329520_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/06 10:58 AM Page A-1. An American Profile: The United States and Its People

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1 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-1 An American Profile: The United States and Its People

2 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-2 Population, Change, and Racial Composition for the United States, Population of Increase over Preceding Census Racial Composition, Percent Distribution* Census United States Number White Black Latino Asian 179 3,929, NA NA 18 5,38,483 1,379, NA NA 181 7,239,881 1,931, NA NA 182 9,638,453 2,398, NA NA ,866,2 3,227, NA NA ,69,453 4,23, NA NA ,191,876 6,122, NA NA ,433,321 8,251, NA NA ,818,449 8,375, NA NA 188 5,155,783 1,337, NA NA ,947,714 12,791, NA NA 19 75,994,575 13,46, NA ,972,266 15,997, NA ,71,62 13,738, NA ,775,46 17,64, NA ,669,275 8,894, NA ,697,361 19,28, NA ,323,175 28,625, NA ,235,298 23,912, NA ,54,825 23,269, ,79,873 22,25, ,177,754 33,467, ,655,11 11,477, *Not every racial group included (e.g., no Native Americans). Persons of Latino origin may be of any race. Data for 198, 199, 2, 24 add up to more than 1% because those who identify themselves as Latino could still be counted as White. First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. (Sources: Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, updated by relevant Statistical Abstract of the United States.) Population Density and Distribution, Population per square mile % Urban* % Rural * The Bureau of the Census defines urban as communities of 2,5 or more inhabitants. First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii. (Sources: Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, updated by relevant Statistical Abstract of the United States.)

3 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-3 An American Profile: The United States and Its People A-3 Changing Characteristics of the U.S. Population Birthrates per thousand women ages Life expectancy at birth 8 7 Rate 1 5 Age Median age of population (years) 4 Infant mortality Age 3 2 Per 1, live births Total White Black Household size 6 Average number of household members Median age at first marriage Age Male Female (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.)

4 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-4 A-4 An American Profile: The United States and Its People Changing Lifestyles in Modern America Households with all plumbing facilities, * 195* Occupied households with electric service, Occupied households with telephones, Motor-vehicle registrations, Registration (in millions) Households with television sets, Households with videocassette recorders (VCRs), *Except for 194 and 195, figures for all plumbing facilities (not detailed in source). For 194, figure is for flush toilet, inside structure, private use (64.7 percent had flush toilet and private and/or shared inside structure, and 6.9 percent had installed bath or shower). For 195, figure designates units with private toilet and bath and hot running water (flush toilet, private or shared inside structure is 74.3 percent; installed bathtub or shower, 72.9 percent). (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.) Characteristics of the U.S. Labor Force Total labor force (age 16 or over, employed and unemployed seeking work) 15 Gender composition of labor force, (percentage of men and women in civilian labor force) 1 Top three occupational categories (rank based on total numbers) for workers age 14 and older farm manual* white collar service Millions of persons Men Women Rank * Manual workers = operators, fabricators, and laborers plus precision production, craft, and repair. White-collar workers = managerial and professional plus technical, sales, and administrative support. (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Labor Statistics, relevant years.)

5 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/21/6 1:25 PM Page A-5 An American Profile: The United States and Its People A-5 Leading Economic Sectors (various years) of 1849 value added contributed 1899 Construction 7.9 Mining 1.4 Manufacturing 32.1 Agriculture 59.3 Mining 4.6 Construction 12.6 Agriculture 33.3 Manufacturing Government 8.7 Agriculture 7.6 Trade 18.7 Manufacturing 28. Services 8.9 Communication 1.6 Construction 4.4 Transportation 5.7 Finance, insurance, and real estate 1.8 Mining 3.2 Agriculture 1.4 Government Trade Manufacturing 14.1 Construction 4.8 Mining 1.4 Electricity, gas, and sanitation 2.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate 2.6 Services 22.1 Communication 2.9 Transportation 3. (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States, Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and Bureau of Economic Analysis.) Per Capita Disposable Personal Income in Constant (1987) Dollars, dollars 18, Comparative Tax Burdens (percentage of gross domestic product paid as taxes in major industrial countries, 2) Sweden 53.6% Belgium 45.6% 15, France 45.3% Italy 42.% 12, Netherlands 41.4% Germany 37.9% 9, 6, United Kingdom United States Japan 29.6% 27.1% 37.4% 3, (Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.) (Sources: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and John J. McCusker, Comparing the Purchasing Power of Money in the U.S., [24], Economic History Services

6 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/21/6 1:25 PM Page A-6 A-6 An American Profile: The United States and Its People The Federal Budget Dollar and How It Is Spent, by Major Category Health Education 1.1 Interest 7.5 Income Security* National Defense 49 Other 21.7 Health 1 Education National Income Defense Security* Other 16.4 Interest 11.2 Health 21.2 National Defense 17.3 Education 3.5 Other 11.3 Interest 8.5 Income Security* 38.2 *Includes Social Security payments to the elderly and disabled, unemployment compensation, and welfare. Note the shifting emphasis in the budget from defense spending to health and income security, and to interest payments on the national debt. (Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.) The U.S. Balance of Trade, Billions of dollars Status of the balance of trade (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.)

7 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/21/6 1:26 PM Page A-7 An American Profile: The United States and Its People A-7 Tariff Levies on Dutiable Imports, (ratio of duties to value of dutiable imports) Tariff of Abominations Compromise Tariff, 1833 Tariff of 1842 Walker Tariff, 1846 Tariff of 1857 Morrill Tariff, 1861 McKinley Tariff, 189 Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894 Dingley Tariff, 1897 Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 199 Underwood Tariff, 1913 Emergency Tariff, 1921 Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922 Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 193 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, 1934 General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade, Trade Expansion Act Kennedy Round, 1967 Trade Reform Act, 1974 Trade & Tariff Act, 1984 North American Free Trade Agreement, (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States, Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and United States International Trade Commission.) Gross Domestic Product in Current and Constant 1995 Dollars* 12, 11, 1, 9, U.S. dollars (in billions) 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Constant 1995 dollars Current dollars (Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years.) *Gross national product before 196. Gross national product includes income from overseas investment and excludes profits generated in the United States but accruing to foreign accounts. Gross domestic product excludes overseas profits owed to American accounts but includes the value of all items originating in the United States, regardless of the ultimate destination of the profits. Until recent years, those factors made for negligible differences in the calculation of national and domestic product, but most economists now prefer the latter methodology.

8 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-8 A-8 An American Profile: The United States and Its People Presidential Elections* Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote 1789 GEORGE WASHINGTON No party designation 69 JOHN ADAMS 34 MINOR CANDIDATES GEORGE WASHINGTON No party designation 132 JOHN ADAMS 77 GEORGE CLINTON 5 MINOR CANDIDATES JOHN ADAMS Federalist 71 THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 68 THOMAS PINCKNEY Federalist 59 AARON BURR Democratic-Republican 3 MINOR CANDIDATES THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 73 AARON BURR Democratic-Republican 73 JOHN ADAMS Federalist 65 CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 64 JOHN JAY Federalist THOMAS JEFFERSON Democratic-Republican 162 CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 122 CHARLES C. PINCKNEY Federalist 47 GEORGE CLINTON Democratic-Republican JAMES MADISON Democratic-Republican 128 DEWITT CLINTON Federalist JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 183 RUFUS KING Federalist JAMES MONROE Democratic-Republican 231 JOHN Q. ADAMS Independent Republican JOHN Q. ADAMS (Min.) Democratic-Republican 18,74 84 ANDREW JACKSON Democratic-Republican 153, WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD Democratic-Republican 46, HENRY CLAY Democratic-Republican 47, ANDREW JACKSON Democratic 647, JOHN Q. ADAMS National Republican 58, ANDREW JACKSON Democratic 687, HENRY CLAY National Republican 53, WILLIAM WIRT Anti-Masonic 33,18 7 JOHN FLOYD National Republican MARTIN VAN BUREN Democratic 765, WILLIAM H. HARRISON Whig } 73 HUGH L. WHITE Whig ,795 DANIEL WEBSTER Whig 14 W. P. MANGUM Whig WILLIAM H. HARRISON Whig 1,274, MARTIN VAN BUREN Democratic 1,127, JAMES K. POLK (Min.) Democratic 1,338, HENRY CLAY Whig 1,3,97 15 JAMES G. BIRNEY Liberty 62,3 * Candidates receiving less than 1 percent of the popular vote are omitted. Before the Twelfth Amendment (184), the Electoral College voted for two presidential candidates, and the runner-up became vice president. Basic figures are taken primarily from Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 197 (1975), pp , and Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years. Min. indicates minority president one receiving less than 5 percent of all popular votes. }

9 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-9 An American Profile: The United States and Its People A-9 Presidential Elections (continued) Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote 1848 ZACHARY TAYLOR Whig 1,36, LEWIS CASS Democratic 1,222, MARTIN VAN BUREN Free Soil 291, FRANKLIN PIERCE Democratic 1,61, WINFIELD SCOTT Whig 1,385, JOHN P. HALE Free Soil 155, JAMES BUCHANAN (Min.)* Democratic 1,832, JOHN C. FRÉMONT Republican 1,339, MILLARD FILLMORE American 871, ABRAHAM LINCOLN (Min.)* Republican 1,865, STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS Democratic 1,382, JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE Democratic 848, JOHN BELL Constitutional Union 592, ABRAHAM LINCOLN Union 2,26, GEORGE B. MC CLELLAN Democratic 1,83, ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,13, HORATIO SEYMOUR Democratic 2,76, ULYSSES S. GRANT Republican 3,596, HORACE GREELEY Democratic Liberal 2,843, Republican 1876 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (Min.)* Republican 4,36, SAMUEL J. TILDEN Democratic 4,284, JAMES A. GARFIELD (Min.)* Republican 4,453, WINFIELD S. HANCOCK Democratic 4,414, JAMES B. WEAVER Greenback-Labor 38, GROVER CLEVELAND (Min.)* Democratic 4,879, JAMES G. BLAINE Republican 4,85, BENJAMIN F. BUTLER Greenback-Labor 175,37 JOHN P. ST. JOHN Prohibition 15, BENJAMIN HARRISON (Min.)* Republican 5,447, GROVER CLEVELAND Democratic 5,537, CLINTON B. FISK Prohibition 249,56 ANSON J. STREETER Union Labor 146, GROVER CLEVELAND (Min.)* Democratic 5,555, BENJAMIN HARRISON Republican 5,182, JAMES B. WEAVER People s 1,29, JOHN BIDWELL Prohibition 264, WILLIAM MC KINLEY Republican 7,12, WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic 6,492, WILLIAM MC KINLEY Republican 7,218, WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic; Populist 6,356, JOHN C. WOOLLEY Prohibition 28, THEODORE ROOSEVELT Republican 7,628, ALTON B. PARKER Democratic 5,84, EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 42,283 SILAS C. SWALLOW Prohibition 258, WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 7,675, WILLIAM J. BRYAN Democratic 6,412, EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 42,793 EUGENE W. CHAFIN Prohibition 253,84 * Min. indicates minority president one receiving less than 5 percent of all popular votes.

10 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-1 A-1 An American Profile: The United States and Its People Presidential Elections (continued) Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote 1912 WOODROW WILSON (Min.)* Democratic 6,296, THEODORE ROOSEVELT Progressive 4,118, WILLIAM H. TAFT Republican 3,486,72 8 EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 9,672 EUGENE W. CHAFIN Prohibition 26, WOODROW WILSON (Min.)* Democratic 9,127, CHARLES E. HUGHES Republican 8,533, A. L. BENSON Socialist 585,113 J. F. HANLY Prohibition 22, WARREN G. HARDING Republican 16,143,47 44 JAMES M. COX Democratic 9,13, EUGENE V. DEBS Socialist 919,799 P. P. CHRISTENSEN Farmer-Labor 265, CALVIN COOLIDGE Republican 15,718, JOHN W. DAVIS Democratic 8,385, ROBERT M. LA FOLLETTE Progressive 4,831, HERBERT C. HOOVER Republican 21,391, ALFRED E. SMITH Democratic 15,16, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 22,89, HERBERT C. HOOVER Republican 15,758,91 59 NORMAN THOMAS Socialist 881, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 27,752, ALFRED M. LANDON Republican 16,674,665 8 WILLIAM LEMKE Union 882, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 27,37, WENDELL L. WILLKIE Republican 22,321, FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT Democratic 25,66, THOMAS E. DEWEY Republican 22,14, HARRY S TRUMAN (Min.)* Democratic 24,179, THOMAS E. DEWEY Republican 21,991, J. STROM THURMOND States Rights Democratic 1,176, HENRY A. WALLACE Progressive 1,157, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 33,936, ADLAI E. STEVENSON Democratic 27,314, DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Republican 35,59, ADLAI E. STEVENSON Democratic 26,22, JOHN F. KENNEDY (Min.)* Democratic 34,226, RICHARD M. NIXON Republican 34,18, LYNDON B. JOHNSON Democratic 43,129, BARRY M. GOLDWATER Republican 27,178, RICHARD M. NIXON (Min.)* Republican 31,785,48 31 HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, JR. Democratic 31,275, GEORGE C. WALLACE American Independent 9,96, RICHARD M. NIXON Republican 47,169, GEORGE S. MC GOVERN Democratic 29,17, JIMMY CARTER Democratic 4,828, GERALD R. FORD Republican 39,145,52 24 * Min. indicates minority president one receiving less than 5 percent of all popular votes. Six Democratic electors in Alabama, all eight unpledged Democratic electors in Mississippi, and one Republican elector in Oklahoma voted for Senator Harry F. Byrd.

11 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-11 An American Profile: The United States and Its People A-11 Presidential Elections (continued) Election Candidates Parties Popular Vote Electoral Vote 198 RONALD W. REAGAN Republican 43,899, JIMMY CARTER Democratic 35,481, JOHN B. ANDERSON Independent 5,719, RONALD W. REAGAN Republican 52,69, WALTER MONDALE Democratic 36,45, GEORGE BUSH Republican 47,946, MICHAEL DUKAKIS Democratic 41,16, WILLIAM CLINTON (Min.)* Democratic 44,99, GEORGE BUSH Republican 39,14, H. ROSS PEROT Independent 19,742, WILLIAM CLINTON (Min.)* Democratic 47,41, ROBERT DOLE Republican 39,198, H. ROSS PEROT Reform 7,874,283 2 GEORGE W. BUSH (Min.)* Republican 5,456,2 271 ALBERT GORE, JR. Democratic 5,999, RALPH NADER Green 2,783, GEORGE W. BUSH Republican 6,693, JOHN KERRY Democratic 57,355, RALPH NADER Green 45,623 * Min. indicates minority president one receiving less than 5 percent of all popular votes. Presidents and Vice Presidents Term President Vice President George Washington John Adams George Washington John Adams John Adams Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr Thomas Jefferson George Clinton James Madison George Clinton (d. 1812) James Madison Elbridge Gerry (d. 1814) James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun (resigned 1832) Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren Richard M. Johnson William H. Harrison (d. 1841) John Tyler John Tyler James K. Polk George M. Dallas Zachary Taylor (d. 185) Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce William R. D. King (d. 1853) James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge

12 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-12 A-12 An American Profile: The United States and Its People Presidents and Vice Presidents (continued) Term President Vice President Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865) Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson (d. 1875) Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler James A. Garfield (d. 1881) Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks (d. 1885) Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton Grover Cleveland Adlai E. Stevenson William McKinley Garret A. Hobart (d. 1899) William McKinley (d. 191) Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks William H. Taft James S. Sherman (d. 1912) Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall Warren G. Harding (d. 1923) Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis Franklin D. Roosevelt John N. Garner Franklin D. Roosevelt John N. Garner Franklin D. Roosevelt Henry A. Wallace Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1945) Harry S Truman Harry S Truman Harry S Truman Alben W. Barkley Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon John F. Kennedy (d. 1963) Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert H. Humphrey, Jr Richard M. Nixon Spiro T. Agnew (resigned 1973); Gerald R. Ford Gerald R. Ford Nelson A. Rockefeller Jimmy Carter Walter F. Mondale Ronald Reagan George Bush Ronald Reagan George Bush George Bush J. Danforth Quayle III William Clinton Albert Gore, Jr William Clinton Albert Gore, Jr George W. Bush Richard Cheney 25 George W. Bush Richard Cheney

13 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-13 An American Profile: The United States and Its People A-13 Admission of States (See p. 183 for order in which the original thirteen entered the Union.) Order of Date of Order of Date of Admission State Admission Admission State Admission 14 Vermont Mar. 4, Oregon Feb. 14, Kentucky June 1, Kansas Jan. 29, Tennessee June 1, W. Virginia June 2, Ohio Mar. 1, Nevada Oct. 31, Louisiana April 3, Nebraska Mar. 1, Indiana Dec. 11, Colorado Aug. 1, Mississippi Dec. 1, N. Dakota Nov. 2, Illinois Dec. 3, S. Dakota Nov. 2, Alabama Dec. 14, Montana Nov. 8, Maine Mar. 15, Washington Nov. 11, Missouri Aug. 1, Idaho July 3, Arkansas June 15, Wyoming July 1, Michigan Jan. 26, Utah Jan. 4, Florida Mar. 3, Oklahoma Nov. 16, Texas Dec. 29, New Mexico Jan. 6, Iowa Dec. 28, Arizona Feb. 14, Wisconsin May 29, Alaska Jan. 3, California Sept. 9, Hawaii Aug. 21, Minnesota May 11, 1858 Estimates of Total Costs and Number of Battle Deaths of Major U.S. Wars* Total Costs Original Costs Number of War (millions of dollars) Battle Deaths Vietnam Conflict $352, $14,6 47,355 Korean Conflict 164, 54, 33,629 World War II 664, 288, 291,557 World War I 112, 26, 53,42 Spanish-American War 6, Union only 12,952 3,2 14,414 Civil War { Confederacy (est.) N.A. 1, 94, Mexican War ,733 War of ,26 American Revolution ,824 * Deaths from disease and other causes are not shown. In earlier wars especially, owing to poor medical and sanitary practices, nonbattle deaths substantially exceeded combat casualties. The difference between total costs and original costs is attributable to continuing postwar payments for items such as veterans benefits, interest on war debts, and so on (Sources: Historical Statistics of the United States, Statistical Abstract of the United States, relevant years, and The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1986.)