the highest in Chittagong, amounting to be as high as 27%, which implies that remittance receiving households have access to more non-remittance income for investment compared to other divisions. ҁ 53
54 ҁ
Chapter X: Summary and Policy Implications This survey was conducted to know about the situation of expatriate workers and their families living at home. The summary findings of the survey and the main policy implications of these findings are provided below. A. Remittance Receiving Households (RRHHs) 1. About one half of the household heads of the RRHHs are found to be female. This number is significantly higher than the share of female household heads at national level which is about 16 %. This high rate of female household heads among the RRHHs is the outcome of the migration of the male household heads, as a result the female members of these households who lack any functional experience of dealing with the outside world, are now handed over the responsibility of managing the family. 2. Household heads of RRHHs, irrespective of their gender, are mostly illiterate or their level of education is very low; below grade X. To some extent, this will limit their entrepreneurial ability to make the best of use of surplus earning, if there is any, generated from the received remittances. 3. Main source of the RRHHs are remittance. About 77.89 % of the total earning of these families is contributed by remittance. This 仐 colossal dependence on remittance means that the well-being of the RRHHs are seriously affected by any variation in flow of remittance, owing to unanticipated economic shocks at their workplace or delay/disruption in channels of transmitting remittance back to home. Among the other source of income of the RRHHs, agriculture by far the largest contributor (14.38%), followed by small business (0.67%). 4. Rangpur appears to be an exception, where remittance contributes only about 57.33 % of total income of the RRHHs. This probably indicates that most of the migrants from this division belong to relatively rich families compared to other divisions. This issue needs to be further investigated to find out what factors that restrict the migration of the low income people as observed in case of other divisions, and what kind of measures need to be taken to address those factors. 5. Despite the fact that agriculture is the largest source of non-remittance income for the RRHHs, more than half of them have less than 0.5 acres of land. This is a pointer to the overall economic hardship of the RRHHs more than anything else. However, in case of Rangpur and Sylhet, share of households with less than 0.5 acres of land in total RRHHs is less than 40 % and 30 % respectively. 6. The above findings imply that migration as strategy to earn remittance is still adopted predominantly by low income group. Households belonging to this group lack any supplementary source of income. Following the migration of the male members of these families, the female members become responsible of running the economic and non- 55
economic family affairs. This will require them to learn the financial dealing with others and coping with the existing system of information and communication. In terms of policy implications it would mean that government should take measures to not only to easing the current financial arrangements but also to increase the financial inclusion so that the rural women can actively participate in it. B. Characteristics of Migrants 7. Most of the Bangladeshi migrants are relatively young, about 64 % of them belonging to below 34 years of age. They are overwhelmed by dominated by males which account for about 98 % of total expatriates. 8. Although total migrants include some limited number of highly educated persons, most of them have education level less or equal to grade IX. Middle East is the main destination of illiterate workers. Almost 90 % of the total migrants are unskilled and did not take any pre- or on-job training. However, Singapore and Japan appear to be an exception, where the shares of unskilled migrants are 42 % and 30 % respectively. 9. Out of total migrants, more than half of them are living abroad for more than 5 years. Majority of them work as a formal or informal employee while only 6 % of them are selfemployed and do business. However, shares ἠ of migrants involved in business are notably high in Italy, South Africa, Japan and UK, compared to other countries. About 0.6 % of the total migrants are students, many of them contributes to outflow instead of inflow of remittance. 10. The above findings imply two things; (i) Bangladesh needs to increase the share of skilled and educated migrants which currently account for a very low share, and (ii) since the demand for skilled workers are high in the developed non Middle Eastern countries, Bangladesh needs to train and educate its potential migrants to departs into these countries in diversified field. In terms of policy implications it means that government needs to take measures to impart training to the potential migrants. It is clear that market so far failed to respond to the demand for skilled workers, both at home and abroad, government has to play the pivotal role in this regard. C. Remittances 11. About 96 % of total remittance is transmitted as cash while the remaining 4 % is in kind. The close relatives and family members of the migrants are the recipient of the remittances. More than two-thirds of the migrants use familiar channel to remit their income, while the rest use other formal and informal channels among which Hundi is a dominant one. It is used by more than 10 % of the total migrants. However, in case of Libya and South Africa, Hundi is used by about 26 % and 37 % of total migrants working in those countries respectively. 56
12. Out of the total remittances received by RRHHs, about 84 % is spent by the household while the remaining 16 % is invested. However, investment made out of remittance in general is complemented by investment from other sources as well. 13. Out of the total RRHHs, about 25 % of them invest a part of their remittance. This share is notably high in Rangpur, about 37 %, corroborating the conjecture that relatively rich peoples migrate from that division. Housing is the main field for investment by the RRHHs. 14. Although only 25 % of RRHHs invest, about 57 % of the same households actually save a part of their remittance. It implies that about 32 % of the savers (out of remittance) do not invest their savings, rather keep it as a liquid asset, probably to hedge against the urgent needs. 15. The part of the remittance being spent is more or less equally spent on food and non-food items, each accounting for about 39 % of the total. The remaining 22 % is used on consumer durables (5%) and purchase of land (17%). 16. The above findings imply that flow of remittance involves a volatility as result of which not all savers invest their savings made out of it, rather they hold on to their savings to 혰ҁ hedge any unanticipated disruption in the flow. The findings also imply that opportunities for the surplus households are very limited, facilitating the use of their surpluses in construction of houses and purchase of land. In terms of policy implications they mean that government should take measures to increase the opportunities for investment for remittance receiving households. At the same time, access to financial market needs to be promoted so that remittance receiving households can resort to them in the gloomy days and invest their surpluses into productive activities. 57
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Detailed Statistical Tables Table 01: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Housing Structure and Country Living Country Housing Structure of Remittance Receiving Household Total Katcha Semi-Pucca Pucca Total 100.00 52.38 30.42 17.20 Saudi Arabia 100.00 48.89 32.92 18.19 UAE 100.00 63.23 26.13 10.64 Malaysia 100.00 53.78 32.06 14.16 Oman 100.00 71.46 19.32 9.21 Kuwait 100.00 45.11 32.04 22.85 Singapore 100.00 56.46 29.61 13.93 United Kingdom 100.00 12.65 44.01 43.34 Italy 100.00 22.45 36.14 41.41 Bahrain 100.00 57.98 33.44 8.58 Qatar 100.00 42.96 32.41 24.63 United States 100.00 19.15 44.27 36.58 Maldives 100.00 74.57 20.50 4.93 Libya 100.00 62.26 29.96 7.78 South Africa 100.00 53.68 23.23 23.10 France 100.00 40.41 30.44 29.15 Canada 100.00 32.84 51.93 15.23 Korea South 100.00 46.28 혰ҁ 22.30 31.42 Australia 100.00 42.62 4.34 53.04 Japan 100.00 3.10 92.70 4.20 Germany 100.00 57.45 3.14 39.41 OMEC 100.00 64.49 31.79 3.72 OALC 100.00 74.01 19.43 6.56 OEC 100.00 48.20 32.84 18.96 OAC 100.00 59.55 23.63 16.82 OAfC 100.00 48.77 31.55 19.68 ONAC 100.00 50.89 22.93 26.18 OSAC 100.00 45.37 33.95 20.68 OAuC 100.00 80.34 2.38 17.29 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). Table 02: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Operated Land and Division Size of Operated Land Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Landless 0.28 0.20 0.00 0.59 0.07 0.15 0.53 0.33 00.01-00.49 acre 48.62 37.33 56.9 51.2 47.36 44.14 33.96 27.27 00.50-00.99 acre 16.05 15.39 17.50 16.23 17.5 15.09 16.46 8.02 01.00-02.49 acres 23.77 29.19 20.3 22.56 23.88 28.3 32.62 28.26 02.50-07.49 acres 10.18 15.79 4.90 8.75 10.62 11.85 13.70 30.26 07.50 + 1.10 2.10 0.40 0.68 0.58 0.47 2.730 5.86 59
Table 03: Percentage Distribution of Operated Land by Type of Use and Division Operated land Division Commercial Uncultivated Total Homestead land Agricultural land land land Others land National 100.00 13.71 78.38 0.72 3.72 3.48 Barisal 100.00 17.77 77.40 0.38 2.21 2.24 Chittagong 100.00 17.42 76.53 0.49 1.98 3.58 Dhaka 100.00 14.72 73.57 1.13 6.22 4.36 Khulna 100.00 13.92 79.74 0.45 3.44 2.46 Rajshahi 100.00 9.64 83.39 0.19 2.22 4.57 Rangpur 100.00 8.05 80.68 0.93 7.71 2.64 Sylhet 100.00 10.07 84.81 0.84 1.46 2.82 Table 04: Percentage Distribution of Religious Status of Expatriates by Division Division Religious Status Total Muslim Hindu Buddhist Christians Others National 100.00 97.80 2.18 0.00 0.01 0.01 Barisal 100.00 96.66 3.31 0.00 0.03 0.00 Chittagong 100.00 97.96 2.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 Dhaka 100.00 97.29 2.69 0.00 0.01 0.00 Khulna 100.00 98.40 1.51 0.00 0.01 0.08 Rajshahi 100.00 98.79 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 Rangpur 100.00 98.85 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sylhet 100.00 97.75 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 Table 05: Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of Expatriates by Division Division Marital Status Total Unmarried Married Widowed Separated Divorced National 100.00 32.36 67.09 0.27 0.14 0.14 Barisal 100.00 30.33 68.96 0.17 0.27 0.28 Chittagong 100.00 32.85 66.89 0.25 0.01 0.00 Dhaka 100.00 32.49 66.86 0.29 0.19 0.17 Khulna 100.00 31.89 67.10 0.34 0.25 0.42 Rajshahi 100.00 31.37 67.67 0.28 0.34 0.33 Rangpur 100.00 30.04 69.44 0.35 0.12 0.05 Sylhet 100.00 34.00 65.82 0.17 0.00 0.00 Table 06: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Educational Status and Living Country Educational Status Country Degree Total Illiterate I - IX SSC HSC /Hons Masters MBBS/Eng. Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Saudi Arabia 34.11 38.93 33.78 34.10 31.28 31.05 11.60 40.70 UAE 17.71 16.82 19.86 14.35 12.01 5.77 1.70 22.26 Malaysia 11.48 13.81 12.63 10.6 6.17 5.41 7.70 1.90 Oman 5.86 7.50 6.85 3.38 2.34 3.19 3.30 4.60 Kuwait 4.52 5.27 4.67 4.63 3.94 2.92 1.20 1.03 Singapore 5.08 2.11 3.86 9.03 12.1 4.53 9.50 0.00 United Kingdom 2.13 0.86 1.49 2.15 4.51 10.15 24.70 2.13 60
Educational Status Country Degree Total Illiterate I - IX SSC HSC /Hons Masters MBBS/Eng. Italy 4.40 1.84 3.17 7.96 9.51 8.42 11.40 0.66 Bahrain 1.97 2.68 2.08 1.62 1.13 1.67 0.00 2.06 Qatar 1.57 1.34 1.58 1.48 1.89 1.89 0.40 1.60 United States 1.38 0.23 0.41 2.16 3.83 10.87 14.20 5.35 Maldives 0.93 1.56 1.07 0.41 0.36 0.62 0.00 0.55 Libya 0.58 0.80 0.71 0.19 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.95 South Africa 0.58 0.40 0.40 0.92 1.07 0.89 1.50 1.83 France 0.32 0.00 0.12 0.79 0.92 0.72 0.40 1.05 Canada 0.16 0.00 0.07 0.13 0.05 1.16 2.60 1.96 Korea South 0.31 0.00 0.06 0.62 1.49 0.73 0.60 1.51 Australia 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.34 1.75 3.60 0.28 Japan 0.16 0.00 0.06 0.23 0.13 2.13 0.70 0.78 Germany 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.48 0.05 0.00 0.58 OMEC 0.16 0.00 0.19 0.21 0.00 0.16 0.60 0.00 OALC 2.93 3.68 3.36 2.14 0.42 2.11 0.20 3.52 OEC 1.38 0.18 1.36 1.34 2.92 0.92 2.40 2.46 OAC 0.78 1.12 0.88 0.26 0.68 0.06 0.40 1.59 OAfC 0.55 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.46 1.60 0.70 0.11 ONAC 0.31 0.05 0.24 0.31 1.44 0.06 0.00 0.04 OSAC 0.27 0.16 0.27 0.30 0.12 0.68 0.00 0.49 OAuC 0.21 0.10 0.25 0.11 0.27 0.48 0.40 0.00 혰ҁ (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). Table 07: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Frequency of Visit to Home Country Country No. of Visit Total 0-2 3-5 6-9 10-24 25 + Total 100.00 73.11 20.99 4.40 1.47 0.04 Saudi Arabia 100.00 61.43 30.77 6.23 1.57 0.00 UAE 100.00 81.53 14.88 2.92 0.68 0.00 Malaysia 100.00 90.67 8.43 0.81 0.09 0.00 Oman 100.00 88.83 8.29 1.86 1.02 0.00 Kuwait 100.00 49.53 39.95 7.99 2.48 0.05 Singapore 100.00 76.88 19.39 2.21 1.51 0.00 United Kingdom 100.00 72.03 17.40 4.99 4.15 1.43 Italy 100.00 67.28 22.42 7.09 3.16 0.05 Bahrain 100.00 77.60 16.06 4.92 1.43 0.00 Qatar 100.00 73.67 14.82 8.57 2.94 0.00 United States 100.00 55.44 27.25 10.99 6.32 0.00 Maldives 100.00 92.50 6.58 0.91 0.00 0.00 Libya 100.00 91.39 1.86 6.76 0.00 0.00 South Africa 100.00 85.75 5.21 9.04 0.00 0.00 France 100.00 64.50 35.19 0.31 0.00 0.00 Canada 100.00 79.86 15.76 0.00 4.38 0.00 Korea South 100.00 81.55 18.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 Australia 100.00 76.46 21.62 0.00 1.92 0.00 Japan 100.00 73.05 18.17 6.34 2.44 0.00 Germany 100.00 57.93 42.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 61
No. of Visit Country Total 0-2 3-5 6-9 10-24 25 + OMEC 100.00 93.91 4.86 1.23 0.00 0.00 OALC 100.00 86.80 11.96 0.64 0.60 0.00 OEC 100.00 74.87 17.57 3.14 4.41 0.00 OAC 100.00 69.75 19.76 4.67 5.18 0.63 OAfC 100.00 89.20 7.47 2.51 0.82 0.00 ONAC 100.00 60.77 21.15 17.72 0.36 0.00 OSAC 100.00 78.12 14.63 0.00 7.26 0.00 OAuC 100.00 70.11 25.83 0.45 3.61 0.00 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). Table 08: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Ownership of Business Enterprise by Sex and Living Country Country Ownership of Business Enterprise Total Male Female Total 6.64 4.31 2.33 Saudi Arabia 6.66 4.15 2.51 UAE 3.58 2.44 1.14 Malaysia 10.10 1.01 9.09 Oman 3.93 3.93 0.00 Kuwait 4.02 4.02 0.00 Singapore 1.18 1.18 0.00 United Kingdom 10.84 10.02 0.82 Italy 21.27 21.27 0.00 Bahrain 5.99 5.99 0.00 Qatar 0.26 0.26 0.00 United States 13.72 7.59 6.13 Maldives 0.00 0.00 0.00 Libya 0.00 0.00 0.00 South Africa 19.55 19.55 0.00 France 14.52 14.52 0.00 Canada 0.00 0.00 0.00 Korea South 0.00 0.00 0.00 Australia 2.06 2.06 0.00 Japan 25.48 25.48 0.00 Germany 1.47 1.47 0.00 OMEC 0.00 0.00 0.00 OALC 8.23 5.42 2.81 OEC 6.50 6.50 0.00 OAC 7.44 7.44 0.00 OAfC 9.99 9.99 0.00 ONAC 0.35 0.35 0.00 OSAC 4.96 4.96 0.00 OAuC 2.56 2.56 0.00 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). 62
Table 09: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Ownership of Business Enterprise and Educational Status and by Living Country Country Ownership of Business Enterprise Educational status Total Illiterate I - IX SSC HSC Degree /Hons. Masters MBBS/En g. Total 100.00 7.15 50.05 21.61 11.83 6.02 0.95 2.39 Saudi Arabia 100.00 7.57 54.23 20.09 12.06 4.26 0.13 1.67 UAE 100.00 0.52 65.45 26.14 3.85 0.96 0.00 3.08 Malaysia 100.00 7.21 20.17 15.18 24.73 32.72 0.00 0.00 Oman 100.00 12.57 73.74 5.57 2.08 0.00 6.04 0.00 Kuwait 100.00 21.57 49.19 13.17 16.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 Singapore 100.00 0.00 41.38 15.47 43.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 United Kingdom 100.00 0.00 62.19 10.54 7.91 4.25 4.28 10.83 Italy 100.00 10.18 41.07 29.21 11.73 7.19 0.63 0.00 Bahrain 100.00 0.00 95.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.33 Qatar 100.00 0.00 75.06 24.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 United States 100.00 0.00 0.00 혰 28.50 ҁ 1.95 69.55 0.00 0.00 Maldives 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Libya 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 South Africa 100.00 0.00 26.45 22.67 32.37 4.73 8.46 5.32 France 100.00 0.00 33.25 66.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Canada 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Korea South 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Australia 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 Japan 100.00 0.00 87.28 0.00 12.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 Germany 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OMEC 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OALC 100.00 7.48 23.13 46.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.13 OEC 100.00 1.11 24.92 35.33 37.53 1.11 0.00 0.00 OAC 100.00 32.83 26.10 4.25 36.69 0.13 0.00 0.00 OAfC 100.00 4.45 68.21 0.00 27.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 ONAC 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OSAC 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OAuC 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). 63
Table 10: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates Received Training (at Home Country) before Going Abroad by Type of Training Type of Training Country Total No Training Vocational Language Computer Driving Others Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Saudi Arabia 34.11 34.83 24.99 24.32 29.60 45.44 31.10 UAE 17.71 18.16 15.90 9.02 3.31 14.15 16.63 Malaysia 11.48 11.99 10.17 10.43 1.64 1.87 5.10 Oman 5.86 6.35 1.48 1.70 2.06 2.69 4.47 Kuwait 4.52 4.59 2.50 6.22 0.26 10.38 2.45 Singapore 5.08 2.45 36.45 9.89 13.31 3.55 18.76 United Kingdom 2.13 2.14 0.86 7.65 7.81 0.58 0.93 Italy 4.40 4.75 0.10 5.42 14.24 1.19 1.97 Bahrain 1.97 2.08 1.07 0.72 2.21 0.60 2.14 Qatar 1.57 1.62 0.60 1.13 0.00 3.80 1.25 United States 1.38 1.38 0.29 4.09 2.19 3.22 0.76 Maldives 0.93 1.01 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 Libya 0.58 0.57 0.45 0.06 0.00 0.87 1.47 South Africa 0.58 0.59 0.38 0.83 0.00 1.19 0.42 France 0.32 0.25 0.76 0.00 0.00 2.48 0.63 Canada 0.16 0.14 0.00 1.05 4.60 0.00 0.08 Korea South 0.31 0.25 0.18 2.86 4.48 0.00 0.16 Australia 0.10 0.10 0.17 혰ҁ 0.00 1.33 0.00 0.00 Japan 0.16 0.06 0.00 5.83 0.00 0.00 0.16 Germany 0.07 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 OMEC 0.16 0.17 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.19 0.24 OALC 2.93 2.82 1.36 4.87 12.37 5.56 6.29 OEC 1.38 1.46 0.76 0.97 0.00 0.00 1.52 OAC 0.78 0.84 0.04 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.13 OAfC 0.55 0.55 0.23 0.60 0.00 0.00 1.80 ONAC 0.31 0.30 0.49 0.06 0.00 0.71 0.04 OSAC 0.27 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.54 1.05 OAuC 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.12 0.60 0.00 0.12 (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). Table 11: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Mode of Going Abroad Division Officially Mode of Going Abroad Unofficially Total Male Female Total Male Female National 74.57 72.38 2.19 25.43 24.99 0.44 Barisal 81.65 79.11 2.54 18.35 18.08 0.27 Chittagong 76.59 75.23 1.36 23.41 23.25 0.15 Dhaka 74.87 72.02 2.85 25.13 24.87 0.26 Khulna 64.86 64.07 0.79 35.14 33.84 1.30 Rajshahi 57.39 55.56 1.83 42.61 42.07 0.54 Rangpur 80.87 78.83 2.04 19.13 18.34 0.79 Sylhet 88.19 83.55 4.64 11.81 10.76 1.05 64
Table 12: Percentage Distribution of Trained Expatriates by Income Groups Income group Total No Training Type of Training Vocational Language Computer Driving Others Total 100 87.64 6.08 1.83 0.36 1.67 2.42 Less than 20000 100 95.19 2.27 2.2 0 0 0.34 20000-49999 100 91.64 3.26 1.4 0.4 0.69 2.61 50000-99999 100 91.21 4.8 1.31 0.15 1 1.53 100000-499999 100 86.26 6.74 2.02 0.44 1.91 2.63 500000 + 100 79.2 9.31 2.23 0.55 4.09 4.61 Table 13: Percentage Distribution of Expatriates by Goods Send from Abroad and by Country Country Total Food Medicine Electronic goods Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Saudi Arabia 38.97 43.11 16.43 42.34 31.36 39.61 43.13 37.89 25.34 45.27 30.31 UAE 18.66 19.89 20.83 16.61 21.75 19.86 14.82 18.23 28.19 5.85 20.32 Malaysia 11.10 7.74 6.13 17.46 18.13 9.83 13.83 9.30 4.50 21.73 20.95 Oman 4.35 6.93 6.94 4.77 0.94 仐 5.01 2.67 3.56 0.00 1.37 4.64 Kuwait 5.32 3.30 7.53 4.88 8.11 4.92 7.95 5.07 0.00 2.96 7.32 Singapore 5.99 5.06 7.73 4.02 1.09 5.45 4.11 7.62 27.34 0.00 7.20 United Kingdom 2.37 1.61 22.70 2.91 7.28 2.24 0.35 1.53 0.00 22.82 2.01 Italy 3.20 1.21 2.94 1.08 0.00 3.41 3.40 4.37 0.00 0.00 2.63 Bahrain 1.86 2.92 0.70 0.62 2.83 1.41 3.41 2.40 0.37 0.00 0.24 Qatar 1.21 3.63 0.84 1.14 0.43 1.17 0.77 1.15 0.59 0.00 0.45 United States 0.49 0.47 5.35 0.77 0.00 0.54 0.03 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.15 Maldives 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.32 0.89 0.39 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.37 Libya 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.53 South Africa 0.21 0.00 0.92 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 France 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.86 0.21 0.20 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 Canada 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 Korea South 0.28 1.18 0.20 0.45 0.00 0.24 0.09 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 Australia 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 Japan 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 Germany 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 OMEC 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OALC 2.06 0.43 0.00 0.48 4.99 1.55 1.92 3.82 0.00 0.00 1.89 OEC 1.33 0.48 0.13 0.17 0.00 1.45 2.02 1.23 13.66 0.00 0.77 OAC 0.33 0.19 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.52 0.04 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.22 OAfC 0.30 0.19 0.65 0.17 0.00 0.24 0.33 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 ONAC 0.25 1.63 0.00 0.17 0.14 0.26 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 OSAC 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.31 0.25 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 OAuC 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.32 0.14 0.19 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 65 Goods Toy Car Ware Ornaments Cosmetics (Note: In above table, the Sub groups of Others Country are given in Annex I). Production equipment Agricultural equipment Others
Table 14A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food Expenditure from Remittance and Division Division Wears Bed sheets & others Home maintenan ce Fuel Utensil Cosmeti cs Treatme nt Transpo rt Haj Sending relatives to abroad Expenditure by Category Marriag Birth Khatn Akika e day a Educati on Loan repayment National 84.53 44.53 53.28 46.14 30.94 57.17 78.57 58.51 0.99 2.25 9.38 4.14 1.47 1.65 46.78 1.11 26.01 2.45 18.47 30.22 0.37 18.49 21.37 Barisal 86.43 37.63 35.36 24.50 17.15 51.60 76.90 53.87 0.48 0.96 4.01 0.34 0.59 0.35 55.24 1.76 15.14 2.80 9.31 20.80 0.00 14.00 34.92 Chitta. 85.87 45.50 59.82 65.66 38.55 58.64 82.26 64.15 1.50 2.97 11.54 5.78 2.13 3.23 47.78 1.16 32.78 2.39 17.35 37.35 0.56 19.67 22.54 Dhaka 83.34 47.20 51.93 45.55 30.50 60.14 76.41 57.05 0.89 2.09 10.44 3.62 0.88 0.75 43.48 0.99 23.69 2.52 23.00 34.55 0.52 25.04 20.85 Khulna 82.52 45.77 58.37 37.22 31.86 53.80 76.89 56.23 0.85 1.14 9.53 5.96 1.73 0.92 46.52 1.05 29.79 2.46 2.28 15.28 0.14 3.69 12.98 Rajshahi 83.20 38.54 53.02 19.64 24.85 50.54 78.89 56.41 0.29 0.96 4.92 1.53 1.22 1.59 44.04 0.76 21.97 2.65 24.91 17.81 0.09 15.65 27.38 Rangpur 84.29 46.40 44.00 25.92 24.10 61.89 78.19 54.82 0.00 3.09 7.81 2.81 2.81 0.31 55.44 1.91 29.79 1.55 27.61 32.18 0.18 23.60 37.56 Sylhet 88.15 37.45 43.55 44.63 21.85 51.77 76.66 53.59 1.51 3.87 5.85 3.85 0.98 2.33 49.55 0.94 12.38 2.44 20.35 25.20 0.00 9.92 2.47 Lending Grant/ charity Gift Fine Religious festival Others Table 14B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Non-food Expenditure and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Division Wears Bed sheets & others Home maintena nce Fuel Utensil Cosmet ics Treatme nt Transp ort Haj Sending relatives to abroad Expenditure by Category Marriag e National 99.24 59.29 70.97 61.27 44.75 77.60 96.40 81.87 1.25 3.02 10.95 5.01 1.82 1.97 56.45 1.62 28.10 2.82 26.12 39.31 0.41 20.92 25.86 Barisal 98.75 49.60 53.80 45.01 30.23 80.19 93.76 82.96 0.61 1.13 4.84 0.70 0.59 0.41 65.36 2.84 16.06 2.85 16.08 27.47 0.00 15.87 40.05 Chittagong 98.51 55.98 72.91 80.33 49.93 70.71 95.96 80.30 1.84 4.16 12.44 6.92 2.48 3.36 55.09 1.20 35.87 2.81 22.55 44.44 0.56 21.85 24.67 Dhaka 99.81 64.68 71.96 61.65 46.67 86.19 96.79 84.38 1.07 2.97 12.49 4.37 1.27 1.16 54.54 1.86 25.25 2.75 31.49 45.99 0.53 27.75 25.06 Khulna 99.71 62.31 78.25 46.99 46.04 73.13 96.48 81.85 0.94 1.60 12.54 7.09 2.11 1.65 57.21 1.68 32.76 2.76 3.84 19.97 0.14 6.28 18.20 Rajshahi 99.20 56.74 74.91 29.58 35.11 71.51 95.86 77.07 0.51 1.32 6.34 1.65 1.58 2.16 53.63 1.32 23.18 3.69 45.74 27.67 0.11 19.18 41.24 Rangpur 99.02 68.35 58.47 41.27 41.99 86.58 98.57 79.61 0.24 3.16 9.89 4.81 3.50 0.39 65.98 2.50 32.32 2.24 41.92 49.09 0.46 26.46 44.36 Sylhet 99.51 47.39 62.68 68.56 36.74 73.55 97.62 83.80 2.21 4.22 5.99 4.28 1.13 2.45 60.41 1.06 12.95 2.45 23.17 34.32 0.32 10.40 2.89 Birth day Akika Khatn a Educati on Lawsuit Lawsuit Loan repaym ent Lending Grant/ charity Gift Fine Religiou s festival Others 66
Table 15A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items from Remittance Division Land Purchase Expenditure by Category TV Iron Refrigerator AC Fan Telephone Mobile Computer Computer equipment Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair Other electronic goods Oven Others National 14.54 0.30 0.47 2.62 0.03 0.82 0.28 13.78 0.42 0.19 10.88 2.05 0.45 2.28 6.05 0.72 2.27 Barisal 15.04 0.33 0.45 2.31 0.00 0.50 0.00 11.66 0.23 0.08 6.58 1.43 0.33 1.13 2.34 0.11 0.45 Chittagong 14.13 0.38 0.39 3.25 0.01 1.91 0.55 23.74 0.42 0.16 16.17 1.86 0.51 5.58 10.72 2.17 4.09 Dhaka 11.70 0.13 0.55 2.49 0.00 0.19 0.13 7.70 0.33 0.15 7.27 1.82 0.20 0.44 4.08 0.04 2.16 Khulna 19.35 0.19 0.84 1.25 0.02 0.43 0.06 7.89 0.52 0.26 10.06 4.67 0.95 1.18 1.17 0.04 0.45 Rajshahi 18.62 0.59 0.05 2.52 0.00 0.70 0.03 11.59 0.72 0.45 7.69 1.21 0.51 0.80 3.23 0.40 2.27 Rangpur 21.12 0.28 0.08 1.04 0.00 0.63 0.61 13.17 0.57 0.37 15.74 1.65 0.81 1.46 3.94 0.12 0.67 Sylhet 11.66 0.57 0.63 4.35 0.38 0.24 0.53 14.07 0.38 0.00 10.57 1.61 0.22 1.95 11.21 0.04 0.41 Table 15B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Expenditure for Durable and Other Items and by Division (Remittance and Others; Last One Year) Division Expenditure by Category Land purchase TV Iron Refrigerator AC Fan Telephone Mobile Computer Computer equipment Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair Other electronic goods Oven Others National 15.81 0.31 0.48 2.77 0.03 0.97 0.30 16.16 0.47 0.23 12.31 2.34 0.51 2.54 8.68 0.83 2.51 Barisal 15.62 0.33 0.45 2.31 0.00 0.50 鍀 0.00 12.46 0.23 0.08 7.13 1.76 0.33 1.40 2.80 0.11 0.45 Chittagong 14.66 0.39 0.39 3.46 0.01 2.25 0.58 26.61 0.46 0.25 17.80 2.16 0.62 5.63 16.19 2.51 4.24 Dhaka 13.08 0.14 0.56 2.51 0.00 0.31 0.18 10.15 0.41 0.15 8.47 2.10 0.27 0.67 5.81 0.04 2.44 Khulna 22.34 0.19 0.86 1.70 0.02 0.43 0.06 8.94 0.58 0.26 11.16 5.15 0.95 1.64 1.32 0.10 0.86 Rajshahi 19.59 0.61 0.05 2.53 0.00 0.70 0.03 12.82 0.72 0.45 8.80 1.36 0.55 1.03 5.27 0.44 2.65 Rangpur 23.33 0.28 0.13 1.14 0.00 0.75 0.61 18.30 0.57 0.37 19.51 1.65 0.93 2.43 7.12 0.22 0.82 Sylhet 12.97 0.58 0.77 4.55 0.38 0.42 0.53 16.99 0.38 0.14 12.21 1.86 0.28 2.43 11.99 0.04 0.54 67
Table 15C: Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance (Continued...) Division Total Food Expendi Expendi ture ture Wears Bed sheet & others Home maintena nce Fuel Utensil Cosmeti cs Treatment Transpo rt Haj Non-food Expenditure Sending relative Marriage s to abroad Birth day Akika Khatna Education Lawsuit Loan repayment Lending 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 National 100.00 38.84 4.58 0.40 1.88 1.48 0.23 0.81 4.88 1.02 0.50 1.28 3.57 0.13 0.14 0.08 3.59 0.20 9.26 0.84 0.53 0.72 0.02 2.06 Barisal 100.00 48.14 5.54 0.38 2.10 0.66 0.22 0.76 4.95 0.90 0.25 1.22 1.47 0.05 0.03 0.04 5.30 0.44 6.37 0.39 0.14 0.41 0.00 1.58 Chittagong 100.00 50.81 3.95 0.34 2.12 1.68 0.25 0.64 3.78 0.97 0.12 1.31 2.41 0.17 0.25 0.07 2.75 0.06 5.84 0.50 0.51 0.68 0.01 1.78 Dhaka 100.00 31.14 4.97 0.40 1.72 1.81 0.23 1.02 5.79 1.05 0.82 0.99 4.29 0.15 0.06 0.08 4.10 0.24 12.33 1.28 0.56 1.02 0.02 2.63 Khulna 100.00 31.79 4.01 0.42 1.70 1.19 0.18 0.54 4.99 0.89 0.55 0.46 3.92 0.10 0.07 0.07 3.22 0.40 13.82 0.64 0.28 0.22 0.09 0.64 Rajshahi 100.00 24.18 3.69 0.32 2.14 0.33 0.19 0.60 5.94 1.17 0.45 1.32 2.68 0.05 0.19 0.15 4.73 0.21 10.85 1.21 0.62 0.42 0.00 2.17 Rangpur 100.00 29.07 6.03 0.47 1.04 0.44 0.15 1.04 5.61 0.84 0.00 3.00 6.83 0.04 0.13 0.01 3.74 0.38 8.38 0.28 0.48 0.49 0.00 2.82 Sylhet 100.00 49.35 6.37 0.72 1.94 1.71 0.28 1.09 3.40 1.32 1.48 3.08 5.73 0.18 0.03 0.07 3.04 0.15 2.51 0.70 1.20 0.88 0.00 2.52 Grant/ charity Gift Fine Religious festival Table 15C: Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure from Remittance Durables & Others Division Land purchase Refrigerator Mobile Furniture Ornaments Vehicle Repair Other electronic goods Oven Others 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 뀰 National 17.39 0.84 0.82 1.29 0.52 0.53 0.36 0.16 0.10 0.96 Barisal 14.62 0.54 0.42 0.61 0.52 0.09 0.19 0.07 0.02 1.57 Chittagong 10.29 1.21 1.82 1.82 0.34 0.98 0.80 0.34 0.28 1.11 Dhaka 20.17 0.59 0.25 0.79 0.56 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.00 0.71 Khulna 24.65 0.81 0.23 1.30 1.19 0.77 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.72 Rajshahi 31.42 0.73 0.40 1.16 0.35 0.45 0.15 0.09 0.05 1.60 Rangpur 22.74 0.67 0.37 2.12 0.22 0.97 0.20 0.03 0.01 1.40 Sylhet 7.61 0.77 0.78 1.26 0.49 0.52 0.22 0.28 0.01 0.31 68
Table 16: Percentage Distribution of Expenditure by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Division Expenditure Food Non-food Durable & Others National 100.00 42.01 38.83 19.16 Barisal 100.00 50.39 35.04 14.58 Chittagong 100.00 51.31 32.85 15.84 Dhaka 100.00 36.46 44.39 19.15 Khulna 100.00 35.98 37.43 26.59 Rajshahi 100.00 28.67 41.14 30.19 Rangpur 100.00 33.01 42.86 24.12 Sylhet 100.00 54.83 35.60 9.57 Table 17: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Category of Savings Category of Saving Remittance Last one year Cumulative Purchase of savings bond 2.32 2.74 Insurance 9.20 9.65 Savings account 27.70 28.74 DPS/SDPS 12.68 13.07 Permanent deposit (one year & above) 1.25 1.59 Co-operative society 0.30 0.32 Friends & others 0.63 0.83 Savings at home 12.34 12.46 Others 1.33 1.37 Table 18A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category and Division (Remittance; Last One Year) Category of Savings Division Purchase of savings bond Insurance Savings account DPS/SDPS Permanent deposit (one year & above) Co-operative society Friends & others Savings at home Others National 0.30 1.07 3.19 1.45 0.18 0.04 0.09 1.38 0.15 Barisal 0.30 0.71 3.87 2.55 0.62 0.03 0.07 0.51 0.11 Chittagong 0.41 1.62 3.25 1.24 0.30 0.06 0.10 0.76 0.03 Dhaka 0.29 1.03 3.14 1.23 0.09 0.05 0.08 1.73 0.13 Khulna 0.31 0.80 3.34 2.75 0.08 0.00 0.09 1.91 0.14 Rajshahi 0.28 0.55 3.17 1.25 0.09 0.02 0.14 2.27 0.82 Rangpur 0.07 0.76 2.27 2.01 0.09 0.01 0.12 1.68 0.08 Sylhet 0.12 0.52 3.14 0.32 0.06 0.00 0.03 0.89 0.03 69
Table 18B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings from Remittance by Category and Division Division Purchase of savings bond Insurance Savings account DPS/SDPS Category of Savings Permanent Co-operative deposit (one year society & above) Friends & others Savings at home National 0.26 1.02 3.08 1.41 0.14 0.03 0.07 1.37 0.15 Barisal 0.30 0.71 3.56 2.50 0.31 0.01 0.03 0.51 0.11 Chittagong 0.40 1.62 3.16 1.23 0.24 0.06 0.10 0.75 0.03 Dhaka 0.22 0.88 2.95 1.12 0.08 0.04 0.03 1.71 0.13 Khulna 0.12 0.80 3.33 2.75 0.07 0.00 0.09 1.88 0.14 Rajshahi 0.28 0.55 3.08 1.24 0.09 0.02 0.13 2.26 0.78 Rangpur 0.07 0.76 2.23 1.98 0.09 0.01 0.12 1.68 0.07 Sylhet 0.12 0.52 3.13 0.32 0.06 0.00 0.02 0.88 0.03 Others Table 19A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Savings Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Category of Savings Permanent Division Purchase of Savings Co-operative Friends & Savings Insurance DPS/SDPS deposit (one savings bond account society others at home year & above) Others National 0.29 1.08 3.22 1.59 0.16 0.04 0.08 1.61 0.21 Barisal 0.31 0.79 3.78 2.81 ҋ 0.54 0.02 0.03 0.70 0.14 Chittagong 0.44 1.65 3.32 1.37 0.26 0.06 0.11 0.79 0.05 Dhaka 0.25 0.95 3.07 1.39 0.08 0.06 0.04 2.16 0.23 Khulna 0.14 0.84 3.45 2.89 0.08 0.00 0.11 2.24 0.20 Rajshahi 0.31 0.58 3.24 1.28 0.09 0.02 0.15 2.45 0.79 Rangpur 0.10 0.94 2.45 2.15 0.09 0.03 0.12 1.97 0.25 Sylhet 0.14 0.56 3.21 0.34 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.92 0.03 Table 19B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Savings by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) Category of Savings Division Purchase of savings bond Insurance Savings account DPS/SDPS Permanent deposit (one year & above) Co-operative society Friends & others Savings at home Others National 0.33 1.13 3.35 1.62 0.20 0.04 0.10 1.63 0.21 Barisal 0.31 0.79 4.10 2.86 0.86 0.05 0.07 0.70 0.14 Chittagong 0.45 1.65 3.41 1.38 0.32 0.06 0.11 0.80 0.05 Dhaka 0.32 1.11 3.28 1.50 0.09 0.06 0.09 2.18 0.23 Khulna 0.32 0.84 3.48 2.89 0.09 0.00 0.12 2.25 0.20 Rajshahi 0.31 0.59 3.33 1.28 0.09 0.02 0.18 2.46 0.84 Rangpur 0.10 0.94 2.50 2.19 0.09 0.03 0.12 1.97 0.26 Sylhet 0.14 0.56 3.21 0.34 0.07 0.00 0.03 0.92 0.03 70
Table 20A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total Savings by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Group (In Tk.) Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Less than 20000 42.79 43.95 41.5 42.81 52.26 34.73 52.81 29.52 20000-49999 22.03 25.98 24.2 17.18 20.7 29.53 20.07 26.42 50000-99999 16.06 17.59 17.2 16.83 8.82 18.13 13.51 19.39 100000-499999 17.86 11.15 15.4 22.43 17.56 16.28 13.28 20.01 500000 + 1.27 1.34 1.7 0.75 0.67 1.34 0.34 4.66 Table 20B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative Savings by Division (Remittance & Others) Group (In Tk.) Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Less than 20000 27.17 26.91 21.7 30.22 34.7 24.41 32.85 20.42 仐 20000-49999 21.67 23.73 22.6 18.87 20.96 28.11 20.97 22.86 50000-99999 17.38 19.68 18.3 17.35 12.87 18.31 18.33 17.4 100000-499999 27.28 25.49 30.9 27.17 21.2 24.66 26.26 29.21 500000 + 6.5 4.19 6.4 6.38 10.27 4.51 1.58 10.11 Table 21: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Savings from Cumulative Remittance by Division Group (In Tk.) Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Less than 20000 30.26 30.69 26.4 31.8 36.73 28.74 37.49 22.7 20000-49999 21.76 23.19 22.7 18.28 21.29 29.21 21.23 25.36 50000-99999 17.53 22.18 19.1 17.22 12.83 17 18.51 15.72 100000-499999 25.67 21.37 28.5 27.19 20.9 21.77 21.71 26.47 500000 + 4.78 2.57 3.3 5.52 8.25 3.28 1.06 9.75 71
Table 22A: Percentage Distribution for Total Savings by Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Division Total Purchase of savings bond Insurance Savings account Category of Savings DPS/SDPS Permanent deposit (one year & above) Cooperative society Friends & others Savings at home National 100 5.85 4.84 63.79 8.91 5.37 0.2 0.96 8.85 1.22 Barisal 100 3.01 4.91 54.21 19.94 13.57 0.1 0.17 3.51 0.61 Chittagong 100 6.92 7.94 60.2 8.91 8.36 0.5 1.12 5.81 0.22 Dhaka 100 7.16 4.12 66.81 5.51 3.24 0.1 0.46 10.43 2.19 Khulna 100 3.04 2.64 67.88 10.36 2.34 0.1 0.38 11.86 1.43 Rajshahi 100 6.74 1.56 56.12 15.77 2.35 0 2.67 12.84 1.92 Rangpur 100 1.01 5.84 59.32 11.96 2.33 0 2.05 16.32 1.13 Sylhet 100 2.82 2.4 79.84 2.86 7.59 0 0.92 3.47 0.08 Table 22B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Savings by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) Others Division Total Purchase of savings bond Insuran ce Savings account DPS/SDPS Category of Savings Permanent deposit (one year & above) Co-operative society Friends & Others Savings at home National 100 7.85 5.85 63.78 ꔀ 10.64 5.11 0.2 0.66 5.06 0.85 Barisal 100 1.97 7.05 49.59 20.62 16.11 0.4 0.78 2.52 0.99 Chittagong 100 10.32 8.11 58.82 10.46 7.09 0.4 0.58 4.04 0.17 Dhaka 100 8.41 5.63 68.81 6.9 3.62 0.1 0.35 5.16 1.05 Khulna 100 8.13 3.32 68.37 12.25 1.48 0.1 0.2 5.46 0.73 Rajshahi 100 4.69 2.37 58.98 17.02 4.23 0 1.74 8.19 2.76 Rangpur 100 1.14 5.85 50.95 21.9 1.28 0.2 3.78 12.04 2.82 Sylhet 100 1.96 3.06 81.19 5.49 4.45 0 0.54 3.27 0.05 Table 23: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by Category Investment Category Remittance Last year Cumulative Own business/industry 3.41 3.76 Joint business/industry 1.36 1.38 Purchase of agriculture equipment 0.40 0.41 Purchase of share 0.59 0.62 Purchase of bond * 0.10 0.14 MLM 0.28 0.29 Purchase of flat 12.12 12.14 Commercial building purchase/construction 0.28 0.31 Dwelling house construction 16.03 16.03 Others 1.93 2.07 (* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond) Others 72
Table 24A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Investment by Category and Division (Remittance; Last One Year) Division Own Business/ industry Joint Business/ industry Purchase of agriculture equipment Purchase of share Investment Category Purchase of bond * MLM Purchase of flat Commercial building purchase/ construction Dwelling house construction National 0.34 0.14 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.03 1.21 0.03 1.60 0.19 Barisal 0.32 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.42 0.02 1.43 0.05 Chittagong 0.29 0.27 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.02 1.14 0.33 Dhaka 0.35 0.11 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.65 0.17 Khulna 0.48 0.05 0.04 0.28 0.01 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.27 0.03 Rajshahi 0.34 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.13 Rangpur 0.44 0.13 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.01 2.70 0.01 2.70 0.10 Sylhet 0.26 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.10 0.21 (* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond) Table 24B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Investment from Remittance by Category and Division Division Own Business/ industry Joint Business/ industry Purchase of agriculture equipment Purchase of share Investment Category Purchase of bond * Ҍ MLM Purchase of flat Commercial building purchase/ construction Dwelling house construction National 0.38 0.14 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.03 1.21 0.03 1.60 0.21 Barisal 0.39 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.42 0.04 1.43 0.05 Chittagong 0.33 0.27 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.02 1.14 0.33 Dhaka 0.39 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.65 0.21 Khulna 0.51 0.05 0.04 0.28 0.05 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.27 0.03 Rajshahi 0.37 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.02 0.00 2.00 0.14 Rangpur 0.44 0.13 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.01 2.70 0.01 2.70 0.12 Sylhet 0.26 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.10 0.21 (* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond) Table 25A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Total Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Others Others Division Own Business/ industry Joint Business/ industry Purchase of agriculture equipment Purchase of share Investment Category Purchase of bond * MLM Purchase of flat Commercial building purchase/ construction Dwelling house construction National 0.40 0.14 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.03 1.21 0.03 1.75 0.20 Barisal 0.40 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.01 1.42 0.02 1.46 0.05 Chittagong 0.36 0.28 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.05 0.02 1.29 0.33 Dhaka 0.41 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.83 0.19 Khulna 0.52 0.09 0.04 0.28 0.01 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.41 0.04 Rajshahi 0.42 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.14 0.16 Rangpur 0.48 0.13 0.11 0.04 0.06 0.01 2.70 0.01 2.99 0.11 Sylhet 0.28 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.14 0.22 (* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond) Others 73
Table 25B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household of Cumulative Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) Division Own Business/ industry Joint Business/ industry Purchase of agriculture equipment Purchase of share Investment Category Purchase of bond * MLM Purchase of flat Commercial building purchase/ construction Dwelling house construction National 0.44 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.04 1.21 0.03 1.75 0.22 Barisal 0.47 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.03 0.01 1.42 0.04 1.46 0.05 Chittagong 0.39 0.28 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.05 0.02 1.29 0.33 Dhaka 0.46 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.01 1.65 0.03 1.83 0.23 Khulna 0.55 0.09 0.04 0.28 0.05 0.01 2.38 0.06 2.41 0.04 Rajshahi 0.47 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.01 2.02 0.00 2.14 0.16 Rangpur 0.48 0.13 0.12 0.04 0.06 0.01 2.70 0.02 2.99 0.13 Sylhet 0.28 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.06 1.14 0.22 (* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond) Table 26A: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Total Investment by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Others Group (In Tk.) Division Ҍ National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Less than 20000 18.17 11.42 28.70 14.15 11.10 15.77 24.20 6.24 20000-49999 12.20 25.07 11.90 10.32 11.96 13.26 17.59 4.75 50000-99999 16.03 14.75 15.50 14.77 19.59 10.94 20.19 22.67 100000-499999 36.76 36.21 28.90 36.69 46.69 45.47 32.20 44.34 500000 + 16.83 12.55 15.00 24.06 10.66 14.57 5.82 21.99 Table 26B: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative Investment by Division (Remittance & Others) Group (In Tk.) Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Less than 20000 15.76 8.18 25.60 11.60 9.07 14.94 22.09 5.40 20000-49999 10.91 19.29 10.30 11.47 8.42 11.69 14.32 2.90 50000-99999 14.08 16.75 11.50 11.80 18.69 11.20 22.78 22.18 100000-499999 39.68 40.08 34.20 38.75 49.81 46.02 33.29 45.00 500000 + 19.58 15.70 18.40 26.38 14.01 16.15 7.52 24.53 74
Table 27: Percentage Distribution of Remittance Receiving Household by Size of Cumulative Investment (In Tk.) from Remittance and Division Group (In Tk.) Division National Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Less than 20000 15.41 9.49 24.50 10.84 10.38 15.61 21.03 6.27 20000-49999 11.66 22.69 11.90 10.52 9.24 12.87 17.53 3.09 50000-99999 16.51 13.57 15.90 13.86 22.12 11.77 22.30 25.16 100000-499999 39.24 42.69 32.00 40.02 46.52 44.97 32.64 48.27 500000 + 17.19 11.57 15.60 24.76 11.73 14.77 6.50 17.22 Table 28A: Percentage Distribution of Total Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Investment Category Division Commercial Own Joint Purchase of Purchase Purchase Purchase Dwelling building Total Business/ Business/ agriculture of of MLM of house Others industry industry equipment share bond * purchase/ flat construction construction National 100.00 11.60 1.85 0.23 0.35 0.08 0.55 19.03 1.05 62.60 2.63 Barisal 100.00 6.40 2.66 0.78 2.76 0.11 0.05 14.30 0.07 71.40 1.46 Chittagong 100.00 21.70 2.26 0.02 Ҍ 0.28 0.06 1.41 13.39 2.02 56.70 2.22 Dhaka 100.00 5.00 2.06 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.03 30.46 0.79 58.20 3.26 Khulna 100.00 8.10 1.50 1.13 0.48 0.02 0.02 14.54 0.08 73.00 1.08 Rajshahi 100.00 7.80 0.45 0.36 0.83 0.01 0.03 13.19 0.02 72.80 4.52 Rangpur 100.00 6.60 1.63 0.40 0.04 1.22 0.10 13.80 0.20 73.80 2.19 Sylhet 100.00 2.90 0.19 0.53 0.57 0.09 0.06 6.60 0.12 86.60 2.34 (* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond) Table 28B: Percentage Distribution of Cumulative Investment by Category and Division (Remittance & Others) Division Total Own Joint Business/ Business/ industry industry Purchase of agriculture equipment Investment Category Purchase of share Purchase of bond * MLM Purchase of flat Commercial building purchase/ construction Dwelling house construction National 100.00 16.54 2.61 0.54 0.56 0.25 0.53 17.84 1.25 55.60 4.26 Barisal 100.00 14.38 3.24 1.68 2.42 0.16 0.04 11.84 5.64 59.10 1.51 Chittagong 100.00 25.33 3.42 0.02 0.61 0.16 1.37 13.98 1.90 50.90 2.26 Dhaka 100.00 10.34 2.20 0.55 0.20 0.06 0.04 26.95 1.00 51.20 7.51 Khulna 100.00 16.52 2.56 2.20 1.21 1.25 0.06 13.41 0.08 61.10 1.61 Rajshahi 100.00 13.27 2.38 0.41 0.74 0.01 0.07 12.73 0.03 65.20 5.12 Rangpur 100.00 11.67 2.91 0.67 0.07 1.42 0.10 12.56 0.22 67.20 3.14 Sylhet 100.00 7.33 0.18 0.68 0.54 0.09 0.06 6.28 0.15 82.40 2.30 (* Purchase of bond includes Premium/Investment/Wage earners development bond) Others 75
Table 29: Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings as the Percentage of Income by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Division Income Investment Savings National 100.00 44.96 17.39 Barisal 100.00 25.37 17.59 Chittagong 100.00 53.00 16.55 Dhaka 100.00 45.10 16.45 Khulna 100.00 34.30 17.21 Rajshahi 100.00 40.76 24.80 Rangpur 100.00 34.02 16.45 Sylhet 100.00 49.81 19.08 Table 30: Percentage Distribution of Investment and Savings by Division (Remittance & Others; Last One Year) Division Investment & Savings Investment Savings National 100.00 72.11 27.89 Barisal 100.00 59.06 40.94 Chittagong 100.00 76.21 23.79 Dhaka 100.00 73.27 26.73 Khulna 100.00 Ҍ 66.59 33.41 Rajshahi 100.00 62.18 37.82 Rangpur 100.00 67.40 32.60 Sylhet 100.00 72.31 27.69 76
Bibliography 1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2013, National Strategy for the Development of Statistics, Dhaka, October 2013. 2. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2013, Preliminary Report on Economic Census 2013, Dhaka, November 2013. 3. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2012, Report on Pilot Study on Cultural & Recreational Activities-2010, Dhaka March 2012. 4. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, September 2010, Report on the Cost of Production of Jute Crop 2008-2009, Dhaka, September 2010. 5. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2011, Household Income Expenditure Survey 2010, Dhaka. 6. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2009, Volume -1, Dhaka June 2010. 7. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2013, National Accounts Statistics, (Provisional estimates of GDP, 2012-13 and Final estimates of GDP, Ҍ 2011-12), Dhaka, June 2013. 8. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Report of the Household-based Livestock and Poultry Survey 2009, Dhaka, September 2010. 9. System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA 1993), UN Publication 10. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Census of Agriculture 2008, National Series, Volume- 1, Dhaka, November 2010. 11. World Bank. (2011). Consolidating and Accelerating Exports in Bangladesh. Dhaka: World Bank. 12. International Organization for Migration, 2002, A Study on Remittance Inflows and Utilization, Dhaka, November 2002. 13. Unnayan Onneshan, 2012, Bangladesh Economic Update, Dhaka, October, 2012. 14. Bangladesh Bank, 2011, The Use of Remittances: Future Guideline, Dhaka, June 2011. 15. International Organization for Migration, 2010, The Bangladesh Household Remittance Survey 2000, Dhaka. 77
78 Ҍ
Annex Annex-I: List of Other Countries Where Migrant Workers are Insignificant Other Middle East Countries 1. Iran 2. Turkey 3. Cyprus Other Arab League Countries 1. Lebanon 4. Jordan 7. Sudan 10. Somalia 2. Syrian Arab Republic 5. Egypt 8. Yemen 11. Morocco 3. Algeria 6. Iraq 9. Djibouti 12. Palestine Other Countries of Europe 1. Greece 7. Albania 13. Finland 19. Ireland 25. AelandIlands 2. Romania 8. Andorra 14. Iceland 20. Luxembourg 26. Latvia 3. Spain 9. Switzerland 15. Monaco 21. Netherlands 27. Guernsey 4. Moldova 10. Armenia 16. San Marino 22. Poland 28. Slovakia 5. Bulgaria 11. Austria 17. Belgium 23. Portugal 29. Slovenia 6. Sweden 12. Denmark 18. Hungary 24.Serbia 30. British Indian Ocean Territory 31. Bouvet Island Other Countries of Asia 1. Brunei Darussalam 6. Nepal 11. Cambodia 16. Tajikistan 2. Afghanistan 7. China 12. Hong Kong 17. Timor-Leste 3. Pakistan 8. Russian Federation 13. Kyrgyzstan 4. Taiwan Province of china 9. Thailand 14. Mongolia Ҍ 5. Bhutan 10. Turkmenistan 15. Sri Lanka Other Countries of Africa 1. Malawi 6. Lesotho 11. Congo Democratic 16. Gabon Republic of 21. Togo 2. Mauritius 7. Sao Tome and Principe 12. Nigeria 17. Guinea 22. Zimbabwe 3. Liberia 8. Angola 13. Senegal 18. Seychelles 4. Tanzania 9. Mali 14. Burkina 19. Sierra Leone 5. Ghana 10. Central African Republic 15. Cameroon 20. Swaziland Other Countries of North America 1. American Samoa 6. Virgin Islands British 11. Guatemala 16. Virgin Islands US 2. Aruba 7. Dominica 12. Honduras 17. Northern Mariana Islands 3. Barbados 8. Nicaragua 18. United States Minor 13. Saint Pierre and Miquelon Outlying Islands 4. El Salvador 9. Anguilla 14. Sint Maarten 5. Haiti 10. Belize 15. Turks and Caicos Islands Other Countries of South America 1. Guyana 3. Brazil 2. Uruguay 4. Argentina Other Countries of Australia 1. Papua New Guinea 6. Marshall Islands 2. Christmas Island 7. Samoa 3. Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands 8. Micronesia 4. New Zealand 9. Palau 5. Kiribati 10. Tokelau 79
Annex-II: Questionnaire, " # $ %& '()* +,$ -:. / 0 12 34 55: 12 6&(8& 9 :; 1 <$ ) 1 # 6 2 >/: 3 2&/@: AB 4 /@:/, +, C 1 0 1D 5 1E/$F G 6 #/ 0H & 0 + I ID J3 + K 34,$ :; @ 2L /M AL N@ && O 仐 80
1-) () + K : ) # R T # K :4? K? J 1 U4 1 V 2 1E U4 2 V 3 1 3 AWW 9 AWW 9 ' # R? X L L/ + NK K? Y0 1 1L ( K/ 1 L $) #K- 2 1L ( K / 2 L DV) 3 1L /Y0 L L 3 1+ /L L 1@ 4 * # + # K :4? Z [ \ ] K :4? C^ 1 _/ ] _ 1 2 1//+V 2 1 3 `// ` 3 1La/ # - 4 ` 4,$ Ȝ ᵰҍ AWW 9 1 5 U4 6 AWW 9 b + K :4? @/$ @ 1 c/ c 2 de/+/ 3 fg/h& 4 AWW 9 81
1-) (+) + #>&- A %& : (i # + jk #D? (l 12m f; n) $Y 1 2 ) + J K : $Y $Y $ / +) W $ D / : $Y $ $Y / (o # + 1L \? / 1L ) V W +) C^ ) / R) A p) AWW )( 0 NKq # + #D? (:; $Y $ 1 / $ 2 12m f; n) () 12 1 2 )' 22 1 2 '* 1 2 (' 1L 1 2 )* / 1 2 'b t 1 2 (* 1L5 1 2 )b 5u 1 2 'T tv 1 2 (b 1@ 15 1 2 )T +L 1 ҍ2 'X @w 0 1E 1 2 (T x 1 2 )X # 1 2 'Z / 1 2 (X 1 2 )Z y 1 2 'i 1L @ 1 2 (Z 1-1 2 )i 15 1 2 'o @@ 1 2 (i %:L 1 2 )o 1@ 1 1 2 *( @zl { 1 2 (o L 1 2 '( 1L 1 2 *) AWW (:F+ n)... 1 2 )( ~L 1 2 ') / 1 2 )) #@/ 1 2 '' @ @ 1 2 82
1-': + (+ W): @ I )). + n K { /@ V / > > / + 1 > <$ # 1 1 A> # $ (&> + K, + K J /ƒ, & d /W, 1 d -W, / d /W J /ƒ O (1DL 1> V), / /, @- 1, - V, A^ AWW #ˆ J, <$0/<$0 AWW ) )'. + K > %& 1= + K 2=J /ƒ 3=d /W 4=/ 5=@/ 6=/ 7=AWW #ˆ 8=Aˆ 9=<$Š )*. 1=dn^ 2=$ 3=AWW )b. (8& D) )T. 3 ( 1Œ) )X.K 00= { / ) 1Œ 01-09=& ^ 1Œ 1=@ 10=// 2=$ 12=/@0/ 3=E 15=Ž 4= 16=Ž ( ) 5=AWW 18=Ž; 19=///@w / 88= 99= X D )Z. $ A ()( D &) 1=A$ 2=$ 3=K/ 4=#/ [ 5= / () (' (* (b (T (X (Z (i 1 83
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@ I 'T. D {4 #D? (8& ž) 'X. 1D? ( ž) 'Z. 1 1 >? ( 12 ž) 'i. 1? 1= 0e 2= 3=Œ 4=D 5= D +Ÿ 0e 6=<$& 9=AWW 'o. 1? ($Y...1...2 12 f; n) *(. { 8& 1 K 3 D? ($Y...1...2.3 12 f; n) *). 3 > K 3 D? (3 12 ž) 1= 1 1t 2= ^ 3 3=%:L 1t 4=y@ 9= AWW *'. 1 / (PR)? ($Y...1...2 12 f; n) **. 1 D? 1=A5 2=#- A5 *b. & 1 #D? ($Y...1...2 12 f; n) *T. & 1 >? 1= m #D, # { 2=AN 3=,$ W 4=V+ 1^ /D 5= AB @/ 6= 1 1^ 7= 1 5 /D 9=AWW () (' (* (b (T (X (Z (i (o )( )) )' 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 + 1{ X AK {4 1 A D (' D AK ) 1 2 1 2 1 2 - - 1 2 1 2 1 2 - - 85
1-b + # O ) 1La 1> # %& ( ) D $): 9-*X. # + 1 1La,$ D? $Y 1 2 (l 12m f; n) [(:; $ 9-37, 38, 39, 40, 41 42 Skip n) @ *Z. *i. 1L I L L l D? ( l D? (L ) ž) *o. 1 L 1,$ D? 1= ƒ /J /d / W 2= / 3= / V 4= @/ 5= AWW b(. / L l D? (/K :4 $, & œ Tm) (l 12m ž) b). 1 1 ª l D? (/K :; $ ) (l 12m ž) b'. 1 ª, 1L «:F+ n (L ) ) ' * b T X ҍ 1L: (L ) 1L: (L ) 9 b(. 12: 1. &@: 2., 3.2R 4. 5. 6. 7.0 1 9.AWW (:F+ n). 9 b). ª 12: 1.+± 2.²^K, 3.<$ \ U, 4.V 5.-V/ /$/³/I/ D 0/ /+ @ 6.Aµ, 7.K, 8.:4 ; { 9.C^ { 10.AWW (:F+ n)... 86
1-b (+) + # O (La ): 1La + AWW :4 1> # «$: ( ) D $) b*. 1La # + AW 1 # :4 #D? $Y 1 2 (:; $Y $ l 12m f; n :; $ bt / {) (& œ b m :4) bb. 1La AWW :4 1> + # 1L L :F+ n (L ž) 1-T () + O (+± ª) () $): bt. ) (/) + j+ +± ª $ D? (l 12m f; n) bx. ) (/) C ª :F+ n bz. 1L +0C L :F+ n (L ž) bi. : ª 1La $ +0C L :F+ n (% ž) ) ' * b T X Z / C^ 1 +± 1, (0, #L, @) :4 (ºª/em ) 2 #» 2, 3 3, 0e 4 2 4, ҍ Œ 5 UK U¼ ª 5 L V # 6 1 1Ž$ 6 L $ # 7 7, A /22 $ 8 D 8, &½0 ¾ 9 2 9 $ K 15 10 F +± 10,, (0,, N, $À,,, /:$/ m/$á/{ /5 AWW $Á K @) 11 1 ª: 1{-, N, Â, +, AWW 11,.5/N 12 g 12, 38 13 5 13,,Â@m/A /% %& [ $ 14 @ + 1$L, 1Ãz 14 ------ ------ @ / + AWW % 1> 15 15 L AWW ½ $ (:F+ 16 AWW (:F+ 16 n)... n) 1L L ( )= 1L L ( )= 87
1-T (+) + +0 O ( ) D) (+±, AWW) bo. )' +±, # + AWW +0 D? (l 12m f; n) -V, AWW ${&, (, ) T(. 1L +0C L :F+ n (L ) T). 1La $ +0C L :F+ n (L ) T'. )' # + j+ D? (l 12m f; n) T*. 1L +0C L :F+ n (L ) Tb. 1La $ +0C L :F+ n (L ) ) ' * b T X 1 VR & 1 D w 2 2 +0 (V 3 m 3 V,, K, 1, 33, H @) ] 4 # 4 [R ${&, 5 x (ÄU, ) 5 K Å, 6 / 6 04 O 7 5 7 { O 8 1L5 8 $Æ / >&{ 9 1@ 9 L #ˆ 1 10 %:L +0 10 $ O 11 %:L, 11 Ç O 12 # /5&0 12 # 13 «Aµ 13 +4 14 {$ 3 O 15 V K 1 1È 16 AWW U { É K 17 1 +0 $ É 18 AWW (:F+ n) «/{& 19 O 14 15 16 17 18 88
:$ 20 21 AWW (:F+ n) 22 1-X O : TT. ) D 1 D? $Y 1 2 (l 12m f; n) (:; $Y $ Š 9 8 n :; $ 56, 57 58 Skip n) TX. + D? TZ. 1La 1> (/K :; $ ) C L [l 12m f; n] :F+ n (L ) J -+/-L/ / 1{E> -+/-L/ / C^ { 3 1 4 (Premium bond, Investment bond, Wage earners development bond) /// (MLM) 6 ÌL 7 /& 8 AWW (:F+ n) 9 ꐐҎ Ti. C 1L L :F+ n (L ) ) ' * b T ) D 1L ) D 1L 1 2 5 1L L (L ) 89
1-Z Í O : To. & # 1 Í #D? $Y 1 2 (l 12m f; n) (:; $Y $ Š 9 8 n :; $ 60, 61 62 Skip n) X(. Í K? X). 1La $ (/K :; $ ) Í C L (l 12m f; n) :F+ n (L ) X'. Í C 1L L :F+ n (L ) ) ' * b T ) D 1L ) D 1L Í (2R// Í A5) 1 2 (Í $) 3 /#>& Í (DPS/SDPS @) 4 /#>& # () &) 5 1Am 1@m 6 黐 ҏ A ( - /#ˆ -J/A ) 7 L Í 8 AWW (:F+ n)... 9 1L L (L ) 90
Annex-III: Manual # $ %& '()* 9 8 & # $ %& '()* 91
> A 9 8 & LÎ: A&.ª Ï O $ 1La $ 1 bb.)b 3 ( ½ : /@m) / / [ A $ d A>& 1 > Ð 4 V # )'.(( & 2 YV D / D {4 /@ $ A$ D :F 1{, h h /@ # )'.(( 2 1 $ 5Ñ, & 1 A>&Ä :[ AW 0 $ 1La Ò $ # $ %& Ó > # @0 N5 %& # 1 NÔg K D / /@ 1v :[ W {& &,$ { DV, 1{ d A>& # # $, 1{: A>&, A>& Í, 1` ª +0 Õ %& /O :: ^ q ABK A>& Ö #>&,.ª.ª $ O 1-A2& :a O AB{ # $ %& -'()* /m {& $ D / &½0 # # $ %& Ó,$ $ { # # N {& $ 13 l & N :F+{` Î + 鼠 ҏ '. &½0 :ÈØ : &½0. :ÈØ $ # $ [ + %& l Ó { Ù 1 A>&Ä & 13 $ Î + /DV / AWW :ÈØ«$ jk: 1L # Í, 1 \ $ K& ; # : +«$ 0Û +«$ #>&- A k; # : + Socio-Demographic g %& NÔg,$; # 1 q 0Û; 1 1 1 + # \ $ ; GDP (Gross Domestic Product) $ k $ ; K&, ^ # %& $ l 92
¾ A K & ) > @ + $ / $ 1+ Ôg $ $ ' m 9 :; l 1 + $ 1 9 %&Confusion 1+ 1 ^ # Ü & Ý&3 > #0 9 :; ž 1@ 1 G :; 1+ { * # Þ A #D 1{, / «:ÈØ $ # $ [ + %& l Ó { Š # N $ %& l $ $ { G $ / ^ l, Ó {&,$ ß $ 5,$ m AO & > % W ABK { b N@ && _{& m AO V / > Ö D Þ T AWW (:F+ n) 1{ ^ :F+ $ D DV { AW 1 ^ > $ :F+8& 4àg,$ h X 9 1 ¾ 8 $ / f; $ Z 1{ R # 5Y > i + # O 1La $ # 1La # : h á> R # & l 8 $ 93
Ý A â + + : { / /K #ˆ Aˆ ½ /m <$ / /@ [ + - / 1 > <$ # 1 @ /m + $ Ò $ 1 /K X 1 + @ Aã$ 1 + $ AOÎ& $ & + $ ABã$ X 5 # / $ + $ Ò $ + #ˆ Aˆ $ L #ˆ : L #ˆ @-1, - V, -1, Ø-Ø, -, 00-00, +-+», ää-ä5, å, @-1/-1 / 1D h $ J K : :;K ½ A> ½ $ m J K $ 0 $ : K 1 R&.5 1 + A>& å $ > (:@2 ) A>& 4 /3 1DL, h V 1{ 1 K // :ÈØ A>& 齰 ҏ +L / 1, Õ h $ Í : Í,, Í 1{ 1 #>& A> L A>& + h $ /1-L: 1{.5 :ÈØ A>& 4 {& 0 >, 1 /-L $ > :F, /-L æ - ; :4 0e: 0e / / /m /m ã$ /Aã$  h $ 1{+ &g W A> Š & {&O Œ : W Œ > Œ: 1{ /m &g 3 1{ / A> / $ ) A>& 1{ ; Œ 1 3 >; +) Œ /m A D; ).5 :ÈØ A>& 1{ ; >; R) 1 ^ &g Œ 1 :± 1{, 5& 1 + D (Current International Recommendations on Labor Statistics, 1988 Edition, ILO, Geneva, page 47). 94
1 : 1{ 1 A>&Ä 1 > 1 1 $ > 1{: $, ç,, 04 @ -+: /@ K :4 /K è -+ $ #: # K 1 #>& &g ( D).5 :ÈØ A>& + h V W : V V #p V { C^ \ $ / h $ D C^ : 1{ C^ 5 :4 % (Livestock) 33 \ $ 1 C^ h $ D / : 1{ / A / :ÈØ \ $ / / h $ D /+, 13 $L / / $ 0 $ A : 1{ 8&0^ $ ) D AK $ 0^ $ / h $ D 95
0é>&A. / 0 +,$ -:. / A 0 1 9 K& /R + $ 2 12 + 12«$ + $ : & Z m D. /m 1 A 1 1 + $ / 2 12 àg 12 @ + $ 1 : Xb m 1 D. /m 1 1 A 1 1 1 + $ / 2 12 àg 1 12 @ + $ >/:. /m 1{ >/: A 1@ >/ : + $ / 2 12 àg >/ : 12 @ + $ 2&/@: :. /m 1 2&/@: AOG& 1 1@ 2&/@: + $ / 2 12 àg 2&/@: 12 @ + $ /@:: Ý& êg )T)'m /@: / $ F / $ / ; 0 ҏ & b((m PSU / / 8&C, $ PPES b((m, 1L i(( m / # $ %& -'()* 0 $ )T)'m PSU / W 0 Aµ g I 1 #D {PSU I $ 0 1{ PSU 1>,$ $ 1 PSU Im 0 Aµ K& ë @ + $ 1{- 0135, 0079 @ 1E/$F:. /m 1 1E/$F A 1 1@ 1E/$F + $ / 2 12 àg 1E/$F 12 @ + $ #/: #/ Rural, Metropolitan and Other Urban 1 h A>& 4. /m F A $ 12 1, 1tL 1E / A $ 12 2+ $ /DV AWW $ / 13 12 3 + $ 0: + 0 1 K& + $ & 0 + I: m K& / W + 1> & 0 + I 1+ / & 0 +m žì 1 $ / & 0 + I @ + $ MSVSB-2013 $ K& PSU / 13 MSVSB-2013 1 :F+ (* () Aµ + I 1+ @ + $, $ K&, 13 êg (* () Aµ + I 1+ @ + $ 96
+ K : & 0 + + K + $ + K, V 1D, A>& 4 + { O,$ & /+ + $ :; @ : { 9 &g + $ / 9 1- '/1-* / :; 1{ @ > 1@ @ /+ + $ N@ && O: N@ && AK Ó,$ Ý& <$ l $ D {0@ 3 3 b (0) m 9 3 G/ím 0Û K W,$ N@ && O 3 + &, { Š /@ K G 3 $ 34 55: /@ A,$ 13 34 55 %& { A>& 4 /+ 8& 9 :; <$ $ 12 1 àg R + $, # 6& <$ $ 12 2, :; Ý& AJ C > $ 12 3,,$ + AB > n,$ ß $ 12 4,,$. +m + > A>& 4 : + 1: 12 5 / G 34,$ ß $ 12 6 àg R + $ 34,$,2L /M AL: / A 34,$ / 2L /M AL / ID + 34,$ / 2L /M AL &g J3 $ 97
Í A 9 8 1-) () + K (9 -) $ 9 -i) / A im 9 :; :; L $ l :;m 1 & 0 12 A l 12m @ ž 9-): R K: :; L $ l Km 1 l 12m + $ 1{: R J $ 12 1, V $ 12 2, V $ 12 3 ë ž R AWW $ :F+8& 12 9 ë ž 9-': R : Rm 1m 3 l 12m ž /+ Y0 R m R h $ A>& 4 m Y0, 1 / D : m/v/d/ @, #K- R 1{ R m, 0é& /@L 1 / D : 6& m 1q h $ R m, 0é& @L z 1 / L D R h $ 9-*: + # K :4: :; L $ l :4m 1 l 12m ë + $ ꀐҏ /m + # /K :4 > /3 + 1{ :4 1> 0 1 :& > 1m + # K :4 $ 0 $ /+ + K :4 Tm 1Œ $ D {>: C^,, 1, 1La/ # -,$ / AWW # :4 AWW $ :F+8& 12 9 + $ +m # K :4 { C^ $ $ 12 1 ë + $ # +m { & $ A>& 4 1 :4 :& & $ $ ë 12 2 + $ +m # K :4 { 0e $ A>& 4 1 O $ ë 12 3 + $ { +m # K :4 1> 1 A>& A>& 4 1La $ $ 124 + $ +m # K :4 { :: 1m $ $ àg :4m 1 AWW :4 R # :4 m + ë 12 + $ /+ { 1: V//L @ V #,$ $ AWW :4 $ 0 $ / 12 9 + $ 98
9-b: + K :4: + K :4 :; L $ 1 l 12m ž + K :4 Tm 1Œ $ D Tm :4 1{ :4 $ AK +,$ $ > 1m 12 ë + $ 1: { J c c $ 1L $Á ~,$ ~ $, 1 13 c/ c $ 0 $ /+ + K :4@ $ 0 ^ 9 :F+ :4 { AW 1 :4 1> +,$ $ :F+8& àg R 12 9 + $ 9-T: # K :4: +m K 1{ :4 $ # 1 >,:; L $ 1 l 12m ë + $ + \ # :4 bm 1Œ $ D {>: U4, 1E U4, 1 / AWW + U4 { > (L >e >e) # :4 'U4' $ 0 $ 1L $ AWW 12 (2 9) + $ 9 :F+ :4 { AW 1 :4 1> > :F+8& 12 9 àg R + $ 9-X: L L / + NK K: :; L $ 1 l 12m ž + \ L L / + NK bm 1Œ $ D 1L ( K/ L $), 1L ( K / L DV), 1L /Y0 L L, 1+ /L L 1@ /+ 1L L L 1@ K L L h 1{+ ª HÅ 5 U& DV, ï. > / L L # Å - > 9-Z: [ \ ] K :4: :; L $ 1 l 12m ž + \ [ ] :4 Zm 1Œ $ D + ] /K :4 > K :4m + $ 99
1-) (+) + #>&- A %& (9 -i $ 9 -)() 9-i: + K: /+ A> + 1{ / K >@ $Y 12m f; n { 1 / K > $ 12m f; n /+ C^, AC^ : K h $ D ) { + J K (C^, AC^) > '$Y' 12m f; n / / : / $ ž {>: { ' / Z $ / R 2 / R 7 + $ /+ J K :;K ½, C, AW D & 1 h $ { : k > 12m f; n +) { W $ D / > '$Y' 12m f; n / / : / ž /+ W \ 1, R&1 (3 T D) AW & 1 h $ {>: 1: { AW b D T / W 1+D / $ + W \ $ 0 $ 1 { T D / 10 1 $ + W \ $ 0 $ # { : k > '' 12m f; n ꁠҏ 9-o: + 1L \ : > + \ 1L / : / ž / 9 :F+ AB{ / : / $ ž 9 :F+, +,, R 1 :F+ AW 1 1{: de, W > AWW $ 0 $ / : / : / $ ž 9-)(: 9 :F+ *(m NK { # 1 NK > AWW A :F+ n / 13 /K :; $ 100
1-' + (+ W) (9 -)) $ 9 -)Z) ðl& @ (: 1> 0 ) AB > + K AWW, ƒ AWW,$ $ 9-)): + : á -* / :F+ + â AB{ m& @ (: 1> 0 ) AB > @ Ôg + K 2 ž + K 1H 5 # $ (:; { 5 ) FARID ž /@, ¾ @ + K ƒ /J ž + K ƒ 1 4 #+ $ SHAMMI ž 1DL O $ n AWW O / {& AWW #ˆ AWW Aˆ $ 1 2 @ ž + 1{ Ó,$ 1 + : > A> {$ 0 #D/D + G $ *** + 1{ X AK (' D AK ) 1 A D 1-' / AOG& $ /3 W 1-' 1-* / æ 0 A 8 $ *** + 1{,$ m (X ) 1 A D 1-' / AOÎ& $ *** + 1{ & X W 1 A D / ã$ 0 /D 1-' / AOG& $ /3 W 1-' 1-* / æ A 8 $ (: ª: &> + K AWW, + K J /ƒ, & d /W, 1 d - W, / d / W J /ƒ O (1DL 1> V), / /, @-1, - V, A^ AWW #ˆ -J, <$0/<$0 AWW AWW,$ $ A> # $ ) 9-)': + K > %&: + K > %& om 1Œ $ D {>: 1 = +K 2 = J /ƒ 3 = d /W 4 = / 5 = @/ 6 = / 7 = AWW #ˆ 8 = Aˆ 9 = <$Š + W / om %& 1{ %& { 1m : @ ž 101
9-)*: : dn^ $ 1 ž $ $ 2 ž AWW $ 3 ž /+ AWW $V 1 h $ D 9-)b: (8&D): /m AO qnö8&^ AK 1 / l $ l W Probing 9 â $ / 13 1DL O, $, JK,, )oz( hv, )oii W / $ RL > l ú n / K& R ž û$ $ 0 AW 1 > {0@ $ ) (/) D $ 00 ž / )(( (/) D & $ 99 ž 9-)T: 3 ( 1Œ): + K $ n W â n, 1 1Œ D? :; 9 0 ; 1Œ 12 U@ Aµ 12 ž 3 NK>&& œ 1Œ 12 j $ - 00 = { / ) 1Œ 01-09 = & ^ 1Œ 10 = // 12 = /@0/ 15 = Ž ꂰҏ 16 = Ž ( ) 18 = Ž; 19 = ///@w / 88 = 99 = X D + { A> > 1Œ 3 12 00 ž Í 1Œ 05 ž Ž /+ 2, h $ / 13 12 15 ž A&%[ Ž ( ) D $ 0 $ / 13 12 16 ž // @w 12 19 ž + 1 û { X D $ 12 99 ž 9-)X: K&: K& Tm 1Œ $ D K&@ $ 1ž K&$ $ 2 ž K&1E $ 3 ž K& $ 4 ž K&AWW $ 5 ž 102
9-)Z: $ A: $ A Tm 1Œ $ D A$ $ 1ž $ $ 2 ž K/ $ 3 ž #/ [ $ 4 ž / $ 5 ž æ )( 4 : & { 13 + $ 1-* () + 1{ > %& (9 -)o $ 9 -*b) 9-)i: + A/ m # (& œ X ) :m& @ AB > @ Ôg A/ m # (& œ X ) Ôg @ ž 1+ & > + $ / / {& AW + $ + 1{ X AK (' D AK ) 1 A D 1-' / AOÎ& $ / 9 -)) 1 + $ (9-)i 1 + $ ) Š $z @ ( ) AB 9 -)' $ )Z 8 $ 9 )o-'b 8 13 1 ' / 9 )'-)Z 8 AB $ 9-'T: A : D {4 #D 1 m& @ AB 1m W K& R Aµ 8& Ôg ž AØ@ 8& + $ 1{: 1: { T )( { > 13 A T + $ # 1: { T 'i {4 > 13 A T + $ A>& 4 *( 8& $ 1@ ) $ K { T 8 13 005 ¾ 8 $ { () 4 (T $ $ 017 ¾ 8 $ 1-' / AO& 1 @ IK { X AK {4 1 A D (' D AK ) W 1-' / @ I AB{ 1-* / AO& 9 'T-*T $z @ ( ) AB 8 $ :; 9 'T-*T â 9 A $ 9-'X: 1D 1 ( Aµ) ž {>: 1: { U@ 1 )' D {4 > )' D * 1 1V / > 003 ž 9-'Z: 1 1 >: :; L $ 1 1 j& D $ àg 1 12 1 l 12m ž: 103
... 1 Afghanistan 001 84 Ghana 084 167 Oman 167 2 Åland Islands 002 85 Gibraltar 085 168 Pakistan 168 3 Albania 003 86 Greece 086 169 Palau 169 4 Algeria 004 87 Greenland 087 170 Palestine, State Of 170 5 American Samoa 005 88 Grenada 088 171 Panama 171 6 Andorra 006 89 Guadeloupe 089 172 Papua New Guinea 172 7 Angola 007 90 Guam 090 173 Paraguay 173 8 Anguilla 008 91 Guatemala 091 174 Peru 174 9 Antarctica 009 92 Guernsey 092 175 Philippines 175 10 Antigua and Barbuda 010 93 Guinea 093 176 Pitcairn 176 11 Argentina 011 94 Guinea-Bissau 094 177 Poland 177 12 Armenia 012 95 Guyana 095 178 Portugal 178 13 Aruba 013 96 Haiti 096 179 Puerto Rico 179 14 Australia 014 97 Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands 097 180 Qatar 180 15 Austria 015 98 Holy See (Vatican City State) 098 181 Réunion 181 16 Azerbaijan 016 99 Honduras 099 182 Romania 182 17 Bahamas 017 100 Hong Kong 100 183 Russian Federation 183 18 Bahrain 018 101 Hungary 101 184 Rwanda 184 19 Bangladesh 019 102 Iceland 102 185 Saint Barthélemy 185 Saint Helena, 20 Barbados 020 103 India 103 186 Ascension and 186 ꄀҏ 21 Belarus 021 104 Indonesia 104 187 22 Belgium 022 105 Iran, Islamic Republic Of Tristan Da Cunha Saint Kitts and Nevis 187 105 188 Saint Lucia 188 23 Belize 023 106 Iraq 106 189 Saint Martin (French Part) 189 24 Benin 024 107 Ireland 107 190 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 190 25 Bermuda 025 108 Isle Of Man 108 191 Saint Vincent and The Grenadines 191 26 Bhutan 026 109 Israel 109 192 Samoa 192 27 Bolivia, Plurinational State Of 027 110 Italy 110 193 San Marino 193 28 Bonaire, Sint Eustatius Sao Tome and 028 111 Jamaica 111 194 and Saba Principe 194 29 Bosnia and Herzegovina 029 112 Japan 112 195 Saudi Arabia 195 30 Botswana 030 113 Jersey 113 196 Senegal 196 31 Bouvet Island 031 114 Jordan 114 197 Serbia 197 32 Brazil 032 115 Kazakhstan 115 198 Seychelles 198 British Indian Ocean 33 033 116 Kenya 116 199 Sierra Leone 199 Territory 34 Brunei Darussalam 034 117 Kiribati 117 200 Singapore 200 Sint Maarten (Dutch 35 Bulgaria 035 118 North Korea 118 201 201 Part) 36 Burkina Faso 036 119 South Korea 119 202 Slovakia 202 104
... 37 Burundi 037 120 Kuwait 120 203 Slovenia 203 38 Cambodia 038 121 Kyrgyzstan 121 204 Solomon Islands 204 Lao People's 39 Cameroon 039 122 Democratic Republic 122 205 Somalia 205 40 Canada 040 123 Latvia 123 206 South Africa 206 South Georgia and 41 Cape Verde 041 124 Lebanon 124 207 The South Sandwich Islands 207 42 Cayman Islands 042 125 Lesotho 125 208 South Sudan 208 43 Central African Republic 043 126 Liberia 126 209 Spain 209 44 Chad 044 127 Libya 127 210 Sri Lanka 210 45 Chile 045 128 Liechtenstein 128 211 Sudan 211 46 China 046 129 Lithuania 129 212 Suriname 212 47 Christmas Island 047 130 Luxembourg 130 213 Svalbard and Jan Mayen 213 48 Cocos (Keeling) Islands 49 Colombia 049 132 048 131 Macao 131 214 Swaziland 214 Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of Ґ 052 135 Malaysia 135 218 132 215 Sweden 215 50 Comoros 050 133 Madagascar 133 216 Switzerland 216 Syrian Arab 51 Congo 051 134 Malawi 134 217 217 Republic 52 Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The Taiwan, Province Of China 53 Cook Islands 053 136 Maldives 136 219 Tajikistan 219 54 Costa Rica 054 137 Mali 137 220 Tanzania, United Republic Of 220 55 Côte D'ivoire 055 138 Malta 138 221 Thailand 221 56 Croatia 056 139 Marshall Islands 139 222 Timor-Leste 222 57 Cuba 057 140 Martinique 140 223 Togo 223 58 Curaçao 058 141 Mauritania 141 224 Tokelau 224 59 Cyprus 059 142 Mauritius 142 225 Tonga 225 60 Czech Republic 060 143 Mayotte 143 226 Trinidad and Tobago 226 61 Denmark 061 144 Mexico 144 227 Tunisia 227 Micronesia, 62 Djibouti 062 145 Federated States Of 145 228 Turkey 228 63 Dominica 063 146 Moldova, Republic Of 218 146 229 Turkmenistan 229 64 Dominican Republic 064 147 Monaco 147 230 Turks and Caicos Islands 230 65 Ecuador 065 148 Mongolia 148 231 Tuvalu 231 66 Egypt 066 149 Montenegro 149 232 Uganda 232 67 El Salvador 067 150 Montserrat 150 233 Ukraine 233 68 Equatorial Guinea 068 151 Morocco 151 234 United Arab Emirates 234 69 Eritrea 069 152 Mozambique 152 235 United Kingdom 235 70 Estonia 070 153 Myanmar 153 236 United States 236 105
... 71 Ethiopia 071 154 Namibia 154 237 United States Minor Outlying Islands 237 72 Falkland Islands (Malvinas) 072 155 Nauru 155 238 Uruguay 238 73 Faroe Islands 073 156 Nepal 156 239 Uzbekistan 239 74 Fiji 074 157 Netherlands 157 240 Vanuatu 240 Venezuela, 75 Finland 075 158 New Caledonia 158 241 Bolivarian Republic Of 241 76 France 076 159 New Zealand 159 242 Viet Nam 242 77 French Guiana 077 160 Nicaragua 160 243 Virgin Islands, British 243 78 French Polynesia 078 161 Niger 161 244 Virgin Islands, U.S. 244 79 French Southern Territories 079 162 Nigeria 162 245 Wallis and Futuna 245 80 Gabon 080 163 Niue 163 246 Western Sahara 246 81 Gambia 081 164 Norfolk Island 164 247 Yemen 247 82 Georgia 082 165 Northern Mariana Islands 165 248 Zambia 248 83 Germany 083 166 Norway 166 249 Zimbabwe 249 9-'i: 1 %& : /3 Zm 1Œ $ D (2 1-5 / 12 9 dn^ $ : 13 { 12 6 æ $ 13 { ) Ґ â A :F+ â AB{ { 1, J ; A> K & > 1 13 0e $ 0 $ / / 13 1 12m ž { dì J-:± 1 $ 0 $ / /3 2 12m ž {>: 1 1,, Spouse $ 1 { 1: { R A>&Ä &Ÿ V > 1 13 $ 0 $ â A :F+ â AB{ { 1 AK Œ 3 12m ž {>: ~ë 0, ƒ @ ~ë 0 { ~ë $ 13 12 2 ž { 1 3 3 A > D $ 0 $ / / 13 4 12m ž { 3 A V+ 1 +Ÿ > 5 12m ž {>: V+ ~ë 0, 1 1$L 1Ãz Part time @ { <$0, 1 m / @ A>&:& <$&$ 0 $ / / 13 6 12m ž { : :F+ AW 1 > 13 AWW / 12 9 ž {>: <$ 106
9-'o: 1 :â A :F+ â AB{ { 1 1 $ > 1 13 12 1 f; n é 122 f; n :F { 1 1 R,, ÌL, V 0 $ 0 $ 9-*(: { 8& 3 D 1 O : { { 8&1, 1 J ; $ 1 1L 5, 1{: y@, ý, @t, ƒ, %:L O, 1 Õ ^ 3 > 1 13 12 1 f; n 1 3 > 12 2 f; n 9 *( / :; $ 9 *) â 1 1@ 9 *' â n 9-*): 3 O : { { 8&1, 1 J ; $ 1 1t > 12 1 ž /+ 1 1t ý, @t, ƒ, %:L Hardware O, 1, _ ƒ, 1þ, em, 1@ 1 Õ h $ { 8& ^ 1 3 > 2 ž { 8&%:L Software Programming / 1 3 > 12 3 ž { 8&y@-/ 3 > 12 4 ž { : :F+ 3 AW 1 3 > 13 AWW-/ 12 9 ž 9-*': Ö %& : 1{ 1 1@ 1 $ A> (PR) $ 1 13 12 1 f; n é 12 2 f; n /+ $ A> (PR) 1 L&K h $ D {>: # 13, 2&K A> 2, A @ 1 13 1 PR K /Citizen h $ D 9-**: { K : > 13 12 1 ž /+ K : A5 { A>& 4 L 1, 1 / ± & $, /@m (BMET), (BAIRA)/ m /a / @ : { h $ D #-A5 AÄK { h $ D / 13 122 ž 9-*b: & 1 A D 1 O :,$ { 1 A 1 13 12 1 f; n, 1 A 12 2 f; n 9-*T: & 1 > %& : { m 1 A D # { / $ 1 13 12 1 ž 107
{ AN 1 A D # { / $ 1 13 12 2 ž { 1{ 1 1 1 1,$ & 1 A D 1 J $ # 1 5 {, / 13 12 3 ž { V+ 1^ & 1 A D # { / $ 12 4 ž { 1 AB > A> AB W > 1 A 12 5 ž { 1 1^ $ { 1 A > 12 6 ž { 1 5 /D / $ 127 ž :F+ AW 1 { 1 A > 1 13 12 9 ž 1-b + # O Ґ 1-* / { X AK {4 1 A D (' D AK ) W 1-b () â 1 1@ ) 1La $ # %& (9 -*X $ 9 -b'): 1 b / () / 9-*Z $ 9-b' 1- *-/ @ AB 8 $ 9-*X:,$ $ 1 1La,$ D : { :; $Y $ 12 1 f; n { :; $ 12 2 f; n { 9-*X / :; $ 9 -*Z $ b' â 1 1@ 9-*X / :; $Y $ 9 -*Z $ b' â n 9-*Z: L l D 1 %& : 1 * / m& @ AB { / L l > 1 ž / :; â L l D 1 l m ž 9-*i: _ L : $z @ ( ) AB L $ +m 1La # L # D :F+ n 108
9-*o: 1 A>&,$ %& : 1 A>& 1{ #ˆ,$ 12 j+ Tm $ D: 1 = ƒ /J /d /W 2 = / 3 = / V 4 = @/ :: bm %& A>&,$ 13 1{ %& { 1m : @ ž, { A>&,$ :: %& 1m $ > AWW 12 T ž 9-b(: 1La _ %& : $ L _ l q (9 0 q 1 $ D) :; D $ 1 l 12q ž / 13 & œ Y0m :; $ & 3 1{ q ()') L l D 1q 12 $ 129 :F+ 13 m Ôg 9 0 AWW A ž 3 NK>& 12q j $- 12: 1- &@:, 2-,, 3-2R, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-0 1, 9- AWW (:F+ n) 9-b): 1 ª $ l D 1 %& : / 9 /K :; $ { $ +±, l > 1 13 12 1 ž ²^K, l > 1 13 12 2 ž <$ \ U, 3 ž V l > 1 13 12 4 ž -V/ /+ @ l > 1 13 12 5 ž A, l > 1 13 12 6 ž K, l > 1 13 12 7 ž :4 ; { l > 1 13 12 8 ž C^ { l > 1 13 12 9 ž :F+ ª { AW 1 ª $ l > 1 13 ª :F+ 12 10 ž / 1 ª 9 0 AWW A :F+ n 109
<$ \ U,, x, 1 1, / L, #, %:L, 1@,, @ 1{ V \ U4 0 $ 1q h $ D, 1, ý 1 @ :4; { $ h $ D C^ { tv, % 1 @ h $ D 9-b': 1 ª, «%& : 9-b) / 1{ ª :F+ $ D 1 ª L ß & «:F+ $ +) 1La + AW :4 1> # O (9 -b* $ 9 -bb) 9-b*: 1La + AW 1 # :4 #D 1 O : { :; :; $Y $ 12 1 f; n / qnö8&bm 12 f; n :; $ 12 2 f; n 9-bT/ { 9-bb: 1La AWW :4 1> + # 1L L O : { 9-b* / :; $Y $ 1{ bm 12 9-b* / f; $ D 1 12q $z @ ( ) AB # L ž / ^ q :4 $ # 1L (L ) ž 1-T () + O (+± ª) () $) (9 -bt $ 9 -bi) Ґ 9-bT: ) (/) + +± ª $ D 1 O : 9 :F+ +± ª «$ $ 1{ +± ª $ D 1q f; n /3 /K :; $ 1La 1La AW :4 $ $ D- : @ $ + $ 9-bX: ) (/) C O : 9-bT / 1{ +± ª 12 f; $ D 1 +±ª 1 +±ª { : (La 1La AW :4 $ ) A> 1{ 1 /m :4 $ A>&+0 $ > $z @ ( ) AB àg R 1 +± ª / Ôg ž /3 >& 13 / L, 2 13 / $ AWW ª 13 /, :F+ $ @ + 1$L, 1Ãz @ / + 12 14 1 / / :F+ $ : 12m W 9-bZ / æ L +@ $ 9-bZ: «1L +0C L %& : 9-bT / 1{ +±ª / 12 f; $ D 1 +±ª { : (La 1La AW :4 $ ) A> 1{ 1 /m :4 $ A>&+0 $ > $z @ ( ) AB àg R +± ª 1L L +0 $ D L ž +± ª «àg $z @ ( ) AB + 1^ 1L +0 :F+ $ 110
9-bi: 1La $ +0C L O : 9-bT / 1{ +±ª 12 f; $ D 1 +±ª { 1La $ A>&+0 $ > +±ª «$ L +0 $ D (%) / ž 1-T (+) + +0 O H (+±, AWW) (9 - bo $ 9 -Tb) 9-bo: )' +±, + AWW +0 O : 9 :F+ ª, 1«$ $ 1{ ª, 1«$ )' $ D 1q f; n /3 /K :; $ 1La 1La AW :4 $ $ D- : @ $ + $ /+ [R ${&, U { 1{H, x, @t Â, 1, / L, @ e @, $ â A :F+ L #ˆ â AB{ L #ˆ A> AW : 1 { A>&+0 $ > / +0C A>&# + 15 1 $ & A>& $ > /3 12 10 f; n { +0C A>&15 1 & â A :F+ L #ˆ â AB{ L #ˆ A> AW : _ W A>&+0 $ > 1@ A>&É $ 0 $ / 12 18 f; n 9-T(: 1L +0C L O : 9-bo / 1{ ª, 1«$ / 12 f; $ D 1 ª, 1«$ { : (La 1La AW :4 $ ) A> 1{ 1 /m :4 $ A>&+0 $ > $z @ ( ) AB ª 1 1L L +0 $ D àg ª, 1«$ R L ž 9-T): 1La $ +0C L O : 9-bo / 1{ ª 12 $ D 1 ª, 1«$ 1La $ { A>&+0 $ > $z @ ( ) AB ª L +0 $ D àg ª, 1«$ R L ž 9-T': )' + : $ D 1 O : 9 :F+ :«$ $ 1{ $ D 1q f; n /3 /K :; $ 1La 1La AW :4 $ $ D- : @ $ + $ 9-T*: 1L +0C L O : 9-T' / 1{ : 12 f; $ D 1 : { : (La 1La AW :4 $ ) A> 1{ 1 /m :4 $ A>& +0 $ > $z @ ( ) AB : 1L L +0 $ D àg : R L ž 111
9-Tb: 1La $ +0C L O : 9-T'1 1{ : 12 $ D 1 : { 1La $ A>& +0 $ > $z @ ( ) AB ª L +0 $ D àg : R L ž 1-X O : (9 - TT $ 9 -Ti) 9-TT: + O : + + K A> AW 1 { ) D 1 + A>& > 12 1 f; n # { 1 + > 12 2 f; n 9-To / { / 13 + : :4 (La 1La AW :4) $ # $ 9-TX: + O : 9-TT / :; { $Y $ + 1 1 + #D àg 12m f; n / 13 /K :; $ / 13 + : :4 (La 1La AW :4) $ # $ /+ Premium bond, Investment bond, Wage earners development bond 1 h $ D 9-TZ: 1La 1> C L O : 9-TX 1 1{ + 12 $ D 1 + W { 1La $ A>&+0 $ > m& @ AB + L ) Ґ D / 1L ( { $,$ {&O) $ D L ž àg $z @ ( ) AB + 1^ 1L :F+ $ 9-Ti: C 1L L O : 9-TX 1 1{ + 12 $ D 1 + W { : (La 1La AW :4 $ # ) A> 1{ 1 /m # :4 $ A>& $ > $z @ ( ) AB + L ) D / 1L $ D L ž àg $z @ ( ) AB + 1^ 1L :F+ $ 1-Z Í O : (9 - To $ 9 -X') 9-To: + & Í O : + + K A> AW 1 { 1 + A>&Í > 12 1 f; n # { 1 + A>&Í > 12 2 f; n Š 9 «$ 9; & n / 13 + 1{ 1 :4 (La 1La AW :4) $ # Í $ 112
9-X(: Í K %& : 9-To / :; { $Y $ + 1 1 + Í $ D àg 12m f; n / 13 + 1{ 1 :4 (La 1La AW :4) $ # Í $ 9-X): 1La $ Í C L O : 9-X( 1 1{ + 12 f; $ D 1 + { 1La $ Í $ > $z @ ( ) AB + L ) D / 1L ( { $,$ {&O) Í $ D L ž Í àg $z @ ( ) AB + 1^ 1L Í :F+ $ 9-X': Í C L O : 9-X( 1 1{ + 12 $ D 1 + Í W { : (La 1La AW :4 $ # ) A> 1{ 1 /m # :4 $ A>&Í $ > $z @ ( ) AB + L ) D / 1L Í $ D L ž Í àg $z @ ( ) AB + 1^ 1L Í :F+ $ **AWW- 13 :F+8& 12 ž 113
Annex IV: Standard Error Division Estimate Linearized Standard Error Relative Standard Error (RSE) 95% Confidence Interval Barisal 192609.6 14901.18 7.74 163351 221868.2 Chittagong 215707.7 18032.58 8.36 180300.5 251114.9 Dhaka 219739.8 9856.285 4.49 200386.8 239092.7 Khulna 194093.3 11891.22 6.13 170744.7 217441.8 Rajshahi 167700.8 16016.65 9.55 136252 199149.7 Rangpur 182926.3 20023.57 10.95 143609.8 222242.8 Sylhet 189358.7 17330.27 9.15 155330.6 223386.9 Bangladesh 205641.3 7016.686 3.41 191864 219418.7 Survey: Mean estimation Number of strata = 7 Number of observations = 9961 Number of PSUs = 677 Population size = 1525111 Variable Income from Remittance Estimate Linearized Standard Error 205641.3 7016.686 Total Income 261604.8 8399.272 Expenditure from Remittance Invest from Remittance Cumulative Invest from Remittance Savings from Remittance Cumulative Savings from Remittance Ґ Relative Standard Error (RSE) 3.41 3.21 95% Confidence Interval 191864 219418.7 245112.7 278096.8 166729 7756.608 4.65 152430.4 182891.8 66035 10668.86 16.16 45085.58 86983.99 79734 10979.81 13.77 58173.9 101293.4 27126.1 2029.954 7.48 23140.26 31111.94 61710.6 5846.158 9.47 50231.61 73189.6 114
Annex-V: Persons Involved in Preparation of the Report List of SUR-2013 Team: Sl. No. Name Designation 1. Mr. Md. Dilder Hossain, Programme Director Deputy Director 2. Ms. Reshma Jesmin Statistical Officer 3. Ms. Aklima Khatun Statistical Officer Technical Committee: Sl. No. Name Designation 1. Mr. Golam Mostafa Kamal, Director General, BBS Chairperson 2. Representative, Finance Division, Ministry of Finance Member 3. Representative, Banking & Financial Institute Division, Ministry of Finance Member 4. Representative, Bangladesh Bank Member 5. Representative, Ministry of Expatriates Welfare & Overseas Employment Member 6. Representative, Ministry of Youth & Sports Member 7. Representative, Ministry of Labour & Employment Member 8. Representative, Rural Development & cooperation Division Member 䑀 Ґ 9. Representative, Bureau of Manpower, Employment & Training Member 10. Chairman, Social Science Department, University of Dhaka Member 11. Dr. Syed Shahadat Hossain, ISRT, University of Dhaka Member 12. Representative, a2i Project, Prime Minister s Office Member 13. Deputy Secretary (Administration), Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) Member 14. Representative, Bangladesh Tourism Board Member 15. Director, National Accounting Wing, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Member 16. Representative, Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation Member 17. Senior Assistant Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division Member 18. PS to Secretary, Statistics and Informatics Division Member 19. Representative, Bangladesh Overseas Employment & Services Ltd. (BOESL) Member 20. Representative, Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies Member 21. (BAIRA) Mr. Md. Dilder Hossain, Programme Director Member Secretary 115
Working Committee Sl. No. Name & Designation Designation in the Committee 1 Mr. Satya Ranjan Mondal, Deputy Secretary (Ex-Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS), SID Chairperson 2 Mr. Abul Kalam Azad, Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member 3 Mr. Md. Ziauddin Ahmed, Join Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member 4 Dr. Dipankar Roy, Deputy Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member 5 Mr. Kabir Uddin Ahmed, Deputy Director, Industry & Labour Wing, BBS Member 6 Mr. A.K.M Ashraful Haque, Deputy Director, Industry & Labour Wing, BBS Member 7 Mr. Abdul Khaleque, Deputy Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member 8 Ms. Reshma Jesmin, Statistical Officer, FA & MIS, BBS Member 9 Mr. Md. Dilder Hossain, Deputy Director, National Accounting Wing, BBS Member Secretary 娰 Ґ 116