11/29/2011. Changes In Society Caused By Revolution. Early Emancipation in the North

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Bartholomew Parrish
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Changes In Society Caused By Revolution THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION Chapter 9 Exodus of loyalists/conservatives (80,000+) New Patriot elite Ethic of democracy (Mr. and Mrs.

states Quakers 1 st Abolitionist movement More equality for women Republican Motherhood Early Emancipation in the North Society of the Cincinnati He relinquished everything to save the Republic

1 Changes In Society Caused By Revolution THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION Chapter 9 Exodus of loyalists/conservatives (80,000+) New Patriot elite Ethic of democracy (Mr. and Mrs., end of indentured servitude, no more masters but bosses) Gains in separation of church and state Anglican church becomes Protestant Espiscopal Slavery started to be challenged Abolition in Northern states Quakers 1 st Abolitionist movement More equality for women Republican Motherhood Early Emancipation in the North Society of the Cincinnati He relinquished everything to save the Republic Founded by Revolutionary War Officers Keep alive revolutionary war principles Pressure government to honor pledges to officers (back pay, etc.) Memberships passed down to first born son (primogeniture?) Extremely popular : 2150/5500 joined Even a branch in France Reaction: Criticized as a hereditary order of noblemen Felt to have unfair political influence on Constitution and government Franklin had issues with the use of a Bald Eagle (moral defunct bird) The Virtuous Republic 1. Govt. gets its authority from the citizens. 2. A selfless, educated citizenry. 3. Elections should be frequent. 4. Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms. 5. Govt. s power should be limited [checks & balances]. 6. The need for a written Constitution. 7. E Pluribus Unum. [ Out of many, one ] 8. An important role for women raise good, virtuous citizens. [ Republican Womanhood ]. Constitution Making In The States 1776, Continental Congress called on colonies to draft new constitutions Why? Common features of state constitutions Intended to represent fundamental law All deliberately had weak executive and judicial branches All legislatures had great powers Most legislatures elected annually Why? 1

Economic Crosscurrents Most Americans worse off economically Runaway inflation Heavy state and national debt Economic Democracy. Manufacturing stimulated. Why?

Challenge Bind the 13 states together Economy didn t help Hopeful signs: Similar governments Similar culture Great Leaders Articles of Confederation Western Land Cessions Nature of Second Continental

2 Economic Crosscurrents Most Americans worse off economically Runaway inflation Heavy state and national debt Economic Democracy. Manufacturing stimulated. Why? New Markets Empress of China A Shaky Start Towards Union America was much more a name than a real country. Challenge Bind the 13 states together Economy didn t help Hopeful signs: Similar governments Similar culture Great Leaders Articles of Confederation Western Land Cessions Nature of Second Continental Congress Locus of Sovereignty. Where does sovereignty come from? in 1776, Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation Led by John Dickinson Articles of Confederation was the result adopted by Congress in 1777 ratified by all 13 colonies in 1781 Western Land Dispute holds up ratification What is the solution? Articles of Confederation Weak Central government, limited power. Unicameral Legislature, used Committees No Executive No Judicial Each state had one vote 9/13 states were needed to pass laws Amendments had to be Unanimous Accomplishments Was the constitution during the winning of the Revolutionary War The country was not ready for a strong central government, and therefore needed a GLORIOUS FAILURE. But it did have successes: Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 Passed the Northwest Ordinance of

Defects in the Articles Articles of Confederation destined for failure. States no longer completely independent, but central government had little power over them.

3 Defects in the Articles Articles of Confederation destined for failure. States no longer completely independent, but central government had little power over them. National government dealt only with common affairs such as trade and foreign relations. What are major defects? Landmarks In Land Laws Art. of Confed. Congress passed important legislation that dealt with the Old Northwest. Territory of Ohio Valley ceded by the states to Nat. government. Land Ordinance of 1785 Survey and Sale Northwest Ordinance of 1787 governance Land Ordinance of 1785 Old Northwest to be sold and the proceeds used to pay off the national debt. Land surveyed. Land divided into townships 6 miles squared. Each split into 36 sections of 1 square mile each (640 acres). Land to be sold for not less than 1$ an acre. Had to buy a minimum of 640 acres (1 section). 16th section of each township was set aside to be sold with proceeds used for benefit of public schools. Surveying the Old Northwest Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Divided the land into five areas (Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and Indiana). Basic premise: Could become states equal to original 13. Two evolutionary territorial stages When territory had 60,000 inhabitants, it could draft state Constitution and petition for admission as state by Congress Slavery prohibited Guarantees of the Northwest Ordinance Freedom of religion Trial by jury Each would enter the union "on an equal footing with the original states." that revenue generated from the sale of a portion of each township in the state would go to fund public education the first instance of federal aid for education in American history. 3

The World s Ugly Duckling Recapping weaknesses & results of Articles of Confederation England a thorn in US side. How? refused to enter into a trade treaty, Refused to repeal the navigation Laws.

Ethan and Ira Allen Patriots from the territory of Vermont Secretly attempted to negotiate a treaty with Britain to gain acceptance as a British province and military protection Plot was uncovered

New Orleans right to deposit issue Spain and South Eastern Indians Disputed Territory France also getting hostile over debt.

4 The World s Ugly Duckling Recapping weaknesses & results of Articles of Confederation England a thorn in US side. How? refused to enter into a trade treaty, Refused to repeal the navigation Laws. shut off their West Indian trade from the U.S. refused to abandon its forts in NW along border. Reasons stated Real reasons Why doesn t Congress impose trade restrictions? Ethan and Ira Allen Patriots from the territory of Vermont Secretly attempted to negotiate a treaty with Britain to gain acceptance as a British province and military protection Plot was uncovered and quieted by the Vermont government that was attempting to gain statehood in the new U.S. Allen Brothers Spain was also hostile to United States. New Orleans right to deposit issue Spain and South Eastern Indians Disputed Territory France also getting hostile over debt. North African pirates raid our shipping Spain and France The Horrid Specter Of Anarchy During the mid-1780 s, the economic situation in America was in dire straits. Examples Nation s credit was going bad. Interest on debt accumulating. States not paying their share of taxes. Fed. Gov t broke. Other problems? States try two things to raise money. Create inflation by printing more dollars Raise property taxes Shay s Rebellion Shay s Rebellion Who is most frightened by Shay s Rebellion and other outbreaks? What are their concerns? Fear of Mobocracy. Need stronger federal government. Perception that civic virtue not working Perception that civil authority not sufficient to control the people. Perception that government too closely controlled by the people is ineffective. 4

Constitutional Convention Congress not eager to call a constitutional convention Finally called a convention for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation Every state but

5 Prelude to Constitution What power did conservatives most want national government to have? Annapolis Convention 1786 Only 5 states showed up Alexander Hamilton saves with his report calling for a Constitutional Convention the next year to amend the Articles. Constitutional Convention Congress not eager to call a constitutional convention Finally called a convention for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation Every state but Rhode Island chose a representative 55 delegates from 12 states met in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787 All selected by the state legislatures who themselves were chosen only by landowners Sessions held in complete secrecy. Why? Constitutional Convention Nature of the Delegates George Washington was unanimously elected chairman Ben Franklin was the elder statesman and the oldest at 81 James Madison dubbed Father of Constitution because of his contributions to the constitution. Characteristics of Delegates Delegates were conservative and well off Young but experienced statesmen Nationalists Wanted a strong government so that could have unified trade laws Wanted to stop unrestrained democracy Hammering Out A Bundle Of Compromises Decided to completely scrap Articles and start fresh Most significant issue? Large State s Plan (Virginia Plan) Small State s Plan (New Jersey Plan) Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan) Revenue Bills Presidency 3/5 Compromise Slave Trade Compromise Safeguards For Conservatism Delegates agreed that unbridled democracy should be limited. Constitution was designed to be a bulwark against Mobocracy. Examples: Federal judges were to be appointed for life President elected indirectly by Electoral College Senators to be chosen indirectly by state legislatures House the only part of federal government chosen directly by the people 5

Check s On The Power Of Government People voted Powers of National Government were limited.

* All other governmental functions reserved to states.

interpreting and law executing functions to different branches of government Checks and

government Republicanism - not classical democracy, but based on representation, calibrated

Balances States versus national government House versus Senate Executive versus legislature

6 Check s On The Power Of Government People voted Powers of National Government were limited. It could only exercise power in those areas that the constitution specified. * All other governmental functions reserved to states. Key principles of the Constitution Separation of powers - assignment of law making, law interpreting and law executing functions to different branches of government Checks and balances - the power of scrutiny and control of each branch over the other two branches of government Republicanism - not classical democracy, but based on representation, calibrated popular input Federalism - two levels of government, with central government supreme Checks and Balances States versus national government House versus Senate Executive versus legislature Courts versus executive and legislature Senate versus executive on treaties and appointments People through elections versus legislatures Federalism Federal government State governments 6

7 The US Constitution The Basic Structure Preamble Article I: The Legislative Branch Article II: The Executive Branch Article III: The Judicial Branch Article IV: National Unity and Power Article V: Amendment Procedure Article VI: National Supremacy Article VII: Ratification Requirements Preamble We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I Powers of Congress Enumeration of Congress s powers (Art. I, sec. 8) 17 specific enumerated powers 1 catch-all: necessary and proper aka. Elastic Clause So now it written, but Need to get 9 of 13 to ratify???? What happened to 13 of 13 to change the A of C? Federalists: Hamilton Madison????? Jay Gouverneur Morris (Madison took much of the Preamble from his Massachusetts state Constitution John Dickinson (wrote the Articles of Confederation) Anti-Federalists: Patrick Henry James Monroe Melancton Smith George Mason Elbridge Gerry George Clinton Samuel Adams Richard Henry Lee (introduced the idea of the Dec. of Independence) Ratifying the Constitution Ratifying the Constitution Federalists Large landowners, wealthy merchants, professionals Strong national government Feared excessive democracy Elites best fit to govern Anti-Federalists Small farmers, shopkeepers, laborers Strong state government Feared concentration of power in few hands Protection for individual liberties What of the protection of people s liberties? Neglected to include provisions in draft of the Constitution State constitutions generally included such provisions. Protection of liberties the duty of the states? Roadblock to ratification Bill of Rights was promised 7

Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments Limits Congress (1 st Amendment) Limits Executive (2 nd -4 th Amendment) Limits Judiciary (5 th -8 th Amendment) Limits National Government (9 th -10 th Amendment)

currencies Outlawed state tariffs Created a presidency that was first filled by Washington Assessing the Constitution: The Constitution Today Signers of the Constitution Constitution continues to

8 Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments Limits Congress (1 st Amendment) Limits Executive (2 nd -4 th Amendment) Limits Judiciary (5 th -8 th Amendment) Limits National Government (9 th -10 th Amendment) MEMORIZE THE 1 ST 10 FOR THE TEST Assessing the Constitution: Achievements Created unified nation capable of defending itself Facilitated the country s economic development Outlawing separate state currencies Outlawed state tariffs Created a presidency that was first filled by Washington Assessing the Constitution: The Constitution Today Signers of the Constitution Constitution continues to give many groups/interests opportunities to voice their concerns Constitutional ambiguity Adaptability Successful governing arrangements Stain of slavery Could not resolve an intractable problem Strong solution would mean no ratification 8

9 Chapter 10 the New Nation Change in: Craftsmanship to incipient Manufacturing Mercantilism to Capitalism (Adam Smith) Political philosophy: Revolutionary to Conservative Happiness to Property Humanism to Pragmatism. People as Childlike at best Easily corrupted at worst 49 9

C is for Constitution

You can master the Constitution if you can remember this: C is for Constitution APUSH Exam Review May 3, 2012 Compromise Conservative Contradictory 1780s-Catalysts for the convention (under the AOC): 1.