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1 AP REVIEW TERMS: CHAPTER 1 Political Power Legitimacy Authoritarianism Totalitarianism Oligarchy Aristotle Plato Direct democracy Majoritarian democracy Pluralist model of democracy Initiative Referendum Recall Representative democracy Republic Political Elites Public policy Machiavelli CHAPTER 2 Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence Shay s Rebellion Philadelphia Convention James Madison Faction (Madison s definition) Federalist No.10 Federalist No.45 Federalist No.51 Montesquieu Constitutionalism Rule of Law tyranny of the majority John Locke natural rights

2 limited government Articles of Confederation Virginia plan New Jersey plan great compromise three-fifths compromise separation of powers checks and balances federalism Federalists Anti-federalists Federalist Papers bill of rights habeas corpus bill of attainder ex post facto laws elastic clause supremacy clause war powers act (73) CHAPTER 3 federalism confederal unitary Federal Republic delegated powers expressed powers enumerated powers implied powers reserved powers reserved powers clause denied powers concurrent powers Virginia and Kentucky resolutions nullification theory elastic clause

3 New Deal supremacy clause commerce clause dual federalism... layer cake cooperative federalism... marble cake grants in aid block grants categorical grants revenue sharing conditions of aid unfunded mandates intergovernmental lobby Republican Revolution (1994) devolution Second order Devolution CHAPTER 5 AND 6 civil liberties civil rights competing rights establishment & free exercise clause freedom of religion policy entrepreneur freedom of expression seditious speech imminent lawless action defamatory speech fighting words obscenity pure speech prior restraint libel and slander clear and present danger symbolic speech th th due process clause (5 & esp. 14 amendments) incorporation

4 separation of church and state search and seizure probable cause inevitable discovery selective incorporation reasonable suspicion exclusionary rule good faith exception suspect classification Jim Crow Laws separate but equal doctrine NAACP dejure segregation defacto segregation nonviolent civil disobedience affirmative action reverse discrimination right of privacy Civil Rights Act (1964) CHAPTER 4 & 7 Political Culture Alexis De Toqueville equality of opportunity equality of outcome economic individualism culture wars relativism American dilemma political efficacy orthodox progressives conservative /right liberal/ left moderates libertarians

5 populists political ideology political spectrum Christian Coalition Political socialization political elites gender gap family gap religion gap exit polls CHAPTER 8-9 Motor-voter bill literacy tests grandfather clause poll tax white primaries Voting Rights Act (1965) Australian ballot VAP VEP political parties split-ticket voting party platform realignment dealignment New Deal coalition winner-take-all plurality system proportional representation two-party system multiparty system third / minor parties Ross Perot Ralph Nader Bull Moose Party

6 primary elections open primary closed primary caucuses front-loading realignment dealignment conservative coalition compassionate conservatism Contract with America solid south CHAPTER 13 Bicameral Legislature constituents congressional term / session oversight apportionment reapportionment census congressional districts marginal districts Incumbents gerrymandering malapportionment majority-minority districts Speaker of the House majority/minority leader whips party-line vote conservative coalition pork-barrel legislation / earmarks millionaire s club privileged speech Franking privilege

7 Tuesday to Thursday club freshman filibuster cloture / Rule 22 unanimous consent Rules Committee caucuses Standing committees Select committee Joint committees subcommittees joint resolution simple resolution concurrent resolution omnibus bills markup session calendars riders double track system gridlock 94 republican revolution omnibus bill power of the purse federal budget budget deficit / surplus national debt discretionary spending mandatory spending CHAPTER 14 divided government unified government gridlock nd 22 amendment th 25 amendment presidential term Presidential Succession Act inherent powers

8 bully pulpit Presidential directives executive orders executive agreements recognition pardons pyramid circular ad hoc rule of propinquity EOP White House Office OMB NSC veto pocket veto line-item veto impoundment executive privilege Budget Reform Act 1974 War Powers Act Watergate Iran-Contra legislative veto impeachment neoconservatives electoral college electors slate of electors winner-take-all 270 faithless electors CHAPTER 15 bureaucracy government by proxy patronage / spoils system discretionary authority

9 civil service / competitive service excepted service OPM Pendelton Act 1883 merit system buddy system SES Whistle Blower Protection Act iron triangle issue networks appropriations committee committee clearance authorization legislation legislative veto FOIA laissez faire CHAPTER 16 judicial review Federalist #78 John Marshal Roger B. Tanney Earl Warren Warren Burger Robert Bork Clarence Thomas William Rehnquist John Roberts Dred Scott decision th 14 amendment constitutional courts appellate jurisdiction original jurisdiction senatorial courtesy litmus test dual sovereignty doctrine writ of certiorari Rule of four

10 informa pauperis amicus curiae stare decisis sovereign immunity class action suits standing briefs / opinions (4 types) loose construction strict construction original intent living document judicial activism judicial restraint CHAPTER 11 AND 12 Interest Groups factions Institutional Lobby intergovernmental lobby Public Interest Lobby / Mass Membership Think Tanks PAC s 527 groups parallel campaigns 1978 Ethics in Government Act NRA ACLU NAACP AARP Public Citizen

11 NOW National Right to Life NARAL Revolving Door Media Elite FCC Horse Race Gate Keeper Score Keeper CAMPAIGN FINANCE (See also Ch 10, p ) Soft Money Hard Money independent expenditures / issue ads Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act (2002) / McCain-Fiengold 527 groups 501c groups PACs Citizens United v. FEC (2010) Super PAC s

12 CHAPTER 18 / Fast Track to a 5 federal budget national debt monetary policy fiscal policy entitlements federal reserve deficit spending supply side economics / Reaganomics Keynesian theory

13 SUPREME COURT CASES (cases are in chronological order) Marbury v. Madison (1803) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Plessey v. Ferguson (1896) Schenck v. US (1919) Gitlow v. New York (1925) Palko v. Connecticut (1937) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Brown v. Board II (1956) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Engel v. Vitale (1962) Baker v. Carr (1962 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) Lemon vs. Kurtzman (1971) Furman v. Georgia (1972) Miller v. California (1973) New York Times v. U.S. (1973) U.S. v. Nixon (1973) Roe v. Wade (1973)

14 Buckley v. Veleo (1976) Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Texas v. Johnson (1989) Employment Division v. Smith (1990) Miller v. Johnson (1995) U.S. v. Lopez (1995) U.S. v. Morrison (2000) Clinton v. City of New York (1997) Bush v. Gore (2001) McConnell v. FEC (2003) Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

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