PAKISTAN AND THE GEOSTRATEGle ENVIRONMENT

PAKISTAN AND THE GEOSTRATEGle ENVIRONMENT

By the same author THE MILITARY AND POLmCS IN PAKISTAN, 1947-86 INTERNAL STRIFE AND EXTERNAL INTERVENTION: India's Role in the Civil War in East Pakistan (Bangladesh) 1971

Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment A Study of Foreign Policy Hasan-Askari Rizvi Professor ofpolitical Science University ofthe Punjab. Lahore

Hasan-Askari Rizvi 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1993 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-349-39066-3 DOI 10.1057/9780230379848 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-230-37984-8 (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Transferred to digital printing 1999

Contents Preface List ofabbreviations Vlll x The Geostrategic Environs and Foreign Policy I The Post-War International System and its Transformation 1 The Third World: Problems and Strategies 5 Pakistan and the International System 8 2 Pakistan and India: Divergent Goals and Bilateral Relations 18 The Roots of Antagonism 18 Regional Power Structure 20 Domestic Considerations 22 From Confrontation to Reconciliation 23 The Afghanistan Problem 38 No-War Pact/Treaty of Friendship 39 Hot and Cold Diplomacy 41 3 The Smaller States of South Asia 50 Bangladesh 50 Sri Lanka 58 Nepal 62 The Maldives 67 Bhutan 69 4 Islam and Foreign Policy 70 The Initial Policies 71 Transformation of Environment and Foreign Policy 72 The Diplomatic Dimension 74 The Economic Dimension 77 The Security Dimension 81 The Problem of Balance 83 5 The United States 85 Post-1971 Pakistan 87 Arms Embargo 88 v

vi Contents The Nuclear Issue Improvement of Relations The First Assistance Package The Second Assistance Package Political Change in Pakistan and the United States 91 94 98 102 106 6 The Soviet Union 112 Foundations of the Relationship and the Changing Patterns 112 A Gradual Improvement 117 Asian Collective Security and After 119 The Afghanistan Crisis and Pak-Soviet Relations 122 The Gorbachev Initiative 128 Economic Relations 133 7 China 138 The Search for a Viable Relationship 140 Support to Pakistan's Recovery 142 The Afghanistan Crisis 147 Reciprocal High-level Interaction 149 The Kashmir Issue 153 The Security Relationship 155 Economic and Cultural Relations 157 Notes Index 163 188

Preface The book undertakes a comprehen sive study of Pakistan's Foreign policy with emphasis on the geostrategic environment. Situated in the vicinity of powerful countries like India, China and the Soviet Union, and the Persian Gulf, Pakistan is often confronted with difficult choices. The United States maintains interests and presence in and around the region, and Pakistan often seeks security by aligning with the US. Pakistan's generally strained interaction with India and frequent problems in its relations with Afghanistan, especially since 1979, when the Soviet Union resorted to military intervention in that country, have created acute insecurity in Pakistan which at times borders on paranoia. The limited economic resources, a relatively weak industrial-technological base and fissiparous tendencies in the domestic context have also shaped Pakistan's foreign policy options. Other factors which influence Pakistan's foreign policy include its Islamic identity, the growing interdependence in the international system, and the rapidly changing international environment in the wake of the current Soviet retreat from its strident role in the international system. The book examines these issues and factors and assesses their implications for Pakistan's interaction at the bilateral, regional and international levels. Though the major focus of the study is on the post-1971 period, the relevant developments of the earlier period (1947-71) have been discussed to facilitate analysis. The first chapter sets out the parameters of Pakistan's foreign policy and the next two deal with Pakistan 's interaction with the states of South Asia; India attracts the maximum attention for obvious reasons. Chapter 4 examines Pakistan 's efforts to project Islam in foreign policy and its relations with the Muslim states. Pakistan 's relations with the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, are the subject of the next two chapters, and the last covers Sino-Pakistan ties. The Afghanistan crisis and Pakistan's nuclear programme are also analysed in the book. The data for this study were collected in Pakistan, the US, and the UK. Sources are given in detail in endnotes which include official documents/ reports/communiques/press releases/parliamentary debates, the relevant books, articles, newspapers and journals. Throughout the book 'Bhutto' refers to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and the name of Benazir Bhutto has been written in full. The manuscript was prepared while the author was holding the Iqbal Pakistan Chair at South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University, Germany. The author is grateful to the Director and the Faculty/Staff of vii

viii Preface SAl for their courtesy and cooperation during his stay there. Special thanks are due to Dr Inayatullah Baloch (Heidelberg) and Dr Zafar Iqbal Cheema (London and Islamabad) who read parts of the book and suggested improvements. HAR Lahore, Pakistan

List of Abbreviations AIG APP AWACS CENTCOM CENTO CFL CSCE ECO FPCCI GATI' IAEA ICBM IUAM NAM NIEO NWFP NWFZ OlC PDPA PPP RCD SAARC SEATO SWAPO UAE UNTEA USAID Afghan Interim Government Associated Press of Pakistan Airborne Warning and Control System Central Command (US) Central Treaty Organization Ceasefire Line Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Economic Cooperation Organization Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade International Atomic Energy Agency Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Islamic Unity of Afghan Mujahideen Nonaligned Movement New International Economic Order North West Frontier Province Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Organization of the Islamic Conference People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan People's Party of Pakistan Regional Cooperation for Development South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation South East Asia Treaty Organization South West Africa People' s Organization United Arab Emirates United Nations Temporary Executive Authority United States Agency for International Development IX