Social Studies Grade 8 STAAR Vocabulary and Content Review. Key Dates

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1 Social Studies Grade 8 STAAR Vocabulary and Content Review Key Dates Jamestown, Virginia, was the first permanent English settlement/colony founded in the Americas. A group of Pilgrims sailed to America landing in Plymouth establishing the first permanent settlement in New England. They pledged themselves to self-government by signing the Mayflower Compact. Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by delegates to the Second Continental Congress. U.S. Constitution was written by delegates to the Constitutional Convention who met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation, but decided to draft a new plan of government for the United States. Louisiana Territory was purchased by President Thomas Jefferson from France, doubling the size of the United States. American Civil War was fought over the issues of slavery, states rights, and economic and sectional differences between the North and the South. Reasons for Exploration New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Exploration Growth of trade Marco Polos adventure to China encouraged trade. Europe used many Asian products and was looking for a new route between Europe and the East Indies and China Advances in technology Innovations in ships (sails, rudders) and navigation allowed European sailors to sail the open ocean instead of hugging the coastline Emergence of powerful European Rulers rulers hoped to extend their power and influence Desire for profits new wealth was coming from investment and trade; hope to increase this through exploration Religious enthusiasm duty to spread their religious beliefs since they believed them to be superior to all others. Colonization Colonies New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island Main Reason for Establishment Religious freedom Geographic / Economic Connection Rocky soil, short growing season = shipbuilding, fishing industry Key Groups / People Pilgrims, Puritans, William Bradford, Roger Williams Colonies New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania Main Reason for Establishment Economics Geographic / Economic Connection Rich soil, mild winters = farming, metal works Key Groups / People Quakers, William Penn (written constitution that limited the government, provided a humane penal code, and guaranteed fundamental liberties) Colonies Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia Main Reason for Establishment Economics 1

2 Geographic / Economic Connection Rich soil, longer growing season = plantations, cash crops Key Groups / People John Smith, African slaves, James Oglethorpe Key People Issues Causing the Revolution Revolutionary America Abigail Adams Remember the ladies. John Adams defended the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre arguing they acted in self-defense and they were found innocent. Wentworth Cheswell considered to be first African American elected to public office in America; did a midnight ride just like Paul Revere; fought at the Battle of Saratoga Samuel Adams Leader of the Sons of Liberty in Boston; organized the Boston Tea Party; Mercy Otis Warren wrote a series of pamphlets and satires against the English and wrote the first history of the American Revolutionary War. James Armistead an African American slave who acted as a spy for General Lafayette in the Battle of Yorktown; granted his freedom because of his war efforts Benjamin Franklin Leader in Philadelphia, representative in France for the Revolution, important delegate to the Constitutional Convention Bernardo de Galvez a Spaniard that helped the Americans by providing supplies; commanded troops in Louisiana/New Orleans and defeated British in Florida Crispus Attucks the first colonist killed during the Boston Massacre King George III King of England during the American Revolution Haym Salomon successful Jewish merchant and banker that gave loans to the new government as well as key leaders. Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, 3 rd President of the United States; The Marquis de Lafayette a French volunteer that helped train the soldiers of the Continental Army George Washington Leader of the Continental Army during the Revolution, President of the Constitutional Convention, 1 st President of the United States Thomas Paine Wrote Common Sense (a pamphlet promoting the ideas of the American Revolution); pushed for independence rather than reconciliation John Paul Jones first naval hero; victory at sea boosted morale Patrick Henry Give me liberty or give me death! British Actions: Mercantilism Parliament passed laws controlling the trade of the colonies in order to benefit the Mother Country. Navigation Acts Required the colonies to trade only with England French and Indian War Resulted in massive debt which led to Britain tightening control on the colonies Proclamation of 1763 Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains Taxes - Stamp Act Tax on paper goods; Quartering Act Required colonists to house and supply British troops; Tea Act Created a monopoly for the East India Company; Intolerable Acts Punishment for the Boston Tea Party Colonial Actions: No taxation without representation. James Otis John Locke government was a social contract. The purpose of government was to protect individual freedom and property. If a government failed to do this, citizens have the right to overthrow it. William Blackstone defined the rights of individuals in English law, as well as property rights that could not be violated even by the king. Boston Massacre Conflict between colonists and British troops in which five colonists 2

3 Key Events of the Revolution Growth of Representative Institutions Magna Carta (1215) English Bill of Rights (1689) Declaration of Independence 1776 Articles of Confederation (1781) Constitutional Convention of 1787 U.S. Constitution 1787 (ratified 1789) were killed Boston Tea Party Colonial protest of the Tea Act; major act of civil disobedience (peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust) Lexington / Concord, Massachusetts (April 1775) First battles of the Revolution; scene of Paul Revere s ride to warn colonial militia (Minutemen) about the arrival of British troops; British troops sent to seize stores of gunpowder and capture J. Hancock and S. Adams Declaration of Independence 1776 Document written by Thomas Jefferson which listed colonial grievances against King George III Articles of Confederation 1776 colonists were afraid of creating a central government that would be too powerful but needed a national government for the war. Saratoga, New York (1777) American victory; turning point of the war; France came to the aid of the colonists Winter at Valley Forge ( ) - represented a major test for the Continental Army; lack of food and proper clothing and supplies for troops Yorktown, Virginia (1781) The Americans and French forced the surrender of the British; Cornwallis surrendered to Washington, ending the war Treaty of Paris (1783) Treaty that gave the Americans all of the land west to the Mississippi River; Britain recognized American independence Creation and ratification of the Constitution Growth of Representative Government / Key Documents Virginia House of Burgesses (1619) - 1 st representative government assembly in the colonies Mayflower Compact (1620) Document outlining principles of self-government for colonists in Plymouth Colony; first written laws in the colonies. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) Thomas Hooker Government is based on the rights of individuals. Connecticut expanded idea of representative government; one of the 1 st written constitutions in the colonies Signed in England, provided limits to the power of the king; included trial by jury, protection of property rights and limits on taxation; no man is above the law Passed in England; guaranteed English citizens certain rights and set a procedure for electing representatives to Parliament Listed grievances against King George III and declared the American colonies separate from England; All men are created equal endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights [including] life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. First written Constitution for the United States; wanted to preserve the sovereignty of the states. Strengths limited government; all states have 1 vote; Northwest Ordinance 1787 (an orderly plan for admitting states) Weaknesses unable to collect taxes (therefore cannot pay bills), no power to regulate economy, No executive, no national court system, Shays Rebellion A meeting of 55 delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation, but they wrote a new Constitution for the United States of America. Encouraged civic virtue (putting the common good above individual interests) Key compromises include: They could not agree on how states would be represented (size or evenly and whether slaves should count as population). Great Compromise Established a House of Representatives based on population and a Senate with equal representation (2 from each state) 3/5 Compromise Agreement to count every 5 slaves as 3 free persons for purposes of representation and taxation Written plan of government for the new nation; created the framework for the government; still in use today 3

4 James Madison The Father of the Constitution Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Bill of Rights (1791) Grievances against King Addressed: taxes without consent all taxes approved through House of Reps military superior to civil govt. Commander-in-Chief is civilian kept large standing army Congress raises and supports the army judges dependent on King s will Judges appointed for life Federalists (for ratification): mostly merchants, large farmers and artisans Led by John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton; believed a stronger government was needed; wrote the Federalist Papers - Series of essays written to support ratification of the Constitution Anti-Federalists (against ratification): small farmers, often from rural areas Led by George Mason, Patrick Henry; feared the new government would be too strong and tyrannical and would endanger states rights First ten amendments to the Constitution; added to calm Anti-Federalist fears that the Constitution did not protect individual rights like those addressed in the Declaration of Independence 1 st : Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and to petition (King wouldn t grant permission to petition) allows citizenry to voice their concerns for the government without fear of reprisal 2 nd : to bear arms 3 rd : no quartering of soldiers (King quartered his troops in homes without permission) 4 th : no unreasonable searches and seizures 5 th : Double jeopardy; no self-incrimination; grand jury 6 th : Fair trial; trial by jury (King deprived some of trial by jury) 7 th : Trial by jury in civil disputes 8 th : No cruel and unusual punishment; punishment must fit the crime 9 th : there are other rights not listed 10 th : Other powers given to states or people Limited Government Federalism Checks and Balances Republicanism Popular Sovereignty Separation of Powers Individual Rights Principles of the Constitution Idea that all citizens, including government leaders, must obey the law; powers limited to only those given by the people ( consent of the governed ) System of government where power is shared between the federal (national or central) government and the states Ability of each branch of government to exercise checks (or controls) over the other branches Idea that elected representatives, serving at the will of the people, make and enforce the laws Idea that a government gets its power from the people who express their ideas through voting; the people decide or rule; We the People Charles de Montesquieu: Idea that the power of the government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial Rights guaranteed to individual citizens by the Bill of Rights and other Constitutional amendments Key People Northwest Early Republic George Washington 1 st president, only served 2 terms; avoid foreign involvement and political parties John Adams 2 nd president, XYZ Affair, Alien and Sedition Acts, Pro British Thomas Jefferson 3 rd president, Marbury v. Madison, Louisiana Purchase, Neutral James Madison 4 th president, War of 1812 James Monroe 5 th president, Era of Good Feelings, Monroe Doctrine, McCulloch v. Maryland, Gibbons v. Ogden, Missouri Compromise Established an orderly procedure for adding new territories and states to the U.S. 4

5 Ordinance (1787) Development of Political Parties War of 1812 Key Supreme Court Cases Other Issues Federalist Party Believed in loose interpretation of the Constitution, strong central government, protective tariffs, and a national bank, industry; Pro-British (Hamilton and J. Adams) Democratic-Republicans Party Believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution, strong state governments, and favored the common man, agriculture; Pro-French; formerly Anti-Federalists (Jefferson and Madison) Causes: War with Britain over British seizure of American ships and sailors (impressments) and the arming of Indians in Ohio River area, Effects: Proved the United States could defend itself, nationalism, Spurred growth in manufacturing, weakened Native Americans Important events: Burning of Washington, DC; Battle of Fort McHenry and writing of National Anthem (Francis Scott Key); Treaty of Ghent (1814), Battle of New Orleans (Andrew Jackson, 1815) Marbury v. Madison (1803) First time the Supreme Court ruled a Congressional Act unconstitutional. Established the idea of judicial review; Chief Justice John Marshall McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - established the supremacy of federal law and the ability of Congress to exercise powers needed to carry out its duties Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) - expanded the scope of Congress power to regulate commerce between states Washington s Farewell Address (1796) Encouraged the U.S. to remain neutral (form no entangling alliances) and avoid political parties Monroe Doctrine (1823) U.S. policy that opposed any European interference in the Western Hemisphere; peace and security of the United States Election of 1828 The Bank War Indian Removal Act (1830) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Trail of Tears ( ) Nullification Crisis (1832) Industrialization (Early 1800 s) The Age of Jackson Election of 1824 decided by the House of Representatives, which selected John Quincy Adams as President. Jackson accused Henry Clay and JQ Adams of making a corrupt bargain. Election of 1828 development of two-party system; used new campaign techniques including popular rallies, parades and nominating conventions; Jackson was supported by the common man as the requirement that voters own land had been eliminated. Issue: Second Bank of US due for re-charter; Clay, Webster in favor Jackson opposed: is it constitutional? Threat to democracy; vetoed re-charter bill; removed funds from bank and put in state banks to kill bank Results: with no money, charter expires; increase in number of state banks and paper money in circulation leads to Panic of 1837 Allowed the federal government to move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River IMPORTANCE: Only way for Indians to maintain culture and identity while curbing Jackson s fears of an Indian alliance with foreign invaders while also opening up new land for settlement Cherokee Nation was a distinct community and that only federal government had the authority to deal with Indians (not take Indian lands unlawfully or create Indians laws); Jackson ignores Chief Justice Marshall s decision. Forced march of the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Territory Issue: sectional differences on Protective tariffs (North in favor South opposed), states rights South Carolina s belief that a state could reject a federal law it considered unconstitutional; South Carolina threatened to secede if the federal government tried to collect the disputed tariffs; led by John C. Calhoun Factory System - U.S. began to build factories and industries (mostly in the North and Northeast); led to the rise of cities (urbanization) and new inventions, transportation, and growth; changed life in America by creating more, cheaper, and better products for trade and consumption 5

6 Transportation: new roads, railroads, and canals (easier trade and travel) Communication: mail service and invention of telegraph (instant communication with entire nation) Free Enterprise System: protected property rights and featured minimal government regulation or taxation (reflecting ideas in Declaration of Independence); competition, profit motive Key inventions: interchangeable parts (allowed faster production), the steamboat (allowed for transportation against the current opening up trade abilities), cotton gin (increased need for slaves), and the Erie Canal, National Road, and early railroads Causes: *Rise in democracy for some (universal suffrage for free white males) while neglecting others (women, African Americans, Native Americans *Second Great Awakening revival of strong religious feelings; emphasized the ability of each person to achieve salvation *Changing role of women: first taste of life outside the home Reform Movements and Leaders (Mid 1800 s) Art, Music, and Literature Manifest Destiny REFORMS Abolition - Movement to do away with slavery, based on the idea that all men are created equal in the eyes of the lord. Leaders: Frederick Douglass (helped with Underground Railroad, published journals and newspapers, supported women s rights) Sojourner Truth (former slave), Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom s Cabin), William Lloyd Garrison, Harriett Tubman (developed Underground Railroad) Prison Reform campaigned for better prison conditions and believed that prisoners could be rehabilitated Care for the Disabled better treatment of the mentally ill; permitted to work outdoors and enjoy recreation; led by Dorthea Dix Education Movement to provide free public education; need children to become responsible citizens Leader: Horace Mann Temperance Movement to stop the sale of alcohol and encourage people not to drink to cure social ills Women s Rights (Suffrage) Movement to provide equal social and political rights, including voting, for women; Seneca Falls Convention Declarations of Sentiments Leaders: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony [Both opposed the 15 th Amendment because it did not include women] Labor Reform: Unions began to form to fight for better working conditions and higher pay Hudson River School artists: painted romantic landscapes; themes of discovery and exploration John James Audobon: drew subjects from nature; gave special attention to the relationship between animals and their habitat Transcendentalism belief in human potential and individual conscience Henry David Thoreau: protesting against the government that enforced slavery, he did not pay his taxes and was jailed; encouraged civil disobedience towards unjust government policies Literature: Washington Irving, Rip Van Winkle, first American writer to gain fame in Europe; Herman Melville, Moby Dick, considered to be greatest American novel ever written Westward Expansion Belief that the U.S. was meant to own and control all land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Roots of Manifest Destiny: Expanding Democracy, Pioneering Spirit, Security, Romanticizing the West, Future Prosperity Effects: moved or massacred large numbers of Native Americans; acquisition of new lands; California Gold Rush 6

7 Northwest Ordinance (1787) Louisiana Purchase (1803) Purchase of Florida (1819) Oregon Territory (1846) Annexation of Texas (1845) Mexican War ( ) Gadsden Purchase (1853) Established an orderly procedure for adding new territories and states to the U.S. Purchase the land between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains from France IMPORTANCE: doubled the size of the United States Purchased from Spain for $5 million through Adams-Onis Treaty Border dispute with Britain settled setting the border of the Oregon Territory at 49 th parallel 1820s-Mexico invites Americans to settle Texas 1830-Mexico limits number of American immigrants; Anglo-Americans object to ban and have conventions demanding repeal Santa Anna slaughters Texans at the Alamo; Sam Houston fights back and defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto 1845-Congress votes to annex Texas IMPORTANCE: feared letting Texas remain independent would block further westward expansion. However, issues over the border with Mexico led to war. War between Mexico and the U.S over the annexation of Texas and where the boundary between Texas and Mexico was Resulted in a U.S. victory and addition of the Mexican Cession through the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo IMPORTANCE: Major land acquisition and gold in CA Purchased from Mexico for $10 million IMPORTANCE: completed expansion of continental U.S.; also seen as potential route for Southern railroad. Key People in Sectionalism Causes of the Civil War Slavery and the Plantation System v. Free Blacks Key Supreme Court Case Sectionalism / Civil War / Reconstruction Era John Quincy Adams From Massachusetts; fought against Congressional gag rule imposed to avoid considering abolitionist petitions, in favor of tariffs John C. Calhoun From South Carolina; represented the interests and sentiments of the South promoting states rights and slavery including the ability to nullify a law or secede from the Union, against Compromise Henry Clay From Kentucky; called The Great Compromiser Daniel Webster From Massachusetts; represented the views of many Northerners in support of strong central government and other federal issues, opposed to slavery and nullification Sectionalism Differences between the agricultural South and industrial North over slavery and tariffs Slavery unresolved at the Constitutional Convention and continued to divide the nation as the economies developed and new states were added Ways slavery helped cause the Civil War: Underground Railroad, Compromise of 1850, Uncle Tom s Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott v. Sandford, John Brown s Raid on Harper s Ferry, Lincoln s Election States Rights Idea that states have the right to control all issues in their state; mostly used by Southern states; Nullification? Secession? Slaves provided the Southern labor source on plantations to grow cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, indigo, and sugar cane; system led to huge differences in the economies of the North and the South; denied basic human rights Mostly lived in North, especially port towns. Set up their own churches that became the centers for education and culture; faced discrimination and had few legal rights. Frederick Douglas: gave speeches and published anti-slavery articles around the North. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom because he was taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal; Supreme Court ruled against him, noting he did not have the rights of citizens to sue in court IMPORTANCE: slaves are property that cannot be taken away, therefore slavery is 7

8 Congressional Conflicts and Compromises Key People in the Civil War Key Events of the Civil War Reconstruction Plans for Reconstruction allowed to spread Missouri Compromise 1820 Divided the Louisiana Territory at 36 30, allowing slavery below the line, except in Missouri; to keep balance of power in Senate, Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state; Maintained balance of power for another generation Compromise of 1850 (offered by Daniel Webster) California entered as a free state; Utah and New Mexico would vote on slavery; the Fugitive Slave Law was created Kansas-Nebraska Act Allowed the states of Kansas and Nebraska to vote on the issue of slavery (popular sovereignty); violence between slavery supporters and opponents was known as Bleeding Kansas Abraham Lincoln President of the U.S. during the Civil War; believed in liberty and equality and in preserving the Union above all else 1 st inaugural address he would not interfere with slavery in the South but stated it was unlawful for a state to get out of the Union 2 nd inaugural address focused on the sin of slavery Gettysburg Address war wasn t just about preserving the Union but also testing the system of democracy Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America Inaugural address argued that the South was asserting a right as defined by the Declaration of Independence in which it is the right of the people to alter or abolish the government if it becomes destructive. Ulysses S. Grant Leading general for the United States Army Robert E. Lee Leading general for the Confederacy Stonewall Jackson considered one of the best Confederate commanders displaying remarkable skill on the battlefield. William Carney participated in the assault on Ft. Wagner. Became the first African American to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor Philip Bazaar carried dispatches during the assault on Ft. Fisher. Became first Hispanic- American to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor Fort Sumter, South Carolina (April 12,)1861 Civil War began here when Southern troops fired on Northern troops Battle Hymn of the Republic poem written by Julia Ward Howe using a marching song; became a rally for the war torn nation Antietam, Maryland (September 1962) bloodiest single day of the war. Led to the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation (January 1863) Document, signed by Lincoln, freeing slaves in the rebelling states Vicksburg, Mississippi (July 1863) Northern victory in the west that became a turning point in the war and split the Confederacy Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1863) Northern victory where over 50,000 Rebel and Union soldiers died in three days of fighting; turning point in the war in the east Appomattox Court House, Virginia (April 9,)1865 General Lee surrendered to General Grant, ending the Civil War Assassination of Lincoln (April 15, 1865) John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln while the President attended a play at Ford s Theater in Washington, D.C.; Lincoln died the next day from a head wound Question of how the Southern states were to be admitted back into the Union a bitter power struggle develops between the President and Congress over which branch should determine the conditions for readmission Lincoln s 10% Plan 10% of Confederate state s voters take oath of allegiance and ratified 13 th Amendment, they would be readmitted; Johnson follows the plan when he takes over the presidency. Congressional Plan led by Radical Republicans; passed 14 th Amendment; Reconstruction Act establishing direct military rule over former Confederate states Freedmen s Bureau help freed slaves with food, clothing and medical care, opened schools, searched for family members Black Codes Southern response whose aim was to preserve the traditional Southern society despite the abolition of slavery 8

9 Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution Social, Political, and Economic impact Last Frontier 13 th Amendment Declared slavery illegal in the United States 14 th Amendment Gave citizenship rights to all people born or naturalized in the U.S. (such as former slaves) and stated that citizens cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law 15 th Amendment Prohibited the use of race or previous condition of slavery as a barrier to voting; applied to all male citizens over the age of 21 Political carpetbaggers/scalawags held political power in South; freedmen allowed to vote Hiram Rhodes Revels first African American in Congress Susan B. Anthony disappointed when the 15 th Amendment didn t allow the vote to women; arrested for leading a group of women to vote in the 1872 Presidential election. Economic sharecropping developed to replace slavery as method of labor, slaves become tenant farmers; new crops introduced; industry developed Social population shift from farms to cities looking for jobs; immigrants begin to increase in numbers as they look for new jobs and opportunities Helped encourage economic growth and expansion in the West Homestead Act any citizen could occupy 160 acres of government land; if they improved the land, after 5 years, they would own the property; attracted immigrants Morrill Act provided each state with acres times #of members of Congress; state could sell land and use earnings to set up public colleges Transcontinental Railroad united East and West; could travel coast to coast in days vs. months at 1/10 th the cost; settlers rush to live on land Dawes Act meant to promote the breakup of tribes and promote the assimilation of Native Americans into American society; majority of land went to whites and Native American culture seriously damaged. 9