Chapter 9: The Era of Thomas Jefferson

Transcription

1 Chapter 9: The Era of Thomas Jefferson How did Jefferson and Madison deal with unresolved problems? Pictures from: and and and

2 Section 1: Jefferson Takes Office How did Jefferson chart a new course for the government? Pictures From:

3 Republicans Take Charge Election of 1800 Bitter Campaign Federalists even threatened Civil War Republicans slung accusations of Adams wanting to create a Monarchy Controversy arose because of the election process Both Jefferson and Aaron Burr received 73 electoral votes

4 Campaign Continued It became up to the House of Representatives to decide who would be president After 6 days and 36 times of voting Jefferson was elected 12 th Amendment was added to the Constitution so president and VP would be voted separately

5 Jefferson Charts a New Course 1 st president to be inaugurated in Washington D.C. Ended custom of people bowing to the president Believed govt. should have simple customs We are all Republicans we are all Federalists

6 Jefferson Charts a New Course Jefferson thought of his election as the Revolution of 1800 Jefferson believed in limiting the federal governments power over states and citizens Laissez-faire- government should not interfere in the economy

7 New Republican Policies Jefferson reduced the # of people in government He fired all tax collectors Cut US diplomats Shrank the military Cut army s budget in half Cut size of army from 4,000 to 2,500 Refunded people hurt under the Sedition Act

8 Federalist Policies That Remained Kept repaying national Debt Did not fire most of the Federalist Office holders

9 Supreme Court & Judicial Review Adams had appointed several federal judges including Marbury Jefferson took office and wanted these people out Jefferson tells Madison (Secretary of State) to cease work on the appointments Marbury then sued Madison

10 Marbury Vs Madison Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional Marshall states that the courts power comes from the Constitution, therefore Congress did not have the rights to give power to the Supreme Court in the Act This set in am important precedent Judicial Review- the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws

11 Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase What was the importance of the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory? Pictures from:

12 The Nation Looks Westward By 1800 more than 1 million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River The Mississippi River was very important to farmers There were few roads and the farmers needed a fast and inexpensive way to ship their goods

13 Spain controlled the Mississippi River and New Orleans and had threatened to close the port to American ships 1795 US negotiates a treaty with Spain to prevent this from happening The Pinckney Treaty Guaranteed the US the right to ship their good down the Mississippi River to New Orleans AND store the goods there until they could be shipped out

14 Life was good For a while But then In 1801 Jefferson discovers that Spain secretly had given New Orleans to France (Napoleon) and the rest of the Louisiana Territory Jefferson worried because Napoleon had already set out to conquer Europe, was he going to do the same in NA????????

15 Buying Louisiana President Jefferson was in an explosive situation war or not to go to war?? Jefferson decided to first try and buy New Orleans from the French James Monroe and Robert Livingston were sent to make the deal They were told to buy New Orleans and West Florida

16 The insurrection/slave uprising by Toussaint L Ouverture was a great surprise and helped the mens negotiations Because of the slave uprising Napoleon no longer needed the Louisiana Territory and wanted to just focus his attention on Europe Napoleon was willing to sell the territory for very little Livingston and Monroe agreed to the offer of 15 Million Dollars

17 Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase 15 Million Dollars (4 Cents and Acre) Included New Orleans All of the Louisiana Territory From the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and as far north as Canada

18 Jefferson s Dilemma Should I or shouldn t I??? Do I have the authority??? No where in the Constitution does it say the President has the power to buy land from a foreign country. Also, it would dramatically change the character of the US It increases it 2X the size (More than Doubles the size)

19 Jefferson s Dilemma In the end Jefferson says YES he did have the authority because the Constitution allowed the President to make treaties The Senate approved the treaty and Congress quickly voted to pay for the land

20 Lewis and Clark were commissioned to explore this new territory Congress agreed to give them $2,500 Lewis and Clark were to report back on the different animals, plants and people they found Pictures from: jradaker.wordpress.com/.../26/lewis-and-clark/

21 Lewis and Clark s Exploration Sacagawea was their Shoshone Indian guide Started in St. Louis Missouri in 1804 and reached the Pacific in 1805 Wintered there 1805/1806 and then started back Returned in Missouri in October 1806

22 Pike s Expedition Zebulon Pike explored the Southern portion of Louisiana Territory (same time period Louis and Clark explored) Led expedition through the Rocky Mountains Climbed 2/3 s of the way to the top of a mountain that later became known as Pike s Peak Return journey brought him through Spanish New Mexico The group was arrested as spies but then released

23 Section 3: A Time of Conflict How did Jefferson respond to threats to the security of the nation? Pictures From:

24 Defeating the Barbary States Trade was critical to the U.S. economy Pirates from the Barbary States begin attacking U.S. ships Barbary States were: Tunisia, Morocco, Algiers, and Tripoli Pirates invaded European and U.S. ships and demanded bribes (tribute) for protection through the area

25 Barbary States Cont. For a short time the U.S. agreed to pay tribute Jefferson sends Stephen Decatur to save the Philadelphia Decatur and about 60 American sailors invade Tripoli and burn the Philadelphia The following year a small group of Marines marched across the Sahara desert and take Tripoli Importance: it shows and builds confidence that the U.S. military can deal forcefully in foreign matters

26 American Neutrality Challenged Britain and France at war in 1803 Both start impressment of American sailors again In 1805 these attacks against American merchant ships increase Jefferson needs to deal with this and wants to avoid war

27 Jefferson Responds With an Embargo Embargo: a government order that forbids foreign trade 1807 Congress passes Embargo Act This imposed a TOTAL EMBARGO U.S. could NOT TRADE WITH ANY FOREIGN COUNTRY

28 Embargo Act Cont. Who did it hurt? AMERICANS! It was intended to hurt Britain and France to make them stop attacking merchant ships In one year exports feel from $109 Million to $25 Million HURT FARMERS and PLANTERS Jobs lost

29 Other Problems With Embargo Americans disliked it Many lost jobs Hurt economy Many turned to smuggling ( the act of illegally importing or exporting goods

30 Repeal of Embargo Act 1809 Congress repeals Embargo Act Congress then passes the Non-Intercourse Act Non-Intercourse Act allows the U.S. to trade with ANY COUNTRY EXCEPT BRITAIN AND FRANCE

31 Native Conflicts in the West Ohio became a state in 1803 Settlers pile into Indiana Territory and further west Natives die of diseases and start to incorporate many white customs and loose many Native customs Settlers take over N-A hunting grounds Animals become scarce

32 Tecumseh and Prophet Shawnee leaders Brothers Urged N-A s to stop white settlement on the frontier and to keep/preserve N-A customs and traditions Tecumseh organized the N-A tribes into a league to restore Indian lands

33 William Henry Harrison Governor of Indiana Territory Concerned about Tecumseh and Prophet s ideas Battle of Tippecanoe: Harrison attacks Shawnee villages along the river while Tecumseh is out seeking allies Harrison defeats the Shawnee The alliance declines in power after the battle

34 USS Constitution Battle of New Orleans Section 4: The War of 1812 What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812? Pictures From: ;

35 The Move Toward War Americans were angry with England for giving weapons and ammunition to the N-As Americans resented the British for impressing our Sailors The War Hawks wanted control of Canada and Florida Americans believed our honor and pride as a country was at stake if we did not take action

36 The War Hawks John C. Calhoun of South Carolina Henry Clay of Kentucky These men and the other WAR HAWKS in government believed in NATIONALISM: Pride in one s country! War Hawks were eager for war with Britain and wanted control of Canada and Florida

37 Early Days of The War Britain was still at war with France in Europe This made things difficult for them Even though this was the case, Britain still did not want to meet the demands brought forth by the U.S. Britain wanted to continue to support the N-As with weapons because this also protected Canada from invasion

38 Early Days of The War Cont. America was not as prepared for War as they thought Military was under budgeted Why? Navy only had 16 war ships British blockaded the U.S ports up and down the East Coast and the Gulf of Mexico

39 Map of Blockade War of 1812

40 USS Constitution Old Ironsides Nicknamed this because artillery bounced off the hull when it hit the ship Most famous sea battle during the War of 1812 USS Constitution and Guerrie

41 #42: Look at the map on page 329 and answer the following questions: A. What areas were affected by the British blockade? The Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico B. How did the blockade affect the economy of the United States? It limited trade with other nations. As a result American merchant lost profits. Also, Americans had limited access to foreign goods they wanted.

42 The War in The West and South Americans wanted control of the Mississippi River and Canada Native Americans supported both England and The U.S.

43 Invasion of Canada War Hawks wanted control of Canada July 1812 general William hull invaded Canada from Detroit Hull felt he did not have enough troops to be successful so he retreated British Commander Isaac Brock took advantage of this confusion and easily took over Hull with the help of some N-A s

44 Oliver Hazard Perry Oliver Hazard Perry was an American Commander who switched ships during the battle of Lake Erie We have met the enemy and they are ours. He took control of the lake and the British were forced to retreat back to Canada.

45 Conflict in The South Creek N-As were attacking many settlers in the South during the summer of 1813 Andrew Jackson commanded troops in GA March 1814 Jackson defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend The treaty that ended the war forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land

46 Final Battles The British attack Washington and Baltimore August 1814 British new strategy is to attack Washington British set fire to many buildings including the Whitehouse Americans were shocked that the U.S. Army could not defend Washington

47 Final Battles Cont. British move to Baltimore Sept. 13 th 1814 the British bombard Fort McHenry which defended the city s harbor Francis Scott Key sees this battle and write The Star Spangled Banner

48 The War Ends 1814 Britain is broke and grows tired of fighting Treaty of Ghent ends the War The treaty returns things back to the way life was before the war Andrew Jackson fights one last battle The Battle of New Orleans

49 Protest and Peace Mr. Madison s War Why was it called this? Hartford Convention meets in new England New England threatens to secede from the Union War of 1812 is known as The Second War for Independence Why?