1. Reconstruction and the West
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1 1. Reconstruction and the West
2 1.1 Reconstruction: America s Unfinished Revolution, Go West, Young Man! :
3 1.1 Reconstruction: America s Unfinished Revolution,
4 1.1.1 Wartime Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction Radical Reconstruction
5 1.1.4 The Grant Administration Black Lives in the Postbellum South Retreat from Reconstruction
6 Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war?
7 3. How do we integrate and protect newlyemancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?
8 1.1.1 Wartime Reconstruction
9 President Lincoln s Plan 10% Plan Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863) Replace majority rule with loyal rule in South.
10 He did not consult Congress. Pardoned all but the highest-ranking Confederates. When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election took a loyalty oath, the state would be restored.
11 Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 51% of the 1860 voters in each Southern state to take an iron clad oath of allegiance ( I never voluntarily aided the rebellion )
12 Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials. Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen s liberties.
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15 13 th Amendment Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the U.S. or any place subject to its jurisdiction.
16 Ratified in December, Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
17
18 Freedmen s Bureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Who were the carpetbaggers? mostly former northern abolitionists Union soldiers
19 Who were the scalawags? Southern Republicans / poor Whites Voted against secession / for Douglas or Bell in 1860
20 Freedmen s Bureau through Southern Eyes
21 1.1.2 Presidential Reconstruction
22 President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. Champion of poor whites. Agreed that states had never legally left the Union.
23
24 Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
25 Johnson s Plan ( Ten Percent 2.0 ) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except: Confederate officers & large land-owners (> $20,000) Those individuals applied directly to Johnson
26 New constitutions must repudiate slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states.
27
28 Black Codes Purpose: Guarantee stable labor supply postemancipation. Restore preemancipation racial hierarchy.
29 Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
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31 Congress Opposes the President Congress bars newly elected Southern reps February, 1866: Johnson vetoes the Freedmen s Bureau bill.
32
33 March, 1866: Johnson vetoes Civil Rights bill. Congress quickly passes both bills over Johnson s vetoes
34 1.1.3 Radical Reconstruction
35 14 th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868 Provided a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of the freedmen Insured against neo- Confederate political power
36 Guaranteed the national debt; repudiated Confederate debt Southern representation reduced proportionally if Blacks disenfranchised.
37 The 1866 Interim Elections Referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson travels cross country to promote his plan.
38 Republicans win a 3-1 majority in both houses Gain control of every northern state.
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40 Military Reconstruction Act (1867) Military supervision of state governments
41 New state constitutions required Black suffrage and ratification of the 13 th and 14 th Amendments. Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5 military districts.
42
43 Tenure of Office Act (1867) The President could not remove appointed officials [e.g., Cabinet members] without the Senate s consent.
44 Designed to protect incumbent (Radical) members of Lincoln s government. Law may be unconstitutional.
45 President Johnson s Impeachment Johnson removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (February, 1868). The House impeached Johnson two days before actually writing formal charges by a vote of
46
47 The Senate Trial 11 week trial Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required two-thirds vote).
48
49 1.1.4 The Grant Administration
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53 Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. Credit Mobilier Scandal Whiskey Ring Indian Ring
54
55 The Panic of 1873 Raises the money question Debtors seek inflation Increased circulation of greenbacks.
56 Creditors, economists support deflation. Keep U.S. on gold standard 1876 àgreenback Party wins several congressional seats by criticizing The Crime of 73!
57
58 Legal Challenges The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) When LA granted a monopoly to a single slaughterhouse, the power to do so was upheld because state and national citizenship were declared separate.
59 This undermined future attempts to use the 14 th Amendment to protect civil rights against states.
60 U.S. v. Cruickshank (1876) Overruled conviction of Whites who attacked blacks in Louisiana under the 1870 Enforcement Act Court ruled Federal government did not have power duty to protect citizens fell to states.
61 1.1.5 Black Lives in the Postbellum South
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67 Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Blacks were politically unprepared.
68 Blacks could register and vote in Southern states starting in The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.
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70 15 th Amendment Ratified in The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
71 The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women s rights groups were furious. Why?
72 The Invisible Empire of the South
73
74 The Failure of Federal Enforcement The KKK Act Obstacles The Lost Cause. Rise of the Redeemers
75
76 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public accommodations Prohibited discrimination in jury selection
77 Shortcomings Lacked a strong enforcement mechanism Crippled by narrow judicial interpretations No new civil rights act was attempted for another 90 years.
78 1.1.6 Retreat from Reconstruction
79 Northern Support Wanes Grantism (corruption/ disinterest) Panic of 1873 (6-year depression) Distractions Westward expansion & Indian wars
80 Monetary issues Should war bonds be repaid in specie or greenbacks?
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82
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84 The Compromise of 1877
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86 Alas, the Woes of Childhood Sammy Tilden Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes has got my Presidency, and he won t give it to me!
87 The Art of the Deal
88 1. What did the Democrats want in return for a Hayes victory? 2. Why was Tilden unlikely to win the Presidency once the electoral college tied?
89 3. Why were the Republicans so eager to officially end Reconstruction in exchange for securing the executive office?
90 1.2 Go West, Young Man! :
91 1.2.1 Native American Cultures and Policies The Wild West? How the West Was Really Won The Legend(s) of the West
92 1.2.1 Native American Cultures and Policies
93 Economic Activities of Native Peoples Diverse Subsistence Cultures Some natives inhabited permanent settlements; others lived in temporary camps Crop growing, livestock raising, hunting
94
95 Slaughter of Buffalo White migrants entered and competed with natives over natural resources By 1880s, only a few hundred of the 25 million buffalo remained from 1820
96 Indian Policy / White Man s Wars 1860: Navajo raided Fort Defiance in Arizona Army responded by attacking and starving out the Navajo Long Walk from homeland to reservations
97
98 Custer s Last Stand Dawes Act: government distributed land to natives in hopes to assimilate them
99
100 1.2.2 The Wild West?
101 Western movement brought territories to the threshold of statehood Lawlessness of the West Places like Deadwood, in Dakota Territory and Tombstone, Arizona Gave region notoriety and romance
102 West attracted gamblers, thieves, and opportunists Earp brothers, Bat Masterson and Doc Holliday operated on both sides of the law Feud between the Clantons and the Earps shootout 10/26/1881 at OK Corral
103
104 Doc Holliday
105 Bat Masterson
106 1.2.3 How the West Was Really Won
107 Irrigation and Transportation Rights to water Prior appropriation: awarded a river s water to the first person that claimed it
108 Riparian rights: only those who owned land could appropriate from the water s flow The river was owned by God Railroad Construction
109 Standard Gauge By 1880s, almost all railroad lines adopted standard-gauge rails so that their tracks could connect with one another
110
111 Standard Time Railroad schedules required nationwide standardization of time 1883, nation s railroads agreed to establish four standard time zones
112
113 Commercialization Mail-Order companies Montgomery Ward and Sears: 1870s and 1880s Ward advertised everything for sale that a person might want
114 Rural Free Delivery 1896 Government made RFD widely available Letters, newspapers, and catalogues now available at roadside mailboxes
115 Ranching Frontier Vaqueros Indian and Mexican Cowboys Tended the herds and rounded up cattle Cattle raising became increasingly profitable
116
117 Open Range Vast pastures were needed to graze herds Barbed Wire Cheap and durable means of enclosure Don t Fence Me In (Cole Porter)
118 1.2.4 The Legend(s) of the West
119 Frederick Jackson Turner & Buffalo Bill Turner looked at West as home of democratic spirit of America Buffalo Bill s version was that of a battlefield
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129 Government Land Policy Railroad land grants ( ) Granted 181 million acres to railroads to encourage construction and development
130 Homestead Act (1862) Gave 80 million acres to settlers to encourage settlement
131 Morrill Act (1862) Granted 11 million acres to states to sell to fund public agricultural colleges
132 Other grants Granted 129 million acres to states to sell for other educational and related purposes
133 Dawes Act (1887) Allotted some reservation lands to individual Indians to promote private property and weaken tribal values among Indians and offered remaining reservation lands for sale to whites (by 1906, some 75 million acres had been acquired by whites)
134 Various laws Permitted direct sales of 100 million acres by the Land Office
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