Key Questions. Whatbranch government shouldcontrol theprocess Reconstruction? Union? Union? Reconstruction?
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2 Key Questions 1. 1.How Howdo dowe we bring bringthe thesouth South back backinto intothe the Union? Union? 2. 2.How Howdo dowe we rebuild rebuildthe the South Southafter afterits its destruction destruction during duringthe thewar? war? 4. 4.What Whatbranch branch of ofgovernment government should shouldcontrol control the theprocess processof of Reconstruction? Reconstruction? 3. 3.How Howdo dowe we integrate integrateand and protect protectnewlynewlyemancipated emancipated black blackfreedmen? freedmen?
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4 President AndrewJohnson Jacksonian Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
5 President Johnson s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) In new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. EFFECTS? 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
6 Slavery is Dead?
7 Freedmen sbureau (1865) Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. Called carpetbaggers by white southern Democrats. White Southerners who worked with Republicans and supported Reconstruction: scalawags
8 Freedmen sbureau School
9 Freedmen s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
10 Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES
11 Black Codes Purpose: * Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. * Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations. Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
12 Congress Breaks with thepresident Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President vetoed the Freedmen s Bureau bill. March, 1866 Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. Congress passed both bills over Johnson s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!
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14 14th Amendment Ratified in July, * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-confederate political power. * Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
15 TheBalanceof Power in Congress State White Citizens Freedmen SC 291, ,000 MS 353, ,000 LA 357, ,000 GA 591, ,000 AL 596, ,000 VA 719, ,000 NC 631, ,000
16 The 1866 MidtermElection A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state. Johnson s Swing around the Circle
17 Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments. In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.
18 Reconstruction Actsof 1867 Military Reconstruction Act * Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. * Divide the 10 unreconstructed states into 5 military districts.
19 Reconstruction Actsof 1867 Edwin Stanton
20 President Johnson s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of !
21 TheSenateTrial 11 week trial. Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
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23 Sharecropping
24 Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing Merchant Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop. Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest. Merchant holds lien {mortgage} on part of tenant s Tenant Farmer Plants crop, harvests in autumn. Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent. Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt. Landowner Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer s future crop.
25 Black & White Political Participation
26 Establishment of Historically Black Collegesin the South
27 Black Senate& HouseDelegates
28 Colored Rule in the South?
29 Blacksin Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Blacks were politically unprepared. Blacks could register and vote in states since The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting.
30 15th Amendment Ratified in The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Women s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
31 The InvisibleEmpireof thesouth
32 TheFailureof Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. The Lost Cause. The rise of the Bourbons. Redeemers (prewar Democrats and Union Whigs).
33 TheCivil RightsAct of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full & equal use of public conveyances and public places. Prohibited discrimination in jury selection. Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism. No new civil rights act was attempted for 90 years!
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35 The1868 Republican Ticket
36 The1868 DemocraticTicket
37 Waving the Bloody Shirt! Republican Southern Strategy
38 1868 Presidential Election
39 President UlyssesS. Grant
40 Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption. * Credit Mobilier Scandal. * Whiskey Ring. * The Indian Ring.
41 TheTweed Ring in NYC William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall s political machine) [Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]
42 Who Stole the People s Money?
43 And They Say He Wants a Third Term
44 TheElection of 1872 Rumors of corruption during Grant s first term discredit Republicans. Horace Greeley runs as a Democrat/Liberal Republican candidate. Greeley attacked as a fool and a crank. Greeley died on November 29, 1872!
45 1872 Presidential Election
46 Popular Votefor President: 1872
47 ThePanicof 1873 It raises the money question. * debtors seek inflationary monetary policy by continuing circulation of greenbacks. * creditors, intellectuals support hard money Specie Redemption Act Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The Crime of 73!
48 Legal Challenges to the14th & 15th Amendments The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) The court offered a narrow definition of the 14th Amendment. It distinguished between national and state citizenship. It gave the states primary authority over citizens rights. Therefore, the courts weakened civil rights enforcement!
49 Legal Challenges to the14th & 15th Amendments Bradwell vs. Illinois (1873) Myra Bradwell, a female attorney, had been denied the right to practice law in Illinois. She argued that in the 14th Amendment, it said that the state had unconstitutionally abridged her privileges and immunities as a citizen. The Supreme Court rejected her claim, alluding to women s traditional role in the home. Therefore, she should NOT be practicing law!
50 Legal Challenges to the14th & 15th Amendments U. S. vs. Reese, et. al. (1876) The Court restricted congressional power to enforce the KKK Act. The court ruled that the STATE alone could confer voting rights on individuals. The 15th Amendment did NOT guarantee a citizen s right to vote, but just listed certain impermissible grounds to deny suffrage. Therefore, a path lay open for Southern states to disenfranchise blacks for supposedly non-racial reasons [like lack of education, lack of property, etc.]
51 Legal Challenges to the14th & 15th Amendments U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876) LA white supremacists accused of attacking a meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the 1870 Enforcement Acts. The Court held that the 14th Amendment extended the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in cases involving discrimination by STATES. Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups were NOT covered.
52 Legal Challenges to the14th & 15th Amendments Civil Rights Cases (1883) The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by the states, but NOT by private individuals. Black people must no longer be the special favorites of the laws. Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to protect African American rights until well into the 20c
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![Northern Support Wanes Grantism & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year depression]. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.](/docs-images/95/122539501/images/54-1.jpg "Key monetary issues: * should the government retire $432m worth of greenbacks issued during the Civil War.")
54 Northern Support Wanes Grantism & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year depression]. Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars. Key monetary issues: * should the government retire $432m worth of greenbacks issued during the Civil War. * should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks.
55 1876 Presidential Tickets
56 Regional Balance?
57 1876 Presidential Election
58 ThePolitical Crisis of 1877 Corrupt Bargain Part II?
59 HayesPrevails
60 A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877
61 A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877 Election results disputed in three southern states Results decided by Congress Rutherford B. Hayes won with the support of southern Democrats
62 A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877 April 1877 Hayes pulled federal troops out of the South Southern Democrats took control of all state legislatures
63 End of Reconstruction April 1877 Hayes pulled federal troops out of the South Southern Democrats took control of all state legislatures
64 Compromise of 1877 Election results disputed in three southern states Results decided by Congress Rutherford B. Hayes won with the support of southern Democrats
Key Questions. 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction? 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union?
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Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
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