Welcome to History 43 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States I Prof. Valadez
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1 Welcome to History 43 The Mexican-American in the History of the United States I Prof. Valadez 1
2 Topics Wars of Independence in the Americas How were Americas wars of independence similar and different in their struggles and achievements? War of U.S. Independence War of Mexican Independence
3 Enlightenment (Age of Reason) Enlightenment: intellectual movement of the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Idea of using reason to understand the universe Sir Isaac Newton John Locke: The right to life, liberty, and possession. Profoundly influence founding fathers Enlightened form of government: separation of powers social contract (Rousseau) the king rules by the "consent of the governed" 3
4 Jefferson s 1 st Inaugural Address 1801 If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. 4
5 Poor Richard's Almanack, moral picture Poor Richard's Almanack, moral picture This is an excerpt from Poor Richard's Almanac. (Library of Congress) 5 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
6
7 XM 2.2
8 XM 2.1
9 9
10 European Settlements and Indians,
11 11
12 Problems Debt Taxation 12
13 King George III
14 Quartering Act Proclamation Act of 1763 The Sugar Act
15 Stamp Act 1765 Internal tax on all legal documents. Argument over virtual representation versus direct representation 15
16 Whig Ideology in America Citizens have the right to revolt if the government is infringing on people s rights 16
17 Declaratory Act 1766 Parliament has right to pass any law for the colonies. 17
18 Boston Massacre Boston Massacre Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
19 Tea Act 1773 A tax to save the British East Indian Company Stop smuggling Boston Tea Party 1773 Group dumped tea
20 Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts
21 Thomas Jefferson Virginia gentry Man of contradictions Influence by John Locke 21
22 Thomas Paine s Common Sense 22
23 July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence List of grievances against the King of England We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
24 24
25 25
26 26
27 Map 3.2 European settlement and ethnic diversity on the Atlantic coast of North America,
28 Lord Dunmore Proclamation
29 Patriots G.W. is against blacks enlisting & changes position 5000 blacks enlist as patriots 29
30 30
31 Bernardo de Galvez
32 British surrender at Yorktown (Virginia) in October Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved. 32
33 Treaty of Paris 1783 ends the war: U.S. boundary Mississippi River East & West Florida goes to Spain 33
34 Loyalist migration to Canada 1982 Canada Act, constitution could be amended without the U.K. 34
35 War of Independence in New Spain Influence Ideas of Enlightenment 35
36
37 Haitian Revolution 1804 Massacre
38 1808 Spain invaded by French troops
39 Goya s May 3, 1808
40 40
41 Internal Factors Criollo discontent
42 42
43 Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla El Zorro Criollo Guanajuato 43
44 1810 September 16 El Grito de Dolores 44
45 September 16, 1810 El Grito de Dolores My children: a new dispensation comes to us today. Will you receive it? Will you free yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen three hundred years ago from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards? We must act at once Will not you defend your religion and your rights as true patriots? Long live our Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines! 45
46 Padre Hidalgo Banner of Guadalupe Generalissimo (caudillo) 46
47 Insurgents Spanish loyalist La virgen de los remedios 47
48 48
49 Social Revolution End of caste system Almost no criollo support July 31, 1811 executed in Chihuahua, Chihuahua 49
50 50
51 Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon Mestizo priest 51
52 52
53 1813 Chilpancingo Congress Congress of Anáhuac political vision for Mexico 53
54 PA# 4 Article 1. Who wrote the article? When? 2. What do we know about the author? Who is the intended audience? 3. What does the document say about religion and the government? 4. What does the document say about society? 5. What are the goals of the document? 6. Write your own question/thesis statement.
55 1813 Sentimientos de la Nación ("Feelings of the Nation ) America is free and independent of Spain and all other nations, governments, or monarchies. The Catholic faith is the sole religion, and no others will be tolerated. Division of powers into appropriate executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Jobs to be reserved for Americans only. An end to slavery and discrimination based on castes. December 12 to be dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe, and celebrated. 55
56 December 22, 1815 Tezmalaca, Pue. 56
57 War of Independence 57
58 California Hippolyte Bouchard 1818 attacks Monterrey & San Juan Capistrano California remains loyal to Spain
59 War of Independence 59
60 Abrazo de Acatempa Feb
61 Plan de Iguala The Mexican nation is independent of the Spanish nation, and of every other, even on its own Continent. 2. Its religion shall be the Catholic, which all its inhabitants profess. 3. They shall be all united, without any distinction between Americans and Europeans. 8. His Majesty Ferdinand VII shall be invited to the throne of the empire, and in case of his refusal, the Infantes Don Carlos and Don Francisco de Paula. 9. Should His Majesty Ferdinand VII and his august brothers decline the invitation, the nation is at liberty to invite to the imperial throne any member of reigning families whom it may select. Attract conservative criollos 3 guarantees Religion Independence Equality White = religion Green = independence Red = union 61
62 Treaty of Córdoba August 24, 1821 Agustín de Iturbide the last royal viceroy Juan de O Donojú 62
63 El Angel de la Independencia esos-de-ninos-mujeres-y-animales-entrelos-restos-de-los-heroes-patrios/ 63
64 1833 Cholera Epidemic 64
65 Mexican Empire 8 months from July 21, 1822 to March 19, 1823
66 1 st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide Generalísimo de Tierra y Mar (120,000 pesos) Becomes emperor July 21, 1822 U.S. minister Joel Poinsett Caudillo Dissolves legislative branch
67 1 st Emperor Agustín de Iturbide Becomes emperor July 21, 1822 U.S. minister Joel Poinsett Caudillo
68 Vicente Filisola 68
69 69
70 State Constitutions Articles of Confederation 1781 (1 st Constitution) Each state is independent 1 branch of government legislative No executive branch, no judicial branch Weaknesses Weak central government Congress can not tax without the approval of the states 70
71 The Constitutional Convention This painting of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 by an unknown artist shows George Washington presiding. Because the convention met in secrecy, the artist used his imagination to paint the scene. 71 Independence National Historical Park
72 Philadelphia Convention Summer of 1787 Constitution is finished on September 17, 1787, written mostly by James Madison Electoral College: a group of people chosen by states 72
73 U.S. Constitution 1787 Argentina Constitution 1853, 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 Australia 1900 Brazil, seven constitutions, 1988 Canada 1982 China, 1954, 1975, 1978, 1982 France 1791, 1958 Germany 1949 Japan,1947 Mexico 1824, 1835, 1917 Spain 1978
74 We the People National Identity Indians Other persons, People, who were the only ones entitled to American freedom 74
75 75
76 Naturalization Act of 1790 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That any Alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof on application to any common law Court of record in any one of the States wherein he shall have resided for the term of one year at least,
77 George Washington s Presidency A colorful image from around the time of the War 77
78 Washington Presidency
79 Washington s Farewell Address 1796 In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations, Northern and Southern, Atlantic and Western; whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within particular districts is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heartburnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our Western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen, in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that event, throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in the General Government and in the Atlantic States unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure to them everything they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their brethren and connect them with aliens? 79
80 80
81 Political Parities Federalist Democratic-Republicans 81
82 82
83 Election of
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