Index. C Callicott 35 Cardoso report 112, 113 Carson 37 Cassin 122 Charter on Environmental Rights and Obligations 128

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1 Environmental Democracy at the Global Level: Rights and Duties for a New Citizenship A Aarhus Convention 17, 18, 45, 52, 61, 78, 91, 92, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 116, 118, 120, 121, 128, 130, 133, 134, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 148, 149, 150, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 169, 170 Aarhus Compliance Committee 155 Aarhus pillars 17, 92, 145 Actio popularis 159 Almaty Guidelines 103 Environmental Democracy 99 Fifth pillar 134, 162, 165, 170 First pillar 145, 146, 151 Fourth pillar 156, 161, 170 Guidelines 103 Guide of the Aarhus Convention 102 Implementation Guide 102, 110, 111, 118, 119, 129, 140, 154 Second pillar 151 Sofia Guidelines 159 Task Force on Access to Justice 161 The Convention 17, 18, 89, 92, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 109, 110, 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169 Third pillar 155 Three pillars 121, 133, 145, 170 Access to information 68, 69 Access to justice 71, 157 Actors Stakeholders 112, 113, 115 Agenda , 118 Anthropocentric approach 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 72, 73, 78, 88, 89, 95, 104, 105, 111, 123, 124, 126, 131, 136, 137, 142, 168, 169 Anthropocentrism 32, 36, 73 Authoritarian model 38, 42 B Bacon 33 Behaviour 13, 23, 40, 43, 71, 86, 87, 95, 114, 138 Birnie 73 Bookchin 42, 44 Bosselmann 14, 73, 74, 111 Boyle 67, 73 Brundtland Report 84, 125 C Callicott 35 Cardoso report 112, 113 Carson 37 Cassin 122 Charter on Environmental Rights and Obligations

2 Giulia Parola Christoff 77 Climate Change Convention 71 Compliance Mechanism 17, 92, 145, 170 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 157 Convention for the Regulation of Whaling 88 Convention on Biological Diversity 89, 110 Convention on Civil Liability for Environmental Damage 109 Convention 109 Criminal responsibility 140 Crockett 44 D D Amato 83 Decision-makers 79, 152, 168 Decision-making 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 27, 45, 47, 48, 57, 61, 63, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 85, 91, 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 112, 115, 119, 120, 128, 130, 132, 133, 142, 143, 147, 151, 152, 166,, 169 Deliberative theory 15, 20 Democracy 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61, 67, 70, 71, 72, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 114, 131, 133, 134, 142, 143, 153, 165, 166,, 168, 169, 170 Anarchical perspective 41 Anarchiship 44 Anarchist approach 42 Authoritarian 38, 39, 40, 41, 54, Authoritarian perspective 39 Deliberative 15, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 38, 46, 47, 48, 50, 53, 70, 91, 96, 99, 100, 112, 134, 152, 164, Democracy 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 37, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 53, 56, 91, 92, 95, 98, 99, 101, 112, 114, 133, 145, 166,, 168, 169, 170, 171 Democratic deficit 22, 26, 29, 95, 96, 98, 101, 102, 116, 143, 169 Democratic model 46, 48, 54, 57, Democratisation 17, 29, 45, 50, 57, 77, 91, 96, 101, Liberal democracy 41 Meaning of the term 20 Origin of democracy 20 Participative 15, 20, 50, 100, 133 Participatory 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 38, 46, 50, 53, 57, 64, 73, 91, 95, 96, 99, 100, 103, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 143, 153,, 169 Participatory democracy 22 Process of democratisation 29, 57 Representative 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 37, 38, 46, 59, 70, 72, 88, 99, 100, 101, 108, 112, 117, 118, 139, 153, 155, Representative democracy 22, 25 Schultz 44 Theories of democracy 22 Descartes 33 Devall 35 Dobson 59, 60, 75, 77, 82 E Earth Charter 106, 137, 138, 139 Eckersley 50, 52 Ecocentric approach 13, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 73, 89, 105, 115, 123, 126, 142, 168 Ecolofgical footprints 77 Ecological approach 73, 74, 120, 134, 137 ecological citizenship 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 66, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 105, 110, 111, 115, 116, 120, 121, 125, 134, 173

3 Environmental Democracy at the Global Level: Rights and Duties for a New Citizenship 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143,, 168, 169, 170 Ecological citizenship 16, 54, 57, 59, 61, 68, 71, 75, 76, 77, 82, 90, 104, 121, 135, 137, 138, 143, 168 Ecological Citizenship 15, 75 Ecological crisis 11, 13 Ecological duties 78, 140 Ecological Duties 134, 135, 138 Ecological footprint 12, 60, 77, 81, 82 Ecological footprints 77, 82 Ecological limitations 74, 89 Environment 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166,, 168, 169, 170 Caldwell 107 Definition 106, 109 Term Environment 30 Environmental Democracy Actors 15, 56, 92, 112, 116 Anarchical model 38, 52 Democracy 99 Ecological citizen 15, 56 Elements 92 Environment 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 45, 46, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 65, 66, 72, 73, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 102, 105, 106, 109, 111, 112, 121, 122, 124, 125, 128, 136, 140, 143, 145, 151, 159,, 169, 170, 171 Environmental information 109, 150 Form 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 29, 30, 36, 38, 39, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 64, 67, 73, 75, 77, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118, 119, 121, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165, 166,, 168, 169, 170 Global 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 35, 37, 51, 52, 53, 54, 66, 76, 77, 80, 82, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 104, 112, 114, 124, 137, 138, 142, 143, 165, 166,, 168, 169, 170 Global Environmental Democracy 16 Global level 51 Global Level 92 International level 17, 91, 92, 95, 104, 106, 107, 112, 113, 115, 121, 133, 135, 140, 145, 146 Local level 15, 16, 17, 18, 43, 52, 53, 54, 91, 143, 166,, 169 Procedural Environmental Rights 17, 145 Spatial 15, 51, 60, 91, 101, 104, 143, 169 Spatial dimension 15, 20, 46, 50, 54, 101 Theoretical model 17, 92, 145, Environmental Governance 96 Environmental Governance 93, 95, 96, 115 Environmental impact assessment 151 Environmental justice 70, 76, 153, 158, 162, 165, 170 Environmental Liability

4 Giulia Parola Environmental matters 13, 14, 18, 43, 61, 63, 64, 68, 71, 98, 101, 104, 109, 130, 142, 155, 166, 170 Environmental refugees 65, 66, 115 Environmental right 14, 15, 16, 17, 27, 43, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 82, 86, 90, 92, 101, 116, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136, 137, 139, 143, 168, 169, 170 Environmental rights 120 European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 123 F Fitzmaurice 165 Flood 32 footprint 82 Fourth pillar 159 Fundamental rights 27, 125 Future generations 14, 35, 46, 54, 57, 73, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90, 98, 108, 115, 121, 124, 126, 130, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144, 162, 168 G Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros case 121 Genesis 32, 34 Gleditsch 40, 45 Goodin 43 Gormley 122 Governance 104 Graham 50 Green political thought 37, 57, 79, 80 H Habermas 26, 27, 79 Hardin 39, 40 Heilbroner 39 Hobbes 39, 40 I Indigenous peoples 115 Inter-generational equity 81 Intergenerational equity 82 International Court of Justice 109, 111, 121 International Covenant on Environment and Development 136 Covenant 136 IUCN 136 International environmental law 18 Intra-generational equity 81 Intragenerational equity 81 J Jonas 79, 80 K Kelsen 47 Kiev Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers 146 Kiss 123 Ksentini Report 125, 136 L Leopold 35 Lietzmann 45 M Macgregor 139 Marshall 60 N NGOs 25, 26, 70, 96, 99, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 131, 137, 156, 157, 158, 160, 162, 164, 165 O Ombudsman for future generations 88 Ophuls 39, 41,

5 Environmental Democracy at the Global Level: Rights and Duties for a New Citizenship P Participation 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 45, 47, 48, 50, 53, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 87, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 116, 118, 119, 120, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 164, 165, 166,, 169, 170, 171 Citizen initiative 49 Concept of participation 23, 164 Public involvement 24, 96, 100, 146, 149, 163 Payne 44 Planetary obligations 83 Planetary rights 82, 83, 84 Polycentric approach 37, 74, 142 Present generations 81, 125, 130 Procedural environmental rights 53, 131 Procedural rights 14, 50, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 70, 84, 99, 114, 120, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 141, 142, 143, 144, 163, 168, 169, 170 Access to Information 98, 147, 149, 169 Access to Justice 17, 98, 155, 169 Procedural environmental rights 16 Public Participation 17, 91, 97, 98, 151, 153, 154, 169 Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers 146, 149 Public decision-making 13 R Responsibilities for nature 73 Rio Conference 102, 125, 126 Rio Declaration 91, 97, 105, 125, 128, 132, 133, 155 Rolston 73 S Sax 72 Sessions 35 Shelton 73 Sieghart 89 Stockholm Conference 37, 93, 125, 135 Stockholm Declaration 105, 108, 124, 141 Stone 85, 88, 142 Strategic environmental assessment 154 Substantive environmental right 63, 122 Substantive environmental rights 63 Substantive right 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131, 141, 143, 163 Sustainability 36, 47, 53, 56, 59, 61, 84, 85, 93, 105, 129, 139 Sustainable development 53, 84, 93, 105, 112, 113, 122, 124, 125 Sustainable society 61 Sverdlop 40, 45 T Taylor 34, 72 Technosphere 12,, 168 Third generation of human rights 62 U UNCED 93, 128 UN Commission on Human Rights 122 UNECE 101, 102, 117, 128, 151 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 98, 99, 101, 114, 147 United Nations Environment Programme 37 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 67,

6 Giulia Parola V Vest 45 W Waite 74, 142 Wilkinson 43 World Bank 45, 102 World Charter for Nature 132, 135 World Commission on Environment and Development 87, 88, 125 World Summit on Sustainable Development