United States History

Transcription

1 United States History

2 Standards 1-3 Colonial Period

3 Virginia Jamestown, Virginia was founded in 1607 First permanent English settlement in North America A corporate colony, founded by the Virginia Company

4 Powhatan Indians Hostile to new settlers Attacked Jamestown John Smith was able to negotiate with them for food

5 Success of the Virginia Colony Tobacco became most profitable cash crop Headright System allowed families to move in and own land House of Burgesses allowed self-government

6 Virginia s House of Burgesses Virginia s colonial legislature Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion because the legislature failed to provide settlers protection from hostile Indians in the backcountry

7 First Africans in Virginia In 1619 a Dutch slave ship arrived in the colony The Africans on board (who were destined to be traded as slaves in the West Indies), were traded for supplies in Virginia The Virginia colony treated the Africans as indentured servants, not slaves All of them eventually gained their freedom before slavery was introduced in Virginia

8 New England Originally settled by English Separatists, who had broken with the Anglican Church They were persecuted These settlers were called Pilgrims They sailed on the Mayflower from England to America They settled Plymouth

9 Massachusetts Bay Colony Settled by English Puritans (who were Anglican, but wanted to reform the Church of its catholic practices) They were persecuted They established their City Upon A Hill, what they considered a model utopia, in Boston

10 Puritans vs. Native Americans King Philip s War Chief of the Wampanoags (Metacom/ King Philip ) led an attack on the Puritans in response to their laws that restricted the Indians It was a very brutal and destructive war Food shortages, disease, and heavy casualties kept the Indians from fighting Metacom was killed and the Indian resistance in New England ended

11 Tension in New England Roger Williams challenged forced religion on the citizens of Massachusetts He was exiled and eventually founded the colony of Rhode Island Separation of church and state established here

12 Halfway Covenant Allowed second and third generation Puritans partial membership in the church until they experienced a true religious conversion

13 Salem, Massachusetts Location of Salem Witch Trials

14 Massachusetts Bay Loses Its Charter Puritans refused to obey English law In 1684, King Charles II revoked the colony s corporate charter Massachusetts became a royal colony, under strict control of the king

15 New England Life Small, subsistence farms Town hall meetings Merchant shipping Fishing

16 Middle Colonies New Netherland to New York Originally claimed and settled by Netherland Diverse Population James, Duke of York and brother of King Charles II, sent a fleet of ships to take the colony away from the Dutch It was accomplished without firing a single shot It became the English colony of New York

17 Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania William Penn: founder Quakers were first settlers Penn s Holy Experiment allowed freedom of religion paid Indians for their land

18 Mercantilism Export raw materials from colonies to England Sell manufactured goods back to the colonies Become completely self sufficient as a country Acquire wealth

19 African Colonial Population As employment opportunities increased in England, fewer indentured servants came to America Transatlantic trade included stops along the African coast to trade rum (from New England) and guns and manufactured goods (from England) in exchange for slaves Slaves were taken to the West Indies and various parts of North America in the Middle Passage of the transatlantic trade

20 Map of Transatlantic Trade Triangular Trade

21 Results of French & Indian War In the Treaty of Paris of 1763,Britain won control of North America; France lost most of its North American possessions Parliament passed a series of laws to control the colonists Proclamation of 1763 forbade settlement west of Appalachian Mountains to protect them from hostile Indians Stamp Act placed direct taxes on printed materials to pay for war debt

22 Colonial Reactions No taxation without representation colonists believed only their colonial legislatures could tax them The Sons of Liberty terrorized stamp agents In response to the Boston Massacre, each colony formed a committee of correspondence to communicate with other colonies In response to the Tea Act, the colonists dumped British tea in the Boston Harbor

23 Intolerable Acts In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed a series of laws to punish the colony of Massachusetts The Daughters of Liberty led boycotts of English goods, especially tea

24 Common Sense Written by Thomas Paine He called for independence Sold 500,000 copies

25 Declaration of Independence Author: Thomas Jefferson Based on John Locke s philosophy All men are created equal All have natural, unalienable rights Life Liberty Pursuit of happiness (Locke said property ) Government gets its powers from the consent of the people People have a right to alter or abolish their government after a long period of abuses

26 Grievances against King George III He has obstructed the administration of justice He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies He has plundered our seas

27 American Revolution The war of independence fought between Britain and 13 of its colonies in North America

28 George Washington Leader of the Continental Army during the Revolution Took an all volunteer, undisciplined, inexperienced army and turned it into a professional army

29 Battle of Trenton Christmas, 1776 Washington s army, who has volunteered for one year of service, is about to go home There have been no victories for the army and no reason to reenlist General Washington plans a surprise attack on Hessian soldiers across the Delaware River from the Continental Army Washington and his army cross the Delaware in the middle of the night In the early morning, they attack the Hessians and win In a few days, they defeat a British force at Princeton, NJ Many men in Washington s army, reenlist and new recruits join

30 Battle of Saratoga (October, 1777) Colonist victory over British. Turning point in Revolutionary War Convinced the French to become ally of the United States Benjamin Franklin played a key role in convincing the French to form this alliance Marquis de LaFayette volunteers to fight

31 Valley Forge, PA Winter of Washington and the Continental Army are camped at Valley Forge They have little food They have poor shelter Many have no shoes or blankets to keep them warm blankets Yet Washington rallies his troops, inspires them, and uses the time to prepare them for battle

32 Battle of Yorktown (1781) Yorktown is located on the peninsula formed by the James and York Rivers that flow into the Chesapeake Bay Washington and his army entrench themselves on the land side of Yorktown The French fleet blocks the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay Cornwallis and the British surrender The American Revolution is over!

33 Treaty of Paris (1783) Officially ended the Revolutionary War British recognized colonists independence British gave colonists all the lands east of the Mississippi River Florida was returned to Spain

34 Establishing a New Government Standard 5

35 Confederation An alliance of states where states have the majority of the power and retain their sovereignty.

36 Articles of Confederation First government of United States from State sovereignty Weak national government No standing army No power to tax No national court system No chief executive to enforce laws

37 Shays Rebellion Farmers, who were Revolutionary War veterans, were angry over the taxes they were forced to pay and over the possible foreclosure on their property Took up arms against the state of Massachusetts Fear of mob rule led to a call for a national convention to amend the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation

38 Philadelphia Convention 1787 James Madison introduced a new plan of government Constitutional convention resulted in creation of a FEDERAL government (separate executive, judicial and legislative branches) Convention replaced the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution

39 Great Compromise Virginia Plan Bicameral Congress Representation in both houses based on population of the individual states New Jersey Plan Unicameral Congress Representation of states would be equal COMPROMISE: Bicameral legislature Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on population of each state Representation of the Senate would be equal with 2 senators from each state

40 The Issue of Slavery Debates over slavery resulted in An agreement to outlaw the importation of slaves from Africa within 20 years (by 1808) Southern states being able to count 3 out of 5 slaves in its census for the purpose of representation in Congress However, this formula would also be considered for the appropriation of taxes per state

41 Limited Government The federal government s powers are limited to those specified in the U.S. Constitution

42 Separation of Powers Each branch of government has a specific purpose and powers are different from the other branches A legislative branch (Congress) An executive branch (the President) A judicial branch (Supreme Court)

43 Montesquieu, Enlightenment Thinker Championed the idea of separation of powers

44 Checks and Balances Each branch of the government checks the powers of the other two branches Prevents any branch of government from becoming too powerful

45 Federalism Distribution of the powers of government between a central (federal) government and the regional (states) governments.

46 Federalists vs. Anti-federalists Federalists Supported ratification of U.S. Constitution Supported strong central government Believed it kept factions from becoming too powerful Believed the President s powers would be checked by the other branches Anti-Federalists Opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution Felt power of government should remain with the individual states Believed factions could not be controlled from taking power Believed the President could become like a dictator with his power as commander-in-chief Especially concerned about the absence of a Bill of Rights to protect the rights of citizens

47 Federalist Papers Newspaper articles published in New York Explained reasons why people should adopt the new US constitution The anonymous authors (Publius): Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay

48 Bill of Rights Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition and peaceful assembly Right to bear arms Protection for unlawful searches and seizures Rights of the accused Attorney To remain silent To have charges explained To question witnesses Public trial by jury No excessive fines or cruel or unusual punishment Protection of property Additional rights (9 th ) States rights (10 th )

49 Early Presidents George Washington Proclaimed U.S. neutrality in the war between England and France As commander in chief, sent troops to stop the rebellion over the whiskey tax First political parties formed during this presidency Federalists (Hamilton) Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) John Adams Federalist Sent representatives to France to negotiate problems French officials tried to bribe them Referred to as the XYZ Affair Led to a Quasi War with France

50 Thomas Jefferson s Presidency Sent representative to France to purchase the port of New Orleans Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S. Doubled the size of U.S. territory

51 Lewis and Clark Expedition President Jefferson chose them to explore the new Louisiana Territory They sailed up the Missouri River, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and traveled all the way to the Pacific They met many tribes Sioux Mandan Shoshone They collected samples of animal and plant life They recorded information about weather, climate, terrain, and Indians

52 War of 1812 President Madison declares war on Great Britain Reasons: Impressment of U.S. sailors in British navy War helped form a strong national identity Gave the U.S. a new war hero: Andrew Jackson

53 Monroe Doctrine Established U.S. dominance in the western hemisphere European countries could not claim any more colonies here The U.S. would stay out of European affairs

54 Industrial Revolution Eli Whitney, Inventor Interchangeable parts: aided growth of industry in the North Cotton gin: aided growth of cotton as the main cash crop of the South

55 Manifest Destiny A God-given right to expand U.S. territory 1845: Texas annexation 1846: Oregon Country (divided with Britain) 1848: Mexican Cession (resulted from Mexican War)

56 Reform Movements Temperance: campaign to reduce, or temper the use of alcohol Abolition: campaign to abolish slavery Education: effort to support the funding of public education

57 Seneca Falls, NY First women s rights convention, 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, leading advocate Main issue: Women s Suffrage

58 Jacksonian Democracy Expanding voting rights Non-property owners could vote by 1828 Most supported Andrew Jackson, the symbol of the common man Popular votes counted for the first time in 1828 Increased suffrage led to increased nationalism

59 Abolitionist Movement Key abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass Grimke sisters Successful slave rebellion led by Nat Turner

60 Missouri Compromise 1819 Missouri requested admission into the Union as a slave state There were an even number of slave and free states Much congressional debate 1820 Compromise Maine would be admitted as a free state Missouri would be admitted as a slave state North of 36, 30 North latitude: slavery prohibited South of 36,30 North latitude: slavery allowed

61 Nullification Crisis Attempt by South Carolina to nullify a federal tariff in South Carolina protested/refused to pay Vice-President John C. Calhoun led the protest Threatened to secede if force was used President Jackson ->Force Act Henry Clay offered a compromise tariff Tariff would gradually be lowered over a ten year period Increased the issue of sectionalism: putting the interests of a region over those of the entire nation

62 Mexican American War 1846 U.S. declares war on Mexico over boundary dispute U.S. wins victories in El Paso, TX; Monterrey, CA; and, Monterrey, Mexico Congressman David Wilmot proposes that slavery be prohibited in any territory acquired in the war Much congressional debate over the Wilmot Proviso; it is defeated 1847 U.S. wins victories in Buena Vista and Mexico City 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo establishes boundary at Rio Grande; gives entire southwestern territory to U.S. (Mexican Cession)

63 Compromise of Gold discovered in California 1849 Thousands of people travel to California in the Gold Rush California s population escalates enough to apply for statehood (free state) 1850 Much congressional debate (even number of free states and slave states) Compromise: California will be a free state Utah and New Mexico will decide slavery by popular sovereignty Slave trade is abolished in Washington, D.C. A stronger Fugitive Slave Law is passed to satisfy a pro-slavery South FREE

64 Kansas-Nebraska Act Repealed the Missouri Compromise by reopening territory that had been closed to slavery Left the slavery issue to be decided by the people who settled in those territories (popular sovereignty)

65 Bleeding Kansas A race to Kansas between those who supported slavery and those who didn t began Anti-slavery and pro-slavery forces fought against each other Two territorial legislatures will be chosen Popular sovereignty will fail in Kansas

66 Dred Scott Case Dred Scott was a slave that had been taken into free territory After his owner died, Scott wanted his freedom The Supreme Court decision: ruled that African Americans were not citizens of the U.S. African Americans were not free just because they were taken into free territories by their owners Laws like the Missouri Compromise were unconstitutional Congress could not deny slave owners from taking slaves into the western territories because they were property under the 5 th Amendment

67 A staunch abolitionist Had committed five murders of pro-slavery people in Pottawatomie, Kansas in 1856 In 1859, he raided a federal arsenal in Harper s Ferry, VA, in an attempt to arm a slave insurrection He was captured, charged with treason, and executed by hanging for his crimes Northern abolitionists martyred him John Brown

68 Civil War Leaders North/Union President: Abraham Lincoln Generals: Ulysses S. Grant defeated Lee and ended the war William T. Sherman capture the railroad city of Atlanta, GA and led a destructive march through Georgia South/Confederacy President: Jefferson Davis Generals: Robert E. Lee commander the Army of Northern Virginia; successfully won defensive battles against the Union, but lost both attempts at offensive battles Stonewall Jackson Lee s right-hand man; helped him win many victories against the Union

69 Civil War Leaders Grant Davis Lincoln Lee Sherman Jackson

70 Civil War Battles Fort Sumter (April, 1861) where the Civil War began Antietam (August, 1862) Lee s first attempt to fight an offensive battle and first one outside the Confederacy; he lost Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) Lee s second attempt to fight an offensive battle; the turning point of the war; Lee would never recover from this loss Vicksburg the nail that held the two halves of the Confederacy together (Davis); located on the Mississippi River, it fail to Union control on July 4, 1863; the Union had won control of the Mississippi Atlanta (September, 1864) the main rail center of the southeast captured by General Sherman and where he began his March to the Sea

71 Emancipation Proclamation After the Battle of Antietam, President Lincoln announced he would issue his proclamation on January 1, 1863 if the Confederacy did not surrender January 1, 1863, Lincoln announced the he was freeing the slaves who were still in the states that continued to fight the Union The Union army had a new purpose for fighting the war: they would free all slaves as they moved through the states at war with them Slaves in states still in the Union were not freed by the Emancipation Proclamation, but were freed by the 13 th Amendment

72 Economic Disparity between the North and the South