After Days it has come to this

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2 After Days it has come to this United States History 11R Regents Exam: Tuesday, June 16 th 8:00am (Report by 7:45) Library Bring: blue or black ballpoint pens only

3 The Exam has 3 Parts. Part 1-50 Multiple Choice Questions Chronological Order Early America- Modern America Every 8 th question or so graph chart, cartoon, reading, etc Part 2-Thematic Essay Do all parts Part 3-Document-Based Essay Scaffolding Questions Additional points added to M/C score

4 There are seven required units that all questions will be derived from. 1-Geography 2-Constitutional Foundations for the United States Democratic Republic 3-Industrialization of the United States 4-The Progressive Movement: Responses to the Challenges Brought About by Industrialization and Urbanization

5 There are seven required units that all questions will be derived from. 5- At Home and Abroad: Prosperity and Depression, The United States in an Age of Global Crisis: Responsibility and Cooperation 7- World in Uncertain Times: 1950-Present

6 Geography Question Example Which city is paired with the geographical feature that directly contributed to its growth? San Francisco Rocky Mountains New Orleans Mississippi River Pittsburgh Hudson River Cleveland Atlantic Coastal Plain Correct Answer Number: 2 Explanation: The Mississippi River was a major trade route that transported goods from North to South. The Mississippi flows into the Gulf of Mexico which led to the development of the trading port city of New Orleans.

7 Which geographic advantage did the United States gain by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803? warm-water ports on the Atlantic coast rich fishing areas in the Great Lakes full control of the Mississippi River vast coal reserves in the region west of Pennsylvania Answer: 3 Full Control of Mississippi River

8 THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION Example Theme: Constitutional Change Amendments to the United States Constitution have changed our government and our society. Task: Identify two amendments to the United States Constitution and for each: Discuss the historical circumstances that led to the adoption of the amendment Discuss how the amendment changed the United States government and/or American society. You may use any constitutional amendment from your study of United States history.

9 Always Use the Examples for Answer Some suggestions you might wish to consider include the 1st Amendment personal freedoms (1791), 15th amendment right to vote (1870), 16th Amendment income tax (1913), 17th Amendment election of senators (1913), 18th Amendment Prohibition (1919), 19th Amendment suffrage (1920), or 22nd Amendment term limits (1951). You are not limited to these suggestions.

10 BOXING OUT YOUR ESSAY Choose Amendment Choose another Amendment Historical Circumstances Historical Circumstances Impact on Society Impact on Society

11 DBQ Task: Using information from the documents and your knowledge of United States history, write an essay in which you: Discuss how the Cold War affected United States domestic policy and American society

12 BRAINSTORM!!!!!! Write down topics, ideas, laws, events, people from that time period. Cross out anything that appears in documents. Anything left is your outside information.

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14 Document 3 3 According to these Gallup Poll results, what was the dominant problem in the United States between 1953 and 1962? [1] According to these Gallup Poll results, what was the dominant problem in the United States between 1953 and 1962? [1]

15 Test bubbling Question #1 is fine Question #2 represents a change; X means you don t want 2 it You need to raise your hand for a proctor if it s more of a change than that

16 United States History (in 60 minutes)

17 Colonial Democratic Developments Mayflower Compact Pilgrims consent to be governed. Albany Plan of Union Franklin tries to organize 13 colonies rejected by colonial governments. House of Burgesses Virginia elected representative government New England style town meetings

18 Declaration of Independence John Locke Natural Rights - Life, Liberty, Property borrowed ideas from him Jefferson Head of committee Consent of the Governed Authority comes from Right to rebel List of Grievances against King George III

19 Articles of Confederation Weakness in Articles of Confederation No Standing Army No Federal Taxation No Single National Currency No Executive Leadership Each State had Equal Vote in Congress Required Unanimous Vote to Amend Example In ability to deal with the threat of "Shay's Rebellion" States did not pay debts to Congress and so federal gov't had no $$ States minted money, no set exchange disrupted trade among the states Failure of direct leadership resulted in indecision Smaller states with low populations had disproportional power Complete inability to correct the failures under the articles Change in Constitution Federal Government is given the power to raise and maintain a standing army Congress is granted the power to tax, impose duty and raise tariffs Congress is granted sole power to coin money A strong executive (President) is created Bicameral Legislature with proportional representation in the House of Reps. The 1787 Constitutional Convention completely replaced the Articles rather than amending them

20 Foreign Problems Britain No Trade, Northwest territory, Native American agitation France Debts, No trade with West Indies Spain Mississippi River Domestic Problems Shay s Rebellion Critical Period Founding Fathers Concerned

21 Successes of Articles Won the Revolutionary War Treaty of Paris Northwest Ordinance Plan for admitting new states Provisions for schools Constitutional Convention Philadelphia Rework or Tweak Articles Attendees Washington, Hamilton, Franklin Madison (Father of Constitution) Regional, political and economic differences jeopardize the process Bundle of Compromises

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24 Ratification Debate

25 3 Branches of Government Legislative Branch Article I Make laws Senate and House of Representatives Executive Branch Article II Enforce laws - Cabinet Judicial Branch Article III Interpret laws Supreme Court

26 Legislative Branch Main roles and powers: To pass legislation (laws) Declare war Impeach federal officials Override presidential vetoes (2/3 vote in each house) Powers Senate: - Term 6 years - 17th amendment (Direct) Approve treaties (by 2/3 vote) Serve as jury in impeachment trials Select a Vice-President if the electoral college fails to 2 Senators from each state House of Representatives: Term 2 years Serve as prosecution in impeachment trial Select a President if the electoral college fails to Proportional to population Fixed at 435 Census

27 Executive Branch Chief Executive 4 year term 22 nd Amendment (2 in row) Enforce the laws passed by Congress Chief Diplomat Act a representative of the United States to foreign governments Chief Legislator Propose a federal budget Veto legislation Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces Supreme commander of all branches of US military Chief of State Serve as ceremonial head of US Government Judicial Grant pardon (forgiving an individual of his/her crime(s)) Grant amnesty (forgiving a group of people of a specific class of crime)

28 Judicial Branch Judicial review - determine if laws passed by Congress are allowable by the Constitution Marbury vs. Madison (1803), Not expressly granted the court by the Constitution. Main roles and powers: Interpret the law The Supreme Court hears cases of appeal from lower federal and state courts Judges serve for life

29 Checks and Balances Executive Branch Checks on the Legislative Branch President has the power to veto laws passed by the Congress Executive Branch Checks on the Judicial Branch President has the power to pardon individuals convicted of crimes

30 Checks and Balances Legislative Branch Checks on the Executive Branch Congress can overturn a Presidential veto with a 2/3 vote of both houses Legislative Branch Checks on the Judicial Branch Senate can reject nominees to the federal courts/supreme Court

31 Checks and Balances Judicial Branch Checks on the Executive Branch Supreme Court can use the power of judicial review to rule presidential actions unconstitutional Judicial Branch Checks on the Legislative Branch Supreme Court can use the power of judicial review to rule laws unconstitutional

32 Federalism Divided Powers in US Government Constitution specifically states what type of powers granted to what governments Delegated Powers - Powers specifically assigned to the Federal Government. Fear national government would overstep its bounds. Enumerated powers. Reserved Powers - All powers not specifically delegated the Federal Government are to be reserved or saved for the State Governments.

33 Federalism Concurrent Powers Both federal and state governments have simultaneously. Implied Powers Powers NOT specifically delegated in the Constitution Understood to be necessary or allowed Elastic clause or necessary and proper clause allows these by stating that Congress has power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers" (art. I, sec. 8). Examples include: Hamilton and National Bank

34 Divided Powers of Government Delegated Concurrent Reserved Maintain Armed Forces Power to Tax Establish Schools Coin Money Borrow Money Run Elections Declare War Regulate Interstate Trade Maintain Courts Pass Statewide Laws Regulate Intrastate Trade

35 Amending the Constitution Important feature of the Constitution is the ability to amend or change the document Amendment Proposed By 2/3rds Vote in Each House of Congress APPROVAL: Ratified by 3/4ths of The State Legislatures Or APPROVAL: Ratified by Constitutional Conventions in 3/4ths Of the States

36 Unwritten Constitution Ideas & processes that are accepted as a needed part of American government, though not actually in the Constitution. President s Cabinet 14 Major Depts. Political Parties Congressional Committees Judicial Review 2 Consecutive Presidential Terms (22 nd Amendment)

37 Ratification of the Constitution Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Fight over ratification Federalist Papers Hamilton, Madison, Jay Limited effect, came out too late Bill of Rights First 10 Amendments First order of business for new congress Added to protect individual civil liberties from federal government

38 United States Economics Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury Hamilton's Economic Programs Assumption of Revolutionary War debt Creation of a National Bank Protective Tariff Excise Tax

39 Hamilton Hamilton vs. Jefferson Loose interpretation of Constitution Elastic Clause - Flexibility Jefferson Strict interpretation of Constitution Not in it, cannot do it Basis of early political parties Federalist vs. Democratic-Republicans

40 Jefferson Presidency Midnight Judges Supreme court ruling Marbury v. Madison (1803) Louisiana Purchase Bought from France for $15 Million Lewis and Clark Exploration all the way to Pacific

41 War of 1812 War Hawks Want war to take Canada British burn Washington D.C. Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson war hero Hartford Convention Succession from U.S. by Northeastern states. End of Federalist party No clear winner but United States survives.

42 Era of Good Feelings Monroe President Less feelings of sectionalism, more nationalism. Missouri Compromise No slavery north of Monroe Doctrine No new European colonies in Western Hemisphere Election of 1824 End of Era Corrupt Bargain Adams and Clay

43 United States Economics Early - The American System Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky - to promote trade and commerce South Raw Materials, North Manufacturing Internal improvements national road Second National Bank Protective Tariffs Almost started a civil war John C. Calhoun of South Carolina Nullification Theory Factors of Production Rivers steamboats Canals Erie Canal Albany to Buffalo, NY Railroads

44 United States Economics Early America Southern Plantations Slavery Northern farms and early industry Religious freedom prime motivation American Revolution Rejection of mercantilism of England Under Constitution Large Debt Needed to pay off

45 United States Economics Pre Civil War North New England Factories and mills South Agriculture Plantations Slavery North economically stronger than the South Post Civil War Transcontinental railroad Economic Philosophy - Laissez-Faire

46 Jacksonian Era and Rise of the Common Man Increased Suffrage Spoils System War over B.U.S. Pet Banks Trail of Tears - Cherokee forced off land despite winning court case Worchester v. Georgia 1832 Sent to Oklahoma Territory Nullification Crisis Calhoun opposes tariff of 1832 Threatens succession

47 Expansion Manifest Destiny Texas Independence Mexican-American War Polk provokes the war Takes 1/3 of Mexico Pays $15 million to Mexico

48 1850 s Decade of Controversy Compromise of 1850 California free Stricter Fugitive Slave Law No Slave trade in D.C. Uncle Tom s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe - Abolition grows Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) Popular Sovereignty people of territory decide Bleeding Kansas

49 1850 s Decade of Controversy Dred Scott Case Slaves are property Not citizens John Brown Raid on Harpers Ferry Violence against the South by North Election of 1860 Lincoln wins Last straw for South South Carolina secedes December 20th

50 Civil War Reason for secession Election of Lincoln States rights Lincoln s Measures Suspends writ of habaeous corpus Starts conscription Draft riots Emancipation Proclamation January 1863 Copperheads

51 Reconstruction Lincoln s Ten Percent Plan Loyalty Oath Lenient - Forgiving Radical Republicans Opposed Lincoln s plan Wade Davis Bill harsher terms for South Lincoln uses Pocket Veto Johnson s Plan Lenient too, opposed by Radicals Only punish wealthy Southerners Black Codes Laws enacted in South to restrict African Americans newly won freedoms Freedmen s Bureau Set up to help poor whites and blacks in south

52 Reconstruction Impeachment of Johnson For violating Tenure of Office Act Survives by one vote Weakened 13 th Amendment Outlaws slavery 14 th Amendment Right to due process of law Citizenship for former slaves States must follow Bill of Rights 15 th Amendment Voting right, can t discriminate against for race, creed, color

53 Reconstruction Klu Klux Klan Southern whites try to defend way of life Target former slaves and whites helping them Sharecropping System of farming replaces slavery in South African Americans stuck in system Jim Crow Laws Segregation of races in south Laws passed to keep them separate

54 Industrialization Manpower to machines to do work Industry more important than agriculture

55 Laissez faire capitalism Notes: Private competition free from regulation Distributes wealth better than government-regulated markets

56 Social Darwinism Notes: Natural selection Survival of the fittest. Governments not interfere with human competition by attempting to regulate economy or cure social ills like poverty.

57 Railroads Notes: Transcontinental railroad Opened West to supplies & resources from East Railroads made transportation cheaper and faster.

58 Rise of the Corporation and Big Business Notes: Large corporations = new business model. Raise large amounts of money Gained political influence.

59 Mass Production & Factories Notes: Division of labor Total production increases.

60 Political Corruption Notes: Big business used its influence and wealth to secure laws favorable to their own interests Free from regulation.

61 Changing Nature of Work Notes: Work became less personal, more tedious and mechanical More woman and children employed under harsh conditions.

62 Growth of Cities (urbanization) Notes: Significant shift in population from rural (country) to urban (cities) Growth of slums, crime and political machines.

63 Immigration Increase in population due to immigration during Industrialization.

64 Environmental Impact Pressure on our natural resources such as rivers, lakes, and land due to rapid industrialization and no government regulation.

65 Muckrakers Thomas Nast Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives Upton Sinclair The Jungle Ida Tarbell Standard Oil Lincoln Steffens City Machines Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall Progressive Era Jane Addams and Hull House Chicago Temperance Movement No Alcohol Margaret Sanger Birth Control City Reforms City Managers Commissions State Reforms Secret Ballot Initiative Referendum Recall Direct Primary

66 Progressive Era Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal Bully Pulpit Elkins Act 1903 RR rebates illegal Meat Inspection Act 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 Hepburn Act 1906 Strengthen ICC Anthracite Coal Strike Owners and Workers forced to negotiate Northern Securities Co. v. United States (1904) Trust Busting

67 Progressive Era 16 th Amendment Income Tax 17 th Amendment Direct Election of Senators 18 th Amendment Alcohol Ban 19 th Amendment Women Right to vote Standard Oil v. United States (1911) Election of 1912 Three Way Bull Moose Party Underwood Tariff Act Tariff reduction Federal Reserve Act Clayton Antitrust Act Outlaw monopolies

68 Commodore Perry in Japan Open Door Policy China Spheres of Influence Boxer Rebellion Hawaii Independent Monarchy Plantation Owners 1890 s Imperialism Spanish American War Jingoism, yellow journalism, Maine sunk Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary Panama Canal Dollar Diplomacy Good Neighbor Policy FDR

69 U.S. Foreign Policy Neutrality Washington Farewell Address Avoid entangling alliances Monroe Doctrine Imperialism Spanish American War Isolationism Following WWI Superpower Following WWII Soviet Union and U.S. Lone Superpower Following Cold War Peace Corp JFK Alliance for Progress JFK Latin America

70 Policies Containment Collective Security NATO Massive Retaliation 1950 s Brinkmanship Mutually Assured Destruction Détente 1972 Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan 1940 s Berlin Airlift Iron Curtain Cold War Korean War United Nations MacArthur Dismissed Space Race Sputnik Bay of Pigs 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 U-2 Incident 1960 Gary Powers

71 Cold War Vietnam War Domino Effect Tonkin Gulf Resolution New York Times v. United States Pentagon Papers 26 th Amendment Voting age 18 War Powers Act Inform Congress 48 hrs Troops 60 Days Ping Pong Diplomacy Nixon 1970 s Arms Control Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty 1972 Star Wars Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I, II, III)

72 Reaction to Communism 1950 s House Un-American Activities Committee Hearings, Hollywood Ten, Blacklist Smith Act 1940 Illegal to advocate overthrow of U.S. government Loyalty Review Board 1947 Review thousands of federal employees Spying Alger Hiss State Dept. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg McCarthyism Communist everywhere in govt. Army Hearings Censure

73 Civil Rights Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Plessy v. Ferguson 1898 Integration Opposed Little Rock (1957) University of Alabama (1963) Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks Black Civil Rights Organizations NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People CORE Congress on Racial Equality SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Coalition Martin Luther King

74 Nation of Islam Malcolm X Civil Rights Act of 1957 Not interfere with right to vote 1 st major civil rights legislation in 82 years Civil Rights Act of 1964 Forbid racial discrimination in areas of housing, schools, employment Civil Rights Voting Rights Act of 1965 No literacy test Federal monitor of registration 24 th Amendment Outlaw Poll Tax

75 Other Civil Rights Cesar Chavez American Indian Movement National Organization of Women (NOW) Betty Friedan Equal Rights Amendment Equal Employment Opportunity Act Title IX Americans with Disabilities Act Education of All Handicapped Children Act

76 Monumental Legislation Legislation Change or Provision Constitutional Principle Northwest Ordinance (1787) The Bill of Rights (1791) Provided for the settlement of the Northwest Territory of the new nation and established guidelines such as protection of civil liberties in the territory, statehood eligibility and schools. Served as the founding list of rights and liberties to be guarded by the new American government. Many of the rights we expect our government to defend were added to the Constitution later as the first 10 amendments. This one of the few acts of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation that was considered a success. The Bill of Rights itself established many of the Constitutional principles of rights of the accused and freedoms of the individual that are fundamental to our system.

77 Legislation Change or Provision Constitutional Principle Charter of The Bank of the United States (1791) Missouri Compromise (1820) Alexander Hamilton who was serving as Washington's Secretary of the Treasury, advocated for a National Bank in order to aid in the running of the US economy. Established a line dividing the free and slave territories of the growing United States. Many disagreed over the constitutionality of the National Bank. In the end the creation of the bank was justified by the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution. The Constitution made no clear provision for the expansion of the nation. As the nation grew so did the argument over slavery. The compromise served as a short term "fix" to the larger issues that would explode into the Civil War.

78 The Supreme Court Cases to Know Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical Significance Constitutional Concepts/ Enduring Issues Marbury v. Madison(1803)* Appointment of midnight justices by John Adams rejected by Jefferson. Supreme Court must decide constitutionality of Judiciary Act. John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional The Supreme Court has the right of Judicial Review. Judicial v. Executive and Congressional Power. Judicial Review/Separation of powers McCulloch v. Maryland(1819)* Maryland attempts to tax the National Bank of the United States.Court must decide whether Bank is legitimate under the elastic clause and whether Maryland can tax it. John Marshall declares "the power to tax is the power to destroy." The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution prohibits state taxation of a federal institution. Supremacy vs State Rights; Elastic Clause Judicial Review; Federalism

79 Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical Significance Constitutional Concepts/ Enduring Issues Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Ogden receives exclusive right from New York to use Steam boat to navigate in New York and to N.J. Gibbons gets right from Congress. John Marshall declares that Congress has the exclusive authority to regulate Interstate Commerce, especially when it involves a"stream of commerce. Interstate Commerce Clause (Art. I, Sect.8) vs States Rights Judicial Review/Federalism Worchester v. Georgia (1838) Worcester, a minister did not get a license from Georgia to do missionary work with the Cherokee nation residing in Georgia. The court ruled that only the United States had the authority to make treaties and regulations with Native Americans. The decision opened the door for Jackson to enforce the Indian Removal Act. Article I treaty power of Congress vs Tenth Amendment police Reserved Power of Georgia. Native Americans/Manifest Destiny/Rights of Ethnic Group/Power of National Government

80 Cases Quick Summary Outcome/Historical Significance Constitutional Concepts/ Enduring Issues Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Dred Scott was a slave who was brought into free Territory as defined by the Missouri Compromise. The Supreme Court declared that slaves were property and as such were not protected by the Constitution. It also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional Article III citizenship rights vs Fifth Amendment property rights. Civil War causes/ Federalism/Equality /Rights of Ethnic Groups Plessy v Ferguson (1896)* The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy--who was seven-eighths Caucasian--took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested The Supreme Court ruled that the "separate but equal" provision of the Louisiana law was constitutional. The case established this principle of segregation until it was overturned in Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause vs Louisiana's Tenth Amendment Reserved power right to legislate. Equality/ Federalism/Jim Crow/