Opening: Write a thesis statement summarizing Thomas Jefferson s presidency. Work Period: Chapter 12 Powerpoint

Transcription

1 Standard 1.6 Opening: Write a thesis statement summarizing Thomas Jefferson s presidency. Work Period: Chapter 12 Powerpoint Closing: Write a thesis statement summarizing the War of 1812.

2 The Second War for Independence & the Upsurge of Nationalism

3 War of 1812 Mr. Madison s War June 1812 declaration of war Opposed by Federalists & Middle Atlantic states West & Southern states supported

4 War of 1812 One of America s worst fought wars People divided/ apathetic Militarily unprepared Canadian strategy poorly conceived Economic life was crippled

5 Indian Resistance Battle of the Thames 1813 Tecumseh killed by William Henry Harrison s forces Battle of Horseshoe Bend Creek Indians defeated by Andrew Jackson

6 Canadian Strategy 3 pronged invasion of 1812 Troops sent from Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain All were beaten back shortly after they crossed the Canadian border

7 British & Canadians Displayed energy from the outset Captured Fort Michilimackinac Commanded the upper Great Lakes & Indianinhabited area to the south & west British General Isaac Brock Americans began to look for successes on water after land invasions were hurled back

8 Oliver Hazard Perry Captured British fleet on the shores of Lake Erie We have met the enemy & they are ours. Retreating redcoats were overtaken by General Harrison s army & beaten at the Battle of the Thames Oct. 1813

9 Problems for America 1814 Americans were grimly defending their own soil against the invading British Napoleon was exiled from France leaving America to fight alone

10 Battle of Plattsburgh 1814 British prepared to attack NY Forced to bring supplies over Lake Champlain Challenged by Thomas Macdonough British were forced to retreat Saved upper NY from conquest

11 Washington Burned Aug British landed in Chesapeake Bay & advanced to Washington Bladensburg Races 6000 panicky militia ran British entered & burned capital set fire to most of the public buildings including the capitol & the White House British moved on to Baltimore Beaten off by defenders of Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key The Star-Spangled Banner

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13 Battle of New Orleans 1815 Andrew Jackson & his hodgepodge forces defeat British Jackson becomes the hero of the west Most devastating defeat of the entire war Peace Treaty had been signed 2 weeks earlier Naïve citizens believed British signed treaty because of battle

14 The Treaty of Ghent 1814 Tsar Alexander I of Russia proposed mediation 5 American peacemakers met in Ghent John Quincy Adams & Henry Clay British demands: 1.Neutralized Indian buffer state in Great Lakes region 2.Control of Great Lakes 3.Substantial part of Maine

15 Treaty of Ghent basically an armistice Agreement Both sides agreed to stop fighting Restore conquered territory American Grievances were not addressed Indian menace, search & seizure, Orders of Council, impressment, confiscations Clear that America had not managed to defeat the British virtual draw

16 Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention 1814 States involved MA, CT, RI, NH, VT delegates total Met in complete secrecy for 3 weeks Purpose to discuss grievances & seek redress for wrongs Final Report Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade Constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress for embargo, new states admitted, or war declared except in case of invasion Arrived in Washington after Ghent Death of Federalist Party

17 The Second War for American 6000 Americans killed or wounded Republic had shown that it would resist what it regarded as grievous wrongs Nations developed a new respect for America Federalist Party died Independence War heroes emerged Jackson & Harrison Manufacturing prospered industries less dependent on Europe Canadian patriotism & nationalism Rush-Bagot agreement limited naval armament on lakes

18 Nascent Nationalism Nationalism increased after the War of 1812 Washington Irving & James Fennimore Cooper Nation s 1 st writers to use American scenes & themes North American Review 1815 (oldest literary magazine)

19 Nationalistic Spirit 1816 Congress revived Bank of the US National capital began to rise from the ashes of Washington Army was expanded to 10,000 men 1815 Naval victory in North Africa Stephen Decatur naval hero of War of 1812 & of the Barbary coast expeditions

20 The American System Factories had mushroomed British began to dump their bulging warehouses on the US Cutting their prices below cost to hurt American warbaby factories Nationalist Congress responds 1 st tariff in American history Instituted primarily for protection, not revenue Started a trend for more protective tariffs

21 American System Henry Clay s plan for developing a profitable home market 3 main parts 1. Strong banking system provide easy & abundant credit 2. Protective tariff eastern manufacturing would flourish 3. Network of roads & canals knit country together economically & politically

22 Internal Improvements 1817 Congress voted to distribute $1.5 million to states for internal improvements Vetoed by measure as unconstitutional States were forced to move ahead with their own programs Erie Canal New York/ 1825 New England strongly opposed federally constructed roads & canals Would drain away population & create competing states beyond the mountains

23 The So-Called Era of Good Feelings James Monroe became president in 1817 Part of the Virginia dynasty Period of one-party rule Monroe 1817 inspection of military defenses Boston newspaper coined the term Era of Good Feelings Somewhat misleading

24 Problems during the Era of Good Feelings Tariff Bank Internal improvements Sale of public lands Sectionalism Conflict over slavery

25 Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Paralyzing economic panic Results: deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, & overcrowded pesthouses West was especially hit hard Foreclosures were common bank became the financial devil Imprisonment of debtors

26 The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Impact of the depression Nationalism declined The West was hurt the most Bank of the US forced western banks (built on speculation-short term, risky) to pay debts owed to the Bank of the US Western banks then would be forced to foreclose on farms to get money to pay the Bank of the US Poor people who experienced the worst of the depression eventually became part of Andrew Jackson s constituency Led to legislation against imprisonment of debtors

27 Growing Pains of the West 9 frontier states joined the union Vermont Kentucky Tennessee 1796 Ohio 1803 Louisiana Indiana 1816 Mississippi 1817 Illinois 1818 Alabama

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29 Cheap land Westward Expansion European immigrants Land exhaustion in tobacco states Speculators accepted small down payments making it easier to buy new holdings Economic distress during embargo years Defeat of Indian resistance opened virgin land Building of highways improved land routes Cumberland Road 1811 ran westward from Maryland to Illinois Steamboat 1811

30 West demanded: 1. Cheap acreage Land Act of 1820 Land Act of Authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash 2. Cheap transportation 3. Cheap money & fought the powerful Bank of US to attain its goal (Read p )

31 Slavery & Sectional Balance 1819 Missouri applies for statehood Tallmadge amendment passed No new slaves & gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents in Missouri Viewed as a threat to sectional balance by South Defeated in Congress Sectional Problems 1788 South & North equal in population & wealth 1819 North was becoming more populated & wealthier

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33 Issue of Balance 11 slave states & 11 free states map p. 245 Missouri 1 st state from Louisiana Territory Would set a precedent for the rest of the area Issue was political & economic balance

34 The Uneasy Missouri Compromise 1820 Henry Clay played major role in compromise Missouri Compromise Missouri slave state Maine free state Slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of (the southern boundary of Missouri)

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36 Satisfied? Both North & South yielded something, both gained something Missouri Compromise lasted 30 years Preserved the shaky compact of the states Ducked the question of slavery it did not resolve it

37 The Election of 1820 Reelected in 1820 received every electoral vote except one Only president in American history to be reelected after a term in which a major financial panic began

38 John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Shaped the Constitution in the direction of a more potent central government at the expense of state s rights McCullouch v. Maryland (1819) Denied the right of Maryland to tax Bank of the US Cohens v. Virginia (1821) Right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal gov t

39 Marshall conti. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Legislative land grant was a contract & the Constitution forbids state laws impairing contracts Protected property rights Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) Safe guarded business enterprise from domination by the state s governments Daniel Webster

40 Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Treaty with Britain Permitted America to share the coveted Newfoundland fisheries with Canada Fixed northern limits of Louisiana - 49 th parallel from the Lake of the Woods (Minnesota) to the Rocky Mountains (p. 250) 10 year joint occupation of Oregon country no surrender of rights or claims

41 Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida General Andrew Jackson 1817 Sent to Florida to punish outlaws Hanged 2 Indians, executed 2 British subjects, & seized two Spanish posts: St. Marks & Pensacola Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon America abandon claims to Texas

42 The Menace of Monarchy in America August 1823 British foreign secretary George Canning proposed a US-British joint declaration Both would renounce any interest in taking territory in Latin America Would warn Europe against retaking any Latin American countries that had rebelled

43 Monroe and His Doctrine Concern over Russian expansion in Alaska, Oregon, and even California Monroe Doctrine 1823 proposed by Sec Adams Era of colonization in America had ended No more European intervention in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere Expressed an increasing American sense of isolationism from world affairs & nationalism No contemporary significance because the US could not enforce it America s Self-Defense Doctrine

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45 Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Fixed the southern most limits at the line of the present southern tip of the Alaska panhandle Settled before the Monroe Doctrine was issued