Who Were the Progressives? Big Ideas: President Roosevelt used his charisma and influence to curb what he saw as abuses by big business.
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1 Roosevelt & Taft
2 Who Were the Progressives? Big Ideas: President Roosevelt used his charisma and influence to curb what he saw as abuses by big business.
3 Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Theodore Roosevelt was just 42-years-old when he assumed the office of president. In international affairs Roosevelt believed in Social Darwinism, but he sought out fairness in domestic policy. Roosevelt s reform programs became known as the Square Deal.
4 Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Roosevelt believed that big business organizations provided a greater efficiency, jobs, and prosperity. However, he worried that the monopoly power of some trusts hurt the public by reducing competition and consolidating power. Roosevelt did not dislike the wealthy, but he did dislike those who gained wealth through dishonest means.
5 Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts TR set his sights on JP Morgan s holding company, Northern Securities. The company created a monopoly on all railroad traffic in the North West. Roosevelt sued Northern Securities under the Sherman Antitrust Act and won. The victory galvanized progressives and worried conservatives in his own party. It earned TR the nickname of Trust Buster.
6 Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts Roosevelt saw his role as that of a manager tasked with keeping the nation running smoothly. When the United Mine Workers (UMW) launched a strike in Pennsylvania in 1902, it caused coal prices to rise. The mine workers agreed to arbitration: a settlement negotiated by a 3 rd party, but the mine owners would not agree. Roosevelt sent in the army to run the mines, and the owners quickly changed their minds.
7 Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts TR did not want to spend his presidency taking trusts to court, so he proposed creating a federal agency to publicly investigate corporations. In 1903 the Department of Commerce and Labor was created. When big companies were facing antitrust lawsuits the department gave them an opportunity to correct their mistakes and avoid litigation. Roosevelt wanted to regulate business without having to destroy large, successful companies in court.
8 Regulating Big Business In 1906 Roosevelt championed the Hepburn Act that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set railroad rates. The railroads were skeptical at first, but over time were able to work with the ICC to keep rates profitable and lock out competition.
9 Regulating Big Business In 1906, after Upton Sinclair exposed the disgusting practices taking place in the meat packing industry in his book The Jungle, Roosevelt and Congress responded with Meat Inspection Act. The act required meat be inspected by the government before it could be sold across state lines.
10 Regulating Big Business Another problem facing consumers was the safety of medicines. Companies sold medicines and potions to cure all manner of illnesses, but most of the medicines were just a combination of alcohol, colored water, and sugar. Some contained dangerous compounds such as cocaine, opium, wood alcohol. The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed to prohibit falsely labeled food and drugs.
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13 Conservation Big Ideas: New regulations gave the government the power to conserve natural resources. Roosevelt added 100 million acres to protected forests, established 51 wildlife reservations, and 5 new national parks.
14 Western Land Development Roosevelt s legacy lives on his environmental policies. Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot to head the US Forest Service that was established in Pinchot and TR believed that experts in forestry should manage public lands the way governments managed cities.
15 Roosevelt s Legacy Roosevelt expanded the power of the presidency and established the federal government as a place citizens could turn to in order to solve the nation s economic and social problems.
16 Taft s Reforms Big Ideas: Taft was not as progressive as T.R., and was constantly being compared to his predecessor.
17 Taft s Reforms Taft never had a desire to be the president. He was interested in the law. Before becoming the governor of the Philippines in 1900, he served on the Ohio Supreme Court and served as Solicitor General of the United States. Roosevelt liked Taft and wanted to prepare him to be his successor, so TR appointed Taft to position of Secretary of War.
18 Taft s Reforms The election of 1908 pitted Taft against William Jennings Bryan. Bryan lost for the 3 rd time.
19 Taft s Reforms Roosevelt had warned Taft to stay away from messing around with tariffs as it would damage his image within his party. Taft wanted to make his own progressive mark and attempted to push a bill through to reduce tariffs. Republicans hammered the proposal and a produced a weak bill for Taft to sign.
20 Taft s Reforms The Payne-Aldrich Tariff barely cut tariffs at all. Taft s attempt made businessmen upset and his failure made progressives upset. Taft s administration took another hit when he replaced James Garfield as secretary of the interior with Richard A. Ballinger, a corporate lawyer. Pinchot publicly accused Ballinger of selling public lands for his own profit. Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination.
21 Taft s Reforms Taft had several achievements to be proud of. Taft brought twice as many antitrust lawsuits as Roosevelt in half as much time. Taft established the Children s Bureau in 1912 to investigate issues of child labor. Taft set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor mining companies. Taft expanded national forests and protected hydroelectric power from private development.
22 Taft s Reforms Roosevelt split with Taft after Taft sued US Steel under the antitrust laws for the companies purchasing of another coal and iron company. A purchase Roosevelt had given the okay. Progressives united behind Roosevelt to replace President Taft as the Republican Party s nominee for the election of 1912.
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