Constitutional Era Washington & Adams

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1 Constitutional Era Washington & Adams Federalist Era SOL: VUS. 6A

2 SWBAT The student will apply social science skills to understand the development of the American political system by: a) examining founding documents to explore the development of American constitutional government, with emphasis on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom in the framing of the Bill of Rights; b) describing the major compromises necessary to produce the Constitution of the United States, with emphasis on the roles of James Madison and George Washington;

3 SWBAT The student will apply social science skills to understand the development of the American political system by : c) assessing the arguments of Federalists and Anti- Federalists during the ratification debates in defense of the principles and issues that led to the development of political parties d) evaluating the impact of John Marshall s precedent-setting decisions that established the Supreme Court as an independent and equal branch of the national government.

4 George Washington The Precedent President

5 Washington 1 st to take office 1 st to create a cabinet 1 st to amend the Constitution 1 st to enforce laws 1 st to create treaties 1 st to say goodbye

6 Washington chooses experts to advise him: Cabinet Position Secretary of State Treasury Secretary Attorney General Secretary of War Person Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton Edmund Randolph Henry Knox

7 Judiciary Act 1789 Created the national court system Including the Supreme Court

8 1-9: Guaranteed the rights of? Individuals 10 th : Reserved powers of the? States Bill of Rights

9 Financial Debate Alexander Hamilton s Plan 1) National government to take on & repay debt of states & Confederation 2) Create a national bank 3) Create Taxes to pay off debt & protect industry

10 Tariff Act of 1789 the act remains significant for setting the basics of U.S. trade policy. In supporting its enactment, Alexander Hamilton argued that tariffs would encourage domestic industry. Other nations offered their industries significant subsidies, or money given by a government to support a private business. Hamilton contended that a tariff would protect U.S. industry from the effects of these subsidies.(

11 Opposition to Hamilton s Plan Who gets paid? Original Bond Holders Speculators Is the National Bank legal? No: Not in the Constitution Yes: Implied Power

12 Implied Power Constitution: Congress must do whatever is necessary & proper to do its job Called the Elastic Clause Stretches the Constitution

13 Opposition to Hamilton s Plan Plan hurts farmers - Protective Tariffs - Excise Taxes - an indirect tax (taxes paid at purchase gasoline) - Assumption of state debt hurts South more than North

14 Whiskey Rebellion Pennsylvania Farmers - Upset over tax on whiskey - Attack federal courthouses and tax collectors - Washington calls out the army to crush the rebellion Federal government flexes its muscles (Insures Domestic Tranquility)

15 Political Parties Develop Federalists Democratic- Republicans Leaders Hamilton Jefferson Parties Economy Manufacturing Agriculture Interpret Constitution Loose Strict Section Support Northeast South Govt Strong Central govt State Govt Bank Support BUS No BUS

16 Washington s Foreign Policy America adopts a policy of NEUTRALITY during European wars

17 Treaties To avoid war with Great Britain Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London to negotiate. In the Jay Treaty the British gave up their forts in America, but kept their restrictions on U.S. shipping and required Americans to repay prewar debts to Britain The Jay Treaty avoided war.

18 Treaties The U.S. also signed a treaty with Spain The Pinckney Treaty allowed Americans free shipping on the Mississippi and access to New Orleans. The removal of the forts and secure access to New Orleans allowed westward movement by settlers. By selling land to these settlers, the federal government gained revenue to help pay off the national debt.

19 Goodbye Washington s Farewell: Advice: Avoid creation of: Political Parties Foreign Alliances Sectionalism

20 What do I have to know Identify: Tariff of 1789, Hamilton s Plan, Bank of the United States, Whiskey Rebellion Explain the purpose of Hamilton s plan and why people opposed it. What caused the Whiskey Rebellion? What political parties developed during this time and what were their characteristics.

21 New President: Problems: Quasi-War: Undeclared War Cause: XYZ Affair

22 XYZ Affair The Jay Treaty had offended the French as a betrayal. To show their irritation, the French began seizing American merchant ships. Adams sent envoys to negotiate peace. Three French officials demanded humiliating terms including $250,000 in bribes.

23 XYZ Affair Adams told the papers but called the French officials, XYZ. This upset the public and allowed Adams to expand the army and authorized a small navy. This war fever was exploited by the Federalists and they passed the Alien and Sedition Acts of Immigrants who criticized the federal government could be arrested and deported.

24 War between the Political Parties Alien & Sedition Act Why Aliens? Favored Democratic- Republicans Sedition Act violated: Freedom of Speech

25 Republican Response: Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: States can declare laws unconstitutional NULLIFICATION

26 Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson v. John Adams Democratic-Republican v. Federalist Revolution of 1800 Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another

27

28 ELECTORAL VOTES ELECTION OF 1800 ELECTORAL COLLEGE Votes

29 Election of 1800 Aaron Burr Meant to be Jefferson Vice-President Election is a tie Election decided by the House of Reps. Jefferson wins Result 12 th Amendment Electoral College has TWO votes One vote for President One vote for Vice President

30 Impact of the election of 1800: Peaceful transfer of power between political parties

31 Thomas Jefferson Born: April 13, July 4, 1826 Years in office: Number of President: 3 rd Political Party: Democratic- Republicans Vice President(S): Aaron Burr/George Clinton Significant positions held: Secretary of State, Vice President, and Governor of Virginia. Wrote Declaration of Independence

32 Jeffersonian Democracy Political Party: Democratic Republican Constitutional Interpretation: Strict Pro - Farmer States Rights

33 Government Philosophy Laissez Faire: Leave it alone Goal: Smaller Government Reduce Debt Eliminate Whiskey Tax Reduce Army Size

34 Judicial Controversy + What were they? Judges put in place by John Adams before he left the Presidency How did T.J. deal with them? Unsuccessfully tried to impeach them

35 Marbury vs Madison Case: Midnight Judge sues for his job John Marshall Chief Justice of Supreme Court What was the big deal? Established the precedent of judicial review

36 Judicial Review Empowers the Supreme Court to decide if a law is constitutional or unconstitutional

37 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Supreme Court Case Chief Justice John Marshall (Federalist) Established Judicial Review Power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional JUDICIAL REVIEW COMES FROM THIS COURT CASE. IT IS NOT FOUND IN THE CONSTITUTION

38

39 Louisiana Purchase United States offered $ 10 million to France for New Orleans French Response: France offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million dollars Why? Napoleon needed money for his war in Europe

40 Jefferson s Dilemma Does the Constitution grant the President the power to purchase Land? Constitution Does not say anything

41 Jefferson s Dilemma Democratic- Republican Believed in a weak central government believed in strict construction of the Constitution (the President only had the powers listed in the Constitution)

42 Loose vs. Strict Construction Loose Construction- gov t can make laws not written in the Constitution. = Increased Power Strict Construction- gov t can only do what is written in the Constitution = Decreased Power

43 Jefferson s Conflict: Farm land VS Constitutional Power Decision: Accepts a loose interpretation of the Constitution to make the land purchase

44 The new United States border shifts from the Mississippi River to the: Rocky Mountains

45 Louisiana Purchase Doubled the size of the US They gain control of the Mississippi River and Port at New Orleans which is important for trade The price was only 5 million more than they had asked for New Orleans alone

46 Lewis & Clark Leaders of the fact finding expedition of the new territory Sacagawea: Indian princess who serves as a guide to the explorers

47

48 International Problems VS Impressment: Forced service of U.S. Sailors into the British Navy

49 Jefferson s Response British attacks angered America: T.J. s Response: Embargo Act of 1807

50 Embargo Act Problem: France and Britain seizing U.S. ships. Impressment of sailors Response: No trade with foreign countries Reasons for the success or failure of Jefferson's response: Failure. American farmers and merchants lose money. Economy goes into recession. Does avoid war

51 Barbary Wars Pirates from North African countries capture ships in the Mediterranean Demand payments to leave ships alone Navy is sent to protect ships Undeclared war

52 Nort h Ame rica Jefferson sent a navy to the the shores of Tripoli to intimidate the piratesponsoring Barbary States From the Halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli, we will fight our country s battles on the land and on the sea. The Marines Hymn Barbary Coast (the shores of Tripoli) Afric a

53 What do I have to know? What were T.J. s belief on the size of government? How did he go about achieving his results? Who were the midnight judges? How did Jefferson attempt to deal with them? Explain the significance of Marbury vs Madison. What precedent did it set? Who was the Chief Justice who presided over the event.

54 Jefferson s Presidency What caused Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States? What issues did T.J. have with the sale? What was the significance of the deal? Who were Lewis, Clark, and Sacagawea? What problems did American sailors have with Europe during this time? How did T.J. attempt to deal with this issue?

55 4 th President of the United States Little Man with Big Brain

56 Major Issues

57 Causes Of the War of 1812 Impressment of American Sailors Indian raids in the North West America s treatment of loyalist after the Revolutionary War British retaining their forts in North America after the Revolutionary War Desire for Canada

58 Impressment of U.S. Sailors Great Britain would kidnap our sailors The main cause of the War of 1812

59 Impressment of U.S. Sailors xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t029/t029025a.jpg&imgrefurl=h ttp://encarta.msn.com/media_ _ _- 1_1/Impressment_of_American_Sailors.html&h=340&w=612&sz=39&tb nid=ferikkv0kokj:&tbnh=74&tbnw=133&hl=en&start=1&prev=/imag es%3fq%3dwar%2bof%2b1812%2b%2bimpressment%26hl%3den%26l r%3d%26safe%3doff

60 Indian Raids in the North West Several Indian tribes were unified in a war against the United States. The Indians would raid small country towns and then retreat to the British forts where we couldn t kill them. Added to our resentment for the British retaining their forts

61 Causes

62 Treatment of Loyalist The 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that we would return loyalist property The U.S. government refused to return seized loyalist property Made British angry

63 British Forts in the United States The 1783 Treaty of Paris stipulated that all British holdings would be forfeited to the United States Government. It wasn t and the British held on to their forts. Indians launched attacks from the British Forts We wanted to control all of our land

64 Want of Canadian Land This was a minor cause of the War of 1812 Some Americas wanted more room to expand into. Mainly for farming and agriculture

65 Battle of Tippecanoe Indian Chief: Tecumseh U.S. Leader: William Henry Harrison Fight over American movement into the frontier

66 Indians flee to Canada

67 Attempts to avoid war Jay Treaty Washington sent Supreme Court Justice John Jay to negotiate a truce and stop Impressment Treaty of Greenville Set up boundaries between the U.S. and Indian land. Monroe-Pinkney Treaty A treaty that tried to stabilize relations between the U.S. and Great Britain but was never ratified by Congress.

68 War Hawks American Politicians who wanted to go to war Henry Clay- Speaker of the House John C. Calhoun James Madison ran on a pro war campaign

69 Not important for the SOL, but just in case look at the map Battles

70 Dolly Madison The British soldiers burn Washington D.C. including the White House Not a historically accurate Picture Dolly Madison saved a picture of George Washington when the White House was set on fire.

71 Burning of Washington DC British destroy American capitol Also Not historically accurate Picture

72 Ft. McHenry

73 Battle of Fort McHenry,1814 Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn s Early Light -- Francis Scott Key

74 Francis Scott Key Was on board a British ship during a bombardment on Fort McHenry Was inspired by the American resolve and wrote the words to the Star Spangled Banner

75 Treaty of Ghent December 24, 1814 Not an inch gained, nor an inch lost

76 Battle of New Orleans Fought after the peace treaty signed January 8, 1815 Made a hero out of Andrew Jackson Let him wave the bloody shirt in his presidential elections

77 Battle of New Orleans

78 Events during the War Failed Invasion of Canada White House is burned to the ground Star Spangled Banner is written Battle of New Orleans fought after war is technically over

79 Effects of the War of 1812

80 Effects of the War of 1812 Nationalism increased Proved our independence Second War for Independence Federalist Party was Destroyed North East manufacturing was able to grow

81 The War of 1812 is one of the forgotten wars of the United States. The war lasted for over two years, and while it ended much like it started; in stalemate; it was in fact a war that once and for all confirmed American Independence. Our 2 nd War for Independence. How did the War of 1812 confirm our independence?

82 What do I have to know? What were the causes of the war of 1812? Explain the importance of the Battle of Fort McHenry to American tradition? What made the Battle of New Orleans so unique? Who emerged from War of 1812 as our greatest military hero? What was the Treaty of Ghent? What was the biggest, most lasting impact of the War of 1812?

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